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Nicholas C. Coops Joleen A. Timko Michael A. Wulder Joanne C. White Stephanie M. Ortlepp 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):151-165
We review a broad range of mitigation strategies associated with the management of Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins). We consider: methods that are currently utilised or have been proposed for controlling beetle populations; the manner in which the effectiveness of these approaches is monitored and assessed; and the role that remotely sensed data may play in a large-area monitoring system. To this end, we first examine the goals of effectiveness monitoring and introduce a general classification system to clarify the purpose and practice of efficacy monitoring. Based on these principles, the review is then structured around effectiveness evaluations for managing forest pests, primarily Mountain, Southern (Dendroctonus frontalis Zimmermann), and Western Pine Beetles (Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte) throughout North America, and grouped by management strategy: silvicultural treatments; prescribed burns; and the use of attractants, repellants and insecticides. Finally, we propose the use of remotely sensed data as a complementary tool for monitoring changes in the extent and severity of Mountain Pine Beetle damage across large areas. Use of such data enables assessment of the efficacy of landscape level management practices, directing the application of new mitigation activities, and reducing the risk of future infestations. 相似文献
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Moses T.K. Kairo Gene V. Pollard Dorothy D. Peterkin Vyjayanthi F. Lopez 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(4):241-254
The hibiscus mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus Green, was first reported in the Caribbean in 1994 in Grenada. This was the first record of the insect as a major pest in the New World. By the beginning of 2001, the pest had spread to over 25 territories from Guyana and Venezuela in the South to Bahamas in the North. The pest has also extended its distribution to Central America (Belize) and North America (California, USA). Early attempts to control the pest using pesticides resulted in failure and a classical biological control approach was adopted. Several exotic natural enemies were introduced but control was attributed to Anagyrus kamali Moursi and Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant. In all countries where biological control was implemented, this resulted in success. This paper reviews the remarkable success story. Information is provided on the distribution and factors leading to rapid spread of the pest, its pest status and resultant economic losses, and implementation of the biological control effort. 相似文献
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Collaboration between the Plant Protection Services of France and the Channel Islands has helped to keep Jersey and Guernsey free of Colorado Beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) for over 60 years. The Channel Islands lie close to the coast of the Cotentin peninsula where potato fields are still infested with Colorado Beetle. Joint surveys of the coastal potato fields of Cotentin provide valuable information on beetle populations. Beetle flight records together with local weather data provide the necessary information to issue Colorado Beetle alerts to the Channel Islands during the months of May–July. High risk alerts issued by French Plant Protection colleagues are acted on and inspectors are mobilised to search beaches in Jersey and Guernsey for adult beetles. Farmers are not obliged to control Colorado Beetle in France. However, there has been an agreement negotiated in the Cotentin that farmers will treat their fields if beetles are found, with monitoring carried out by staff from a local co‐operative. This co‐operation has proved essential in the Colorado Beetle campaign. 相似文献
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Dreves AJ 《Pest management science》2011,67(11):1403-1410
BACKGROUND: Spotted wing drosophila (SWD), Drosophila suzukii Matsumura, was found along the west coast of the United States, beginning in 2008 and 2009, infesting a wide variety of small and stone fruit crops. This pest is a serious economic threat, as noted in its native range (Asia), because it lays eggs within ripening fruit before harvest, leading to crop loss. The aim of this paper is to describe the process in order to create collaboration, communication routes and evaluation methods in response to a new invasive pest. RESULTS: Funding was secured and a program (SWD*IPM) was quickly developed to address social, economic and biological components. Communication routes were outlined, and a stakeholder advisory panel was established to guide program objectives. A central website was created to host up‐to‐date information. An online monitoring and mapping program for D. suzukii in Oregon fruit‐growing regions illustrated the range, distribution and seasonal abundance of the pest. In addition, a program for backyard fruit growers was initiated to examine citizen scientists' roles in managing D. suzukii infestations in the urban setting. A monitoring kit, laminated educational cards, dry fly mounts and quick‐time videos were some of the tools used to educate growers. First‐year challenges for dealing with a new pest are discussed. CONCLUSION: The discovery and subsequent response to an exotic pest is information intensive and requires a well‐planned, coordinated Extension and evaluation effort. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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R. T. Gahukar 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):415-420
