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1.
Plant materials differ in their chemical composition, rate of decomposition and suitability as mulch materials. Experiments were conducted during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 cropping seasons for early yam cultivation at Owo in the forest–savanna transition zone of southwest Nigeria to study the effect of Chromolaena odorata and Tithonia diversifolia mulches applied at 0.0, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 t ha?1 on soil chemical properties, leaf nutrient composition, growth and tuber yield of white yam (Dioscorea rotundata Poir). Both C. odorata and T. diversifolia mulches reduced soil bulk density and temperature; increased concentrations of soil organic matter (SOM), total N, available P, exchangeable K, Ca and Mg, leaf N, P, K, Ca and Mg; enhanced growth and yield of yam compared with control. The values of SOM, total N and available P and leaf N and P concentrations increased with increasing mulch rate. C. odorata mulch and T. diversifolia mulch applied at 10.0 and 7.5 t ha?1, respectively, was found to be suitable for yam production. T. diversifolia mulch compared with C. odorata mulch produced higher values of soil chemical properties, leaf nutrient concentrations, growth and yield of yam. T. diversifolia mulch produced 19% and 18% higher tuber yield compared with C. odorata mulch during 2006–2007 and 2007–2008 cropping seasons, respectively.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

Potassium sulfate was applied to established, non‐irrigated, K deficient trees on fine textured soil by banding, placing in augered holes and injecting into the soil. Additional trees received a heavy compost mulch in early fall. Trenches were dug in the fall beside trees to break roots and then were backfilled with K2SO4, dolomite lime or a combination of the two. One percent K solutions of KNO3 or K2SO4 were sprayed on trees four times during the growth season.

Sweet cherry trees only responded to compost mulch applications within two years. August midshoot leaf K, leaf N and fruit size were increased within one year however tree growth and yield were not affected. Fruit size and shoot growth were partially dependent on August leaf K level.

August midshoot leaf K of prune trees was increased within one growing season by all treatments except trench plus lime. Trees receiving compost also had increased levels of leaf N, P, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu and B. Yield and shoot growth were increased only by compost mulch applications. Fruit size was partially dependent on August leaf K levels.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Yields were evaluated three years after applied treatments to determine if responses that were not evident during earlier years eventually occurred. Potassium sulfate was applied to established, non‐irrigated, K deficient trees on fine textured soil by banding, placing in augered holes, adding to the backfilled trenches, and by injecting into the soil. Trenches were dug in the fall beside trees to break roots and ammended during backfilling with K2SO4, dolomite lime or combinations of the two. Additional trees received a heavy compost mulch in the early fall. Trenching treatments were generally detrimental. Trenching alone reduced yield and leaf Ca but increased fruit soluble solids content. Trenching plus K2SO4, trenching and lime, all soil amendments, and mushroom compost elevated leaf K from deficient or below normal to the normal range, but decreased leaf Mg. Most K application techniques eventually increased yield, but simple surface applications of K2SO4 in a narrow band were as effective as other more costly procedures. Mulching treatments appear to be as effective as K additions and produce quicker yield responses. Mushroom composts and alfalfa increased leaf N and yield in two years. Mushroom compost doubled yield even three years after a single application.  相似文献   

4.
《Soil Use and Management》2018,34(1):147-153
As in many areas of the developing world, intensification of agriculture in Tonga, and other Pacific Islands, has put increased pressure on the soil resource. Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of mulch on the growth and yield of two important food and fibre crops. The first was conducted on sloping land to evaluate the effect of guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus ) mulch and hedgerows on taro [Colocasia esculenta (L.) Schott] yield, and in controlling soil erosion. The second compared the response of paper mulberry [Broussonetia papyrifera (L) Ventenot] to different management regimes of a grass fallow. Thick vegetative mulch increased taro corm yield by 81% and reduced soil loss by 50% compared to local farmer practice, and the soil loss from taro with mulch was comparable to the perennial cash hedgerow treatment. Mulch increased paper mulberry bark yield by 30% compared to the non‐mulch control. Comparative economic analysis showed that increased net profit in the mulched treatments compared to the non‐mulched control was T$2660/ha for taro and T$12 108/ha for paper mulberry. Considering that mulch is readily available to many farmers throughout the Pacific Islands and elsewhere in the tropics, it is recommended as a sustainable practice for crop production.  相似文献   

