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1.
? Understanding the effects of tree species diversity on biomass and production of forests is fundamental for carbon sequestration strategies, particularly in the perspective of the current climate change. However, the diversity-productivity relationship in old-growth forests is not well understood. ? We quantified biomass and above-ground production in nine forest stands with increasing tree species diversity from monocultures of beech to stands consisting of up to five deciduous tree species (Fagus sylvatica, Fraxinus excelsior, Tilia spp., Carpinus betulus, Acer spp.) to examine (a) if mixed stands are more productive than monospecific stands, (b) how tree species differ in the productivity of stem wood, leaves and fruits, and (c) if beech productivity increases with tree diversity due to lower intraspecific competition and complementary resource use. ? Total above-ground biomass and wood production decreased with increasing tree species diversity. In Fagus and Fraxinus, the basal area-related wood productivity exceeded those of the co-occurring tree species, while Tilia had the highest leaf productivity. Fagus trees showed no elevated production per basal area in the mixed stands. ? We found no evidence of complementary resource use associated with biomass production. We conclude that above-ground productivity of old-growth temperate deciduous forests depend more on tree species-specific traits than on tree diversity itself. 相似文献
2.
? In the present study, allometric biomass equations were developed for Nothofagus pumilio natural regeneration relating foliage, stem and branches (aboveground), roots (belowground), and total biomass to basal diameter and total height, based on destructive measurements of 390 naturally regenerated seedlings and saplings. ? Basal diameter was the most important independent variable in all equations and accounted for more than 88% of the variability of the different biomass components. The addition of height as a second independent variable slightly improved the predictions. ? The best-fit biomass components equations that were based on combinations of basal diameter and height as independent variables had adjusted R 2 values between 0.80 and 0.95 and a mean percent standard error between 21.3% and 26.6%. ? Based on the best-fit biomass equations and the natural regeneration development in a 14-years chronosequence in forests managed under shelterwood cuts, the total biomass varied from 0.9 Mg ha?1 (0.5 Mg ha?1 above and 0.4 Mg ha?1 belowground) for the primary forest, before the shelterwood cuts, to 19.5 Mg ha?1 (13.6 Mg ha?1 above and 5.9 Mg ha?1 belowground) 14 years after the seed cut. In the same period, carbon storage varied, from 0.5 Mg ha?1 to 9.8 Mg ha?1. 相似文献
3.
? Understorey plays a major role in forest fluxes and stocks balances, however this compartment is generally poorly quantified. Our objectives were to establish models to estimate understorey biomass using vegetation cover measurements and to investigate upscaling methodologies from stand to regional level. ? Understorey aboveground biomass measurements were undertaken in Maritime pine stands of mesohygric, mesic and dry moorlands in South West France. ? Average biomass stock in this compartment was estimated to 3.50 t DM ha?1. The more abundant species groups varied with moorland types, with a higher relative contribution of herbaceous species (23.3%), bracken (59.2%) and mosses (31.6%) for mesohygric, mesic and dry moorlands, respectively. For each species group, we established significant relationships to estimate biomass using a volumetric index, based on cover and height measurements. No relationship between stand characteristics and understorey biomass was founded. We investigated the upscaling of these estimations to a several thousands hectare area using understorey cover measurements done along a regular spatial grid. The only significant correlation linked one satellite vegetation index to understorey biomass. ? We successfully developed empirical relationships to estimate the understorey biomass at the stand level. Further investigations could focus on the analysis of understorey variability over a finer space grid and the potential use of satellite vegetation indexes. 相似文献
4.