Abstract During recent years, blister beetles have gained importance in species diversity and as pests of food crops in West Africa. Among the 97 species reported, Psalydolytta fusca Oliv, and P. vestita Duf. are economically important beetle species. Beetle abundance is generally associated with the flowering of crops in a region. Regular intensive weeding and early crop establishment are recommended for pest management in food crops. Global pest control strategies are discussed in the context of subsistence agriculture. 相似文献
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E. Jrg 《EPPO Bulletin》2000,30(1):31-35
Rheinland‐Pfalz, a federal state in the south‐western part of Germany, is an agricultural region with high crop diversity. For each branch of agriculture (arable, fruits, vegetables and ornamental plants), specific warning and information services have been installed. Advisory work, including warning services, is done by a central (LPP) and eight regional state institutions (SL V As). LPP provides the infrastructure for information dissemination, organizes data acquisition and supplies the farmers with general information on crop protection (availability of plant protection products, control strategies, etc.), SL V As collect data on current pest development and elaborate regional recommendations on field assessments and control measures to be taken by the farmers. Warning service information is transmitted to the farmers by info post (periodic letters), telephone‐answering machines, fax services and, lately, via the Internet. Farmers are mainly interested in current disease and pest severity data, preferably on a local basis, to aid their decision‐making in crop protection. The forecasting models and computer‐aided decision‐support systems run by the state crop protection service have become essential tools during the last four years. Their results, supplemented by field‐monitoring data, serve as the main input for the warning services. The Internet, in conjunction with computerized decision‐support systems, provides the means of ensuring an adequate supply of warning service information at a time when crop protection services are undergoing severe staff reductions. 相似文献
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为评估赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫的生物防治潜能,采用室内接虫法和数学模型拟合法分别研究了黏虫赤眼蜂Trichogramma leucaniae、玉米螟赤眼蜂T.ostriniae和螟黄赤眼蜂T.chilonis对自然寄主大豆食心虫Leguminivora glycinivorella卵的寄生反应及其自身密度对寄主防控效果的影响。结果表明,3种赤眼蜂寄生大豆食心虫卵的数量均表现出随寄主密度的增大而增加的趋势,除寄主密度20粒卵外,3种赤眼蜂在其它寄主密度下的寄生数量均无显著差异。自身密度对3种赤眼蜂寄生作用均存在明显的干扰效应,表现出寻找效应随自身密度增加而降低的趋势,Hassell模型和Beddington模型均能较好地拟合赤眼蜂的寻找效应与其自身密度的关系,黏虫赤眼蜂、玉米螟赤眼蜂和螟黄赤眼蜂的寻找系数Q和攻击率a分别为0.3289、0.3270、0.2906和0.3267、0.3243、0.2853。在自身密度干扰作用下,3种赤眼蜂中,黏虫赤眼蜂对大豆食心虫表现出较好的防控潜能。 相似文献
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This review deals with the biology and control of a biting pest species, Simulium posticatum, which has been responsible for a considerable degree of distress to the human population in the vicinity of the River Stour in Dorset. Each phase of the life cycle of the insect is considered in relation to possible control measures. An account is given of how this information has been combined with the use of Bacillus thuringiensis in a successful, precisely targeted attack on the pest. 相似文献
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Nyoni BN Gorman K Mzilahowa T Williamson MS Navajas M Field LM Bass C 《Pest management science》2011,67(8):891-897
BACKGROUND: The tomato red spider mite, Tetranychus evansi (Baker and Pritchard), is a serious pest of solanaceous crops in many African countries. In this study an investigation has been conducted to establish whether mutation of the para‐type sodium channel underlies pyrethroid resistance in T. evansi strains collected in Southern Malawi. RESULTS: Two T. evansi strains from Malawi showed tolerance to the organophosphate chlorpyrifos and resistance (20–40‐fold) to the pyrethroid bifenthrin, but were susceptible to two contemporary acaricides (abamectin and fenpyroximate) in insecticide bioassays. Cloning of a 3.1 kb fragment (domains IIS5 to IVS5) of the T. evansi para gene from pyrethroid‐resistant and pyrethroid‐susceptible strains revealed a single non‐synonymous mutation in the resistant strains that results in an amino acid substitution (M918T) within the domain II region of the channel. Although novel to mites, this mutation confers high levels of resistance to pyrethroids in several insect species where it has always been associated with another mutation (L1014F). This is the first report of the M918T mutation in the absence of L1014F in any arthropod species. Diagnostic tools were developed that allow sensitive detection of this mutation in individual mites. CONCLUSION: This is the first study of pyrethroid resistance in T. evansi and provides contemporary information for resistance management of this pest in Southern Malawi. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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PQ is a relational data base, in dBase IV, composed of files PESTFILE (of plant pest names), HOSTFILE (of host plant names), GEOGFILE (of names of countries and geographical areas), GEOGLINK (of relationships between geographical entities), PQATTACK (of host/pest combinations) and PQOCCUR (of country/pest combinations). It holds all the relevant information from EPPO data sheets on quarantine organisms, together with equivalent information from FAO and from other Regional Plant Protection Organizations, whose data bases are of the same origin and fully compatible with PQ. PQR is a menu-driven on-screen system for consulting the data base, to be made available to Member Governments as a compiled run-time version. Other EPPO systems (for fruit-tree viruses, for the European Handbook of Plant Diseases, for intercepted consignments) also use the central files PESTFILE, HOSTFILE and GEOGFILE. 相似文献
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Stephen Clarke 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2001,6(3-4):293-301
The operational Integrated Pest Management program for the southern pine beetle (SPB), Dendroctonus frontalis, currently consists of five components: prevention, prediction, detection, evaluation, and direct control. Full implementation of the program is hampered by economic, regulatory, and management constraints, and devastating SPB outbreaks still occur periodically. Recommendations for improving implementation include gaining public acceptance of the program, devising new management strategies, developing area-wide suppression techniques, coordinating efforts among landowners and government agencies, and revising the environmental analysis process. Severe outbreaks will continue without the creation of less susceptible forest conditions and more stable timber markets, plus the development of improved prediction, detection, communication, and suppression practices. 相似文献
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Improvement of farmers' decision-making has been recognised as critical for the implementation of IPM, yet practitioners lack sound knowledge on the 'how and why' of farmers' decision-making processes. This study explored the perceptions, pest management practice, decision tools and sources of information of smallholder farmers growing cotton in India and vegetables in Kenya. Farmers trained under an Insecticide Resistance Management and two IPM Farmer Field School projects were compared with untrained farmers from the same localities, using individual interviews and participatory group analysis methods. Trained farmers' decision-making was enhanced, by the use of more decision tools and new sources of information and technologies and they were generally more confident in their pest management strategies than untrained farmers. As a result, trained farmers reduced their pest management costs but did not always obtain higher gross margins. Issues of gender, sustainability, economics and group action are discussed, along with recommendations for research and extension to take a closer look at farmers' decision-making processes in cash and subsistence crops. 相似文献
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Lebude AV White SA Fulcher AF Frank S Klingeman Iii WE Chong JH Chappell MR Windham A Braman K Hale F Dunwell W Williams-Woodward J Ivors K Adkins C Neal J 《Pest management science》2012,68(9):1278-1288
BACKGROUND: The Southern Nursery Integrated Pest Management (SNIPM) working group surveyed ornamental nursery crop growers in the southeastern United States to determine their pest management practices. Respondents answered questions about monitoring practices for insects, diseases and weeds, prevention techniques, intervention decisions, concerns about IPM and educational opportunities. Survey respondents were categorized into three groups based on IPM knowledge and pest management practices adopted. RESULTS: The three groups differed in the use of standardized sampling plans for scouting pests, in monitoring techniques, e.g. sticky cards, phenology and growing degree days, in record‐keeping, in the use of spot‐spraying and in the number of samples sent to a diagnostic clinic for identification and management recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: Stronger emphasis is needed on deliberate scouting techniques and tools to monitor pest populations to provide earlier pest detection and greater flexibility of management options. Most respondents thought that IPM was effective and beneficial for both the environment and employees, but had concerns about the ability of natural enemies to control insect pests, and about the availability and effectiveness of alternatives to chemical controls. Research and field demonstration is needed for selecting appropriate natural enemies for augmentative biological control. Two groups utilized cooperative extension almost exclusively, which would be an avenue for educating those respondents. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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A decision‐support system (DSS) has been developed for the holistic management of the invertebrate pest complex of rape. Traditionally, management of one pest has been done in isolation from any other. However, the control tactics used for one may impinge upon the management of other invertebrates. At present, the DSS contains procedures for the concurrent management of five pests. An Internet version of the system has been developed using a combination of Java and Cold Fusion to facilitate the delivery of information. 相似文献
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Twenty species of Carabidae were trapped within a hardwood nursery, of which 16 were found both inside and outside the polyhouses. Spring and autumn activity peaks were observed, with different species dominant in the polyhouses in comparison with outdoor populations. Beetle and pest activity was greater under polyhouse conditions. A limited beetle movement both into and out from the polyhouses was demonstrated. Most of the species usually inhabited arable land or littoral areas subjected to disturbances similar to forest nurseries. 相似文献
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D. Eyre R. H. A. Baker S. Brunel M. Dupin V. Jarošik D. J. Kriticos D. Makowski J. Pergl P. Reynaud C. Robinet S. Worner 《EPPO Bulletin》2012,42(1):48-55
The assessment of the suitability of the climate for pest establishment is an important part of pest risk analysis (PRA). This paper describes the work undertaken by the EU 7th Framework project PRATIQUE (Enhancements of Pest Risk Analysis Techniques) to develop guidance for this component of PRA. Firstly, there is a guide to rating the suitability of the climate in the PRA area using qualitative methods. Secondly, a Decision‐support scheme (DSS) has been created to assist analysts in deciding whether to map climatic suitability, and to guide the selection of the most appropriate method from the large number available. The process of selecting a climatic mapping method is based on a review of the pest’s climatic responses and distribution. A spreadsheet provides a comparison of the potential problems that can arise, depending on the mapping method and on the amount and quality of available data. Diagrams are provided to help choose the location data category that best represents the possible biases in the known distribution of the pest. A second spreadsheet provides general information on the differences and similarities of each method in terms of categories such as functionality, ease of use and quality assurance. A variety of data, tools and supporting documents are available as appendices to the DSS. All of the tools and guides are freely available online. 相似文献
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Sten E. Jensen 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》2000,5(2):131-146
The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) is a serious pest on a wide range of crops throughout the world. F. occidentalis is difficult to control with insecticides because of its thigmokinetic behaviour and resistance to insecticides. Pesticide resistance can have a negative impact on integrated pest management programmes with chemical control as one of the components. Resistance to a number of different insecticides has been shown in many populations of F. occidentalis. This flower thrips has the potential of fast development of resistance owing to the short generation time, high fecundity, and a haplodiploid breeding system. The mechanisms conferring insecticide resistance in insects can be divided into four levels. First, an altered behaviour can aid the insect to avoid coming into contact with the insecticide. Second, a delayed penetration through the integument will reduce the effect of the insecticide at the target site. Third, inside the insect, detoxification enzymes may metabolise and thereby inactivate the insecticide. Fourth, the last level of resistance mechanisms is alterations at the target site for the insecticide. Knowledge of resistance mechanisms can give information and tools to be used in management of the resistance problem. Recently, studies have been carried out to investigate the underlying mechanisms conferring resistance in F. occidentalis. It appears that resistance in F. occidentalis is polyfactorial; different mechanisms can confer resistance in different populations and different mechanisms may coexist in the same population. Possible resistance mechanisms in F. occidentalis include: reduced penetration, detoxification by P450-monooxygenases, esterases and glutathione S-transferases, and alterations of acetylcholinesterase, the target site for organophosphate and carbamate insecticides. Target site resistance to pyrethroids (knockdown resistance) may also be a resistance mechanism in F. occidentalis. 相似文献