5.
对板栗园树盘土壤双重覆盖的效应研究   总被引：9，自引：4，他引：9       下载免费PDF全文
对板栗园树盘土壤进行麦秸、黑色地膜和无色地膜的单一或双重覆盖试验。结果表明，所有覆盖处理的保水效果均好于对照，但对温度的影响因不同处理而有差异；覆草＋覆膜的处理不仅具有显著的增温保墒作用，能培肥地力，双重覆盖处理的有机质平均含量比单独的膜覆盖增加0.1%，有效磷和有效钾分别提高1.2和5.7 mg·kg-1，孔隙度增加3.21%，栗果产量增加10.70%。综合各种效应不同处理优劣顺序为：黑膜+草>无色膜+草>覆草> 黑膜>无色膜>对照。  相似文献   

6.
Cucumber (Cucumis sativus) was field grown from April 2001–July 2001 to determine the effects of mulch, irrigation regime, and potassium (K) rates on yield and related traits (i.e., leaf relative water content, water-use efficiency, and macronutrition). This was a factorial experiment with two irrigation levels (125% A pan daily versus 75% A pan every three days), two mulch levels (mulched versus unmulched), and three K2O levels (20, 40, or 60 g/m2). Plants receiving reduced water application (75% A pan every 3 days) showed significant reductions in all parameters when compared with well-watered plants (125% A pan daily). The use of black polyethylene mulch (BPM) covers improved the plant dry matter, chlorophyll concentrations, fruit yield, and relative water content in leaves of well-watered plants and also improved K availability to the plants by keeping soil moisture higher than that of stressed plants without mulch. Using BPM increased plant water-use efficiency compared with that under the reduced water (RW) treatment. Reduced water application enhanced electrolyte leakage compared with that recorded under the well-watered (WW) treatment. Mulching decreased electrolyte leakage under the RW treatment. Increased K rates significantly enhanced leaf K in the mulched and WW plants. However, increased K rates did not increase leaf K in the RW plants. Reduced water application reduced leaf concentrations of all nutrients tested, i.e., nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), K, calcium (Ca), and magnesium (Mg). However, mulching enhanced the concentrations of these elements, although their concentrations were still lower than those under the WW treatment. These results clearly indicate that field-grown number plants under mulched treatments were less stressed under semi-arid conditions and also that mulched treatments increased K availability to the plants.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract. In the Sahel, promising technologies for agricultural intensification include millet stover mulching and ridging. A four year on‐farm experiment was set‐up in order to assess the effect of various combinations of these two technologies on crop development and yield in a millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) ‐ cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) intercropping system. Treatments included bare surface, ridging, a surface applied banded millet stover mulch (2 t ha–1) and a banded millet stover mulch (2 t ha–1) buried in ridges. The latter three treatments were implemented exclusively in the cowpea rows, with an annual rotation between the millet and cowpea rows. On bare and ridged plots, millet yields fell below 100 kg grain ha–1 after the first year. This was ascribed mainly to soil acidification and loss of soil organic matter rather than to soil physical constraints or water availability despite extensive surface crusting and high soil penetration resistance and bulk density. Compared to the bare plots, ridging increased cowpea hay production by 330% over the four years which was attributed to lower soil penetration resistance and bulk density but also to a reduction of 0.15 cmol+ kg–1 exchangeable acidity in the ridges. Except during the severe drought year of 1997, millet grain yield in the banded mulch treatment remained fairly stable over time at 526 ± 9 kg ha–1. However, a detailed analysis revealed yield compensation mechanisms between various yield components depending on the timing of occurrence of the abiotic stresses. Cowpea productivity was always higher in buried banded mulch plots than in surface applied banded mulch plots but the former treatment appeared unable to sustain millet yields. This decline was attributed to a greater nutrient uptake by cowpea and more rapid acidification in the buried mulch treatment compared to the banded mulch treatment.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

This study evaluated the effects of plastic mulched ridge-furrow cropping on soil biochemical properties and maize (Zea mays L.) nutrient uptake in a semi-arid environment. Three treatments were evaluated from 2008 to 2010: no mulch (narrow ridges with crop seeded next to ridges), half mulch (as per no mulch, except narrow ridges were mulched), and full mulch (alternate narrow and wide ridges, all mulched with maize seeded in furrows). Compared to the no mulch treatment, full mulch increased maize grain yield by 50% in 2008 and 25% in 2010, but reduced yield by 21% in 2009 after low precipitation in early growth. Half mulch had a similar grain yield to no mulch in the three cropping years, suggesting half mulch is not an effective pattern for maize cropping in the area. Mulch treatments increased aboveground nitrogen (N) uptake by 21?34% and phosphorus (P) uptake by 21?42% in 2008, and by 16?32% and 14?29%, respectively, in 2010; but in 2009 mulching did not affect N uptake and decreased P uptake. Soil microbial biomass and activities of urease, β-glucosidase and phosphatase at the 0?15 cm depth were generally higher during vegetative growth but lower during reproductive growth under mulch treatments than no mulch. Mulching treatments increased carbon (C) loss of buried maize residues (marginally by 5?9%), and decreased light soil organic C (15?27%) and carbohydrate C (12?23%) concentrations and mineralizable C and N (8?36%) at harvest in the 0?20 cm depth compared with no mulch, indicating that mulching promotes mineralization and nutrient release in soil during cropping seasons. As a result of these biological changes, mineral N concentration under mulch was markedly increased after sowing in upper soil layers compared with no mulch. Therefore, our results suggest that mulched cropping stimulated soil microbial activity and N availability, and thus contributed to increasing maize grain yield and nutrient uptake compared with no mulch.  相似文献   