? Carbon sequestration in forest ecosystems is an important though still uncertain process in the global greenhouse gas balance. ? We computed biomass organic carbon (BOC) stocks of spatially explicit forested landscape units (LSU) in Belgium based on data collected in the regional forest inventories of 1984 (Wallonia region only) and 2000 (Wallonia and Flanders). C stock changes between 1984 and 2000 were estimated for Wallonia. ? The total BOC pool stored in Belgian forests in 2000 amounts to 57.8 Mt C in 6222 km2, or 10.0 kg C m?2 in broadleaf, 9.5 kg C m?2 in coniferous and 8.7 kg C m?2 in mixed forest. Based on previous soil organic carbon (SOC) analysis for the same LSU, BOC and SOC stock per LSU appeared only weakly correlated. The total BOC sequestration between 1984 and 2000 equals 5.7 Mt C over an area of 5 107 km2, resulting in a flux of 0.07 kg C m?2 y?1. The BOC content of broadleaf forest in Wallonia increased with 6%, of coniferous forest with 32% and of mixed forest with 11%. ? The observed regional differences in BOC stocks and in BOC sequestration rates are explained by the forest age-class distribution and site productivity. The strength of the spatially explicit approach lies in the fact that BOC and SOC data originating from diverse sampling strategies can be combined for spatial or temporal comparison of C stocks. 相似文献
5.
? The potential of a chlorophyll meter (CCM-200, Opti-Sciences, Tyngsboro, MA, USA) for the estimation of total leaf chlorophyll contents was evaluated in leaves of different developmental stages for Quercus pyrenaica Willd., Q. faginea Lam., Q. suber L. and Q. ilex L. subsp. ballota (Desf.) Samp. ? For all species and leaf stages, a strong non-linear relationship (P < 0.0001) was found between the chlorophyll content index (CCI) and leaf chlorophyll content per unit area. In all species, the slope of the CCI-chlorophyll content relationship varied during leaf development, suggesting that caution should be exercised when using the CCM-200, since the interpretation of CCI readings should be limited to samples of similar leaf age. Also, the data indicate that the models should also be speciesspecific, owing to differences in the intercept and/or slope of the equations. ? The addition of fresh LMA as a complementary parameter improved the accuracy of chlorophyll estimation in non-species-specific equations to a considerable extent when leaf samples of similar development were considered. ? After due consideration, it may be concluded that the CCM-200 chlorophyll meter is a reliable method for acquiring an estimation of chlorophyll contents in Mediterranean Quercus species, with potential use as an effective tool in forest management. 相似文献
6.
? Today’s forest managers face a number of important challenges involving an increasing need for precise estimates of forest structure and biomass, potential productivity or forest growth. The objective is to develop a model for potential productivity in a mountainous region of Spain. The model combines climatic, topographic and lithological data using a variant of a traditional biophysical model: the Paterson index. ? In a first approach, the climatic productivity is assessed by modelling the required parameters using different geostatistical techniques and software supported by GIS. A second approach includes the correction of the former productivity classes considering the different lithological facies. The potential forest productivity model involves the integration of both models. ? Finally, data from the National Forest Inventory (NFI) are used to compare the real and potential yield data within different regions of the studied area. ? The results of these analyses demonstrate the usefulness of the model, particularly in mountainous regions, where no significant differences are found between the data from the NFI and the model, but they also show the discrepancies between the estimates and real data when the latter are considered for different tree species, diameter classes or management. 相似文献
7.
? The performance of ten commonly used taper equations for predicting both stem form and volume in balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill], red spruce[Picea rubens (Sarg.)], and white pine[Pinus strobus (L.)] in the Acadian Region of North America was investigated. ? Results show that the Kozak (2004) and Bi (2000) equations were superior to the other equations in predicting diameter inside bark for red spruce and white pine, while the Valentine and Gregoire (2001) equation performed slightly better for balsam fir. ? For stem volume, the Clark et al. (1991) equation provided the best predictions across all species when upper stem diameter measurements were available, while the Kozak (2004) and compatible taper equation of Fang et al. (2000) performed well when those measurements were unavailable. ? The incorporation of crown variables substantially improved stem volume predictions (mean absolute bias reduction of 7–15%; root mean square error reduction of 10–15%) for all three species, but had little impact on stem form predictions. ? The best taper equation reduced the predicted root mean square error by 16, 39, and 45% compared to estimates from the widely used Honer (1965) regional stem volume equations for balsam fir, red spruce, and white pine, respectively. ? When multiple taper equations exist for a certain species, the use of the geometric mean of all predictions is an attractive alternative to selecting the “best” equation. 相似文献
8.
? Water and carbon fluxes, as measured by eddy covariance, climate, soil water content, leaf area index, tree biomass, biomass increment (BI), litter fall and mortality were monitored for 10 successive years in a young beech stand in Hesse forest (north-eastern France) under contrasting climatic and management conditions. ? Large year-to-year variability of net carbon fluxes (NEE) and to a lesser extent, of tree growth was observed. The variability in NEE (coefficient of variation, CV = 44%) was related to both gross primary production (GPP) and to variations in total ecosystem respiration (TER), each term showing similar and lower interannual variability (CV = 14%) than NEE. Variation in the annual GPP was related to: (i) the water deficit duration and intensity cumulated over the growing season, and (ii) the growing season length, i.e. the period of carbon uptake by the stand. Two thinnings occurring during the observation period did not provoke a reduction in either GPP, water fluxes, or in tree growth. Interannual variation of TER could not be explained by any annual climatic variables, or LAI, and only water deficit duration showed a poor correlation. Annual biomass increment was well correlated to water shortage duration and was significantly influenced by drought in the previous year. ? The relationship between annual NEE and biomass increment (BI) was poor: in some years, the annual carbon uptake was much higher and in others much lower than tree growth. However this relationship was much stronger and linear (r 2 = 0.93) on a weekly to monthly time-scale from budburst to the date of radial growth cessation, indicating a strong link between net carbon uptake and tree growth, while carbon losses by respiration occurring after this date upset this relationship. ? Despite the lack of correlation between annual data, the NEE and BI cumulated over the 10 years of observations were very close. ? On the annual time-scale, net primary productivity calculated from eddy fluxes and from biological measurements showed a good correlation. 相似文献
9.
Context The quantification of biomass of woody plants is at the basis of calculations of forest biomass and carbon stocks. Although there are well-developed allometric models for trees, they do not apply well to shrubs, and shrub-specific allometric models are scarce. There is therefore a need for a standardized methodology to quantify biomass and carbon stocks in open forests and woodlands. Aims To develop species-specific biomass estimation models for common shrubs, as well as a multispecies shrub model, for the subtropical semiarid Chaco forest of central Argentina. Methods Eight shrub species ( Acacia aroma, Acacia gilliesii, Aloysia gratissima, Capparis atamisquea, Celtis ehrenbergiana, Larrea divaricata, Mimozyganthus carinatus, and Moya spinosa) were selected, and, on average, 30 individuals per species were harvested. Their total individual dry biomass was related with morphometric variables using regression analysis. Results Crown area as well as crown-shaped variables proved to be the variables with the best performance for both species-specific and multispecies shrub models. These allometric variables are thus recommended for standardized shrub biomass assessments. Conclusion By accounting for the shrub component of the vegetation, our models provide a way to improve the quantification of biomass and carbon in semiarid open forest and woodlands. 相似文献
10.
? Several reports on annual plants have already shown the involvement of epigenetic modifiers such as DNA methylation in their adaptation to abiotic stresses. ? Nevertheless, the genotypic variations of epigenetic modifiers, their possible correlations with morphological traits and the impact of water deficit have not been described for perennial plants. ? Six genotypes of Populus deltoides × P. nigra were subjected or not to a moderate water deficit treatment. Various morphological traits such as the height of the plants, their biomass and the total leaf area were measured to characterize the productivity in both conditions. Levels of DNA methylation, histone acetylation and the activities and isoform accumulation of the corresponding enzymes were measured at the shoot apex, the site of morphogenesis. Genotypic variation was observed for the morphological traits and the epigenetic variables and correlations were established among them. Genotypic variation for DNA methylation was detected in hybrid poplars. A positive correlation was demonstrated between DNA methylation percentage and productivity under well watered conditions. ? While there was a general decrease of growth for all genotypes in response to a moderate water deficit, genotypic dependant variations of DNA methylation were found suggesting different strategies among hybrids. 相似文献
11.
? Most of the edible forest mushrooms are mycorrhizal and depend on carbohydrates produced by the associated trees. Fruiting patterns of these fungi are not yet fully understood since climatic factors alone do not completely explain mushroom occurrence. ? The objective of this study was to retrospectively find out if changing tree growth following an increment thinning has influenced the diversity patterns and productivity of associated forest mushrooms in the fungus reserve La Chanéaz, Switzerland. ? The results reveal a clear temporal relationship between the thinning, the growth reaction of trees and the reaction of the fungal community, especially for the ectomycorrhizal species. The tree-ring width of the formerly suppressed beech trees and the fruit body number increased after thinning, leading to a significantly positive correlation between fruit body numbers and tree-ring width. ? Fruit body production was influenced by previous annual tree growth, the best accordance was found between fruit body production and the tree-ring width two years previously. ? The results support the hypothesis that ectomycorrhizal fruit body production must be linked with the growth of the associated host trees. Moreover, the findings indicate the importance of including mycorrhizal fungi as important players when discussing a tree as a carbon source or sink. 相似文献
12.
Allometric equations are routinely used in the estimation of biomass stocks for carbon accounting within forest ecosystems. However, generic equations may not reflect the growth trajectories of afforestation species that are introduced to degraded farmland characterized by water and nutrient limitations. Using sequential measurements of the height, basal diameter, and above- and belowground biomass of juvenile trees, we developed allometric equations for five woody species ( Moringa oleifera Lam., Leucaena leucocephala Lam., Jatropha curcas L., Anacardium occidentale L. and Parkia biglobosa Jacq.) subjected to a gradient of water and nutrient availability in an afforestation trial on degraded cropland in the semi-arid zone of Benin, West Africa. For three of the species studied, the allometric relationships between basal diameter and biomass components (i.e. leaves, stems and roots) were described best by a simple power-law model (R 2 > 0.93). The incorporation of species-specific height–diameter relationships and total height as additional predictors in the power-law function also produced reasonable estimates of biomass. Fifteen months after planting, roots accounted for 10–58% of the total biomass while the root-to-shoot ratio ranged between 0.16 and 0.73. The total biomass of the saplings ranged between 1.4 and 10.3 Mg ha ?1, yielding 0.6–4.3 Mg C ha ?1, far exceeding the biomass in the traditional fallow system. The rate of stem carbon sequestration measured ca. 0.62 Mg C ha ?1 year ?1. Overall, the allometric equations developed in this study are generally useful for assessing the standing shoot and root biomass of the five afforestation species during the juvenile growth stage and can help in reporting and verifying carbon stocks in young forests. 相似文献
13.
? The Government of Papua New Guinea (PNG) has played a prominent part in recent negotiations for “rainforest nations” to be compensated for reducing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation or forest degradation (DFD). ? A new report “The State of the Forests of Papua New Guinea” claims that rates of DFD in PNG are much higher than have previously reported. It suggests more than half of PNG’s remaining forests will have disappeared or be damaged beyond recovery by 2021. ? We argue that this claim is incorrect. The report overestimates the area of intact primary forest in 1972 and the impact of traditional land use practices on forest cover. Much of what the RSLUP report considers as deforestation is part of a cycle of traditional clearance for farming, fallow and regrowth that has been occurring for hundreds of years. ? The assumption that areas impacted by harvesting or shifting cultivation will inevitably degrade and become non-forest is also not supported by observation of cutover forest in PNG. A considerable proportion of cutover forest areas will recover carbon stocks after harvesting. ? It is argued that traditional land use practices and forest recovery processes need to be considered in assessing greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation in countries with complex land use histories such as PNG. 相似文献
14.
? This study describes the scenarios of likely development of carbon pools in managed forest ecosystems of the Czech Republic. The analysis was based on a matrix scenario model (EFISCEN), adopting a novel parameterization based on forest stand site types and forest typology. The model was constrained by practical management rules as prescribed by the Czech Forestry Act and used to assess production potential for the next five decades under three management and three climate scenarios. The analysis provided data on carbon pool development, including both tree biomass and soil compartments. ? For the tested scenarios of sustainable forest management (wood removals not exceeding increment) the model indicated a slight increase of soil carbon pool. For the possibly largest removals (maximum sustainable felling scenario), soil carbon stabilized within two or three decades reaching a mean value of about 8.1 kg/m2 for. At the same time, the mean carbon stock held in biomass reached about 10.2 kg/m2 including belowground parts. No decline of soil carbon was observed for any of the tested scenarios. ? We conclude that it is reasonable to assume that soil carbon is not a source of carbon under the current management constraints as implemented in the Czech forestry practice. 相似文献
15.
? Boundary line release criteria are increasingly applied to evaluate forest disturbance histories from tree-ring data. However, a number of important properties central to the technique have not been evaluated, including: (i) the ability of boundary line release criteria to standardize releases across various sites, species, and tree life stages (ii) the minimum sample sizes necessary for developing boundary lines, and (iii) the degree to which the criteria can resolve the degree of crown exposure following a disturbance event. ? In an analysis of eleven North American tree species, boundary line release criteria do not fully compensate for declines in release response a tree experiences with increasing age and size, with the exception Tsuga canadensis. ? A bootstrapping analysis indicates that approximately 50 000 ring width measurements are necessary to develop boundary line release criteria for a given species. ? In a Quercus prinus stand, boundary line release criteria better predict the degree of crown exposure following a disturbance than an earlier running mean technique. ? Despite certain limitations, boundary line release criteria have the potential to standardize release calculation across most life stages of a tree, and possibly among sites and species. 相似文献
16.
? Accurate estimation of stem volume makes it possible to estimate the monetary value of one of the many commodities and services that forests provide to society, i.e. timber. ? In the present study a compatible volume system for Scots pine in the major mountain ranges of Spain (the Pyrenees, Southern Iberian Range, Northern Iberian Range, Soria and Burgos Mountains, Central Range and Galician Mountains) was developed with data from 2 682 destructively sampled trees. Several well-known taper functions were evaluated. A second-order continuous-time autoregressive error structure was used to correct the inherent autocorrelation in the hierarchical data, allowing the model to be applied to irregularly spaced and unbalanced data. ? The compatible segmented model of Fang et al. (2000) best described the experimental data. It is therefore recommended for estimating diameter at a specific height, height to a specific diameter, merchantable volume, and total volume for the six mountain ranges analyzed. ? The non-linear extra sum of squares method indicated differences in mountain range-specific taper functions. A different taper function should therefore be used for each mountain range in Spain. 相似文献
17.
? In the 1940s–1950s, large limba (Terminalia superba Engl. & Diels) plantations were established in the Democratic Republic of Congo to reduce the pressure on the natural forests. ? The objective of this study was to evaluate the potential of these long-rotation plantations as production forests (timber) and carbon sinks. ? Five different plantations, between 50 and 58 years old, were sampled. Over a sample surface of more than 73 ha, the diameter above buttresses of 2 680 trees, bole height of 265 trees and tree height of 128 trees was measured. ? To estimate the commercial volume, a nonlinear power law regression was used (R 2 = 0.95). A power law variance function was applied to counter heteroscedasticity of the residual plot. Estimates of commercial tree and stand volume at 50 to 58 y were 5.6 ± 4.1 m3 and 183.9 ± 135.0 m3 ha?1. Stand volumes appear low but are explained by a large decrease in tree density. However, the mean volume increment of 3.2–3.7 m3 ha?1 y?1 corresponds well with teak plantations of a similar age. For limba, aboveground biomass and carbon estimates of this study (resp. 108.4 and 54.2 Mg ha?1) differ significantly from those of existing aboveground biomass models (resp. 135.7–143.9 Mg ha?1 biomass and 67.9–72.0 Mg ha?1 C). All aboveground biomass and carbon estimates for T. superba stands were lower than for the estimates of young fast-growing plantations like Tectona grandis L. f., Eucalyptus spp. and Acacia spp. (≤ 30 y). 相似文献
18.
? The objective of this study was to explore the distribution of major nutrients (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) in the aboveground compartments of an intensively managed tree species (Pinus pinaster Ait.). A total of 53 trees were cut down in even-aged stands respectively 8, 16, 26, 32 and 40 years old. The nutrient concentrations of the aboveground compartments were analysed. ? Nutrient concentrations of foliage did not vary with any of the variables used, except needle age. Nutrient concentrations of living branches, stem bark, stem sapwood, stem heartwood, stemwood and stem decreased with increasing branch diameter, bark thickness, sapwood thickness and heartwood thickness, respectively. Beyond a certain value of the predictive variable (stem diameter ≈ 15 cm; branch diameter ≈ 2.5 cm), the concentration of all the nutrients stabilised. ? A 50 year-old pine stand was used to obtain a validation dataset for nitrogen concentration. For this nutrient, the regression relationships gave satisfactory estimates for most compartments (mean error = 12–25%) and particularly for the stem. ? A procedure is proposed to estimate the nutrient exports associated with harvests of Pinus pinaster biomass. 相似文献
19.
? Interpopulation variation in key functional traits of Pinus pinaster Ait. is well recognized. However, the relative importance of drought tolerance to explain this regional variation in the species remains elusive. ? Here, we raise the question whether water availability constitutes a likely driver of regional variation in biomass allocation, growth and morphological traits of ten populations that cover the distribution range of P. pinaster. We carried out an experiment where seedlings of five families per population were submitted to two contrasting watering treatments. ? The effects of water availability and population were significant for relative diameter and height growth rate, biomass allocation and number of lateral stems and dwarf shoots. Total dry mass significantly differed between watering treatments but it did not among populations. Populations could be clustered into four main groups. Root mass fraction explained most of the variation and significantly correlated to altitude but not to aridity. ? The geographical pattern of genetic variation found in morphology and biomass allocation did not translate into population differences in drought tolerance or phenotypic plasticity to water availability, indicating that water availability is not a likely driver of the regional variation observed in the studied traits of P. pinaster at the seedling stage. 相似文献
20.
? Allometry of sapwood/heartwood is essential for understanding tree growth, water transport and carbon allocation, timber production and use, but such an allometry is lacking for Chinese temperate tree species. ? We studied the allometry and development of heartwood and sapwood for seven Chinese temperate tree species: Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Sieb. et Zucc), Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii Rupr.), Japanese elm (Ulmus davidiana Planch var. japonica (Rehd.) Nakai), Manchurian ash (Fraxinus mandshurica Rupr.), Manchurian walnut (Juglans mandshurica Maxim.), Amur cork-tree (Phellodendron amurense Rupr.), and Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch.). ? All heartwood parameters investigated, including heartwood radius (HR), heartwood formation rate (HFR), heartwood ring number (HRN), heartwood initiation age (HIA), and heartwood volume ratio (HVR), were positively correlated with tree cambial age (CA). The HR, sapwood width (SW), sapwood area (SA), heartwood and sapwood volumes were significantly related to stem diameter at breast height (DBH) or xylem diameter. There was a polynomial relationship between the sapwood ring longevity (SRL) and sapwood ring number (SRN). However, most of the allometric relationships were species-dependent. The hardwood formation patterns were different between coniferous and broadleaved tree species. A power function was suitable to scale SA from DBH, but the exponent varied from 1.32 for the larch to 2.19 for the cork-tree. ? Our allometry provided a practical means to assess wood development and related physiology for the temperate tree species. 相似文献
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