9.
Purpose: The aim of this study was to realize whether soil mulching, with different plastic mulch colors, is a suitable practice for the culture of pickling cucumber.

Materials and Methods: The crop was cultured or not with black, silver/black, white/black, and aluminum/black plastic films, treatments were evaluated in randomized complete block design, to determine their effect on soil temperature, gas exchange, nutrient concentration, growth, and fruit yield.

Results and Conclusions: Black, silver/black, and aluminum/black plastic mulches were higher (p?≤?0.05) in plant height, leaf area, and shoot dry weight than bare soil at 15 days after sowing, whose results were similar than using white/black film. Maximum, minimum, and mean soil temperatures were higher with all plastic mulches except for aluminum/black, in which the maximum soil temperature was similar to the one in bare soil. There was no difference in net photosynthesis and there was very little difference in nutrient concentration between plants in plastic mulches and plants in bare soil; however, early and total yield showed a higher (p?≤?0.05) yield in all plastic mulches, and lower with bare soil and white/black plastic mulch. Our results confirm that soil mulching impacts the pickling cucumber yield. We suggest a carefull selection of the color plastic mulch.  相似文献   

10.
Lingonberry (Vaccinium vitis‐idaea L.) cvs “Sussi”; and “Sanna”; were cultivated on mineral soil with four different soil surface treatments (Sphagnum peat mulch, sand mulch, plastic mulch and herbicide 3‐syclohexyl‐5, 6‐trimethylenurasil (lenasil)). Amount of annual weeds, plant coverage and yield were observed over five years. Weeds were most abundant in the first two observation years. Sand mulch was the least efficient for the control of annual weeds for both cultivars, whereas lenasil was the most efficient for “Sussi”;, and peat mulch for “Sanna”;. The plant coverage increased steadily throughout the years in the “Sussi”; plots, especially in plots mulched with peat. The spreading of “Sanna”; was slower in all treatments. It was best in plots mulched with peat or sand. Overall, “Sanna”; was more productive, with the highest yield on sand mulch and the lowest on lenasil‐treated plots. “Sussi”;, instead, yielded best on lenasil plots and poorest on sand.  相似文献   

11.
High soil salinity imposes osmotic stress and ion toxicity in plants, leading to substantial crop yield loss worldwide. Understanding of the quantitative and dynamic physiological responses to composite soil salt stress is limited and needs to be expanded. In this study, physiological, nutritional, and biomass yield parameters of tobacco(Nicotiana tabacum L.) grown in soil with five levels of composite soil salinity(CSS), basal CSS level(control, CK) and 3(T1), 6(T2), 9(T3), and 12(T4) times the...  相似文献   

12.
The use of gravel–sand mulch is a traditional water-conservation technique in the semi-arid Loess Plateau of North-western China. In this study, we investigated the 16-year effects of this mulch on soil physicochemical properties (total organic C, N and P; bulk density; Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn; soil texture; pH), microbial biomass C, N and P and enzymatic activities (peroxidase, dehydrogenase, invertase, β-glucosidase, alkaline phosphomonoesterase and urease) in a field trial in China's Gaolan County. We examined how these parameters changed after 7, 11 and 16 years of mulching. After 16 years, soil bulk density and sand content increased significantly. Soil Ca and Cu contents did not change significantly during the study period, but Fe, Mg, Mn and Zn contents all decreased significantly after 16 years. The total N increased significantly after 11 years, but total C and N both decreased dramatically and significantly after 16 years (by 22% and 13%, respectively, compared to the control). The mulch significantly increased microbial biomass C (by 29% after 11 years), with similar results for N and P, but these positive effects were lost after 16 years. Enzyme activities revealed changes in the soil microbial community over time; the mulch increased enzyme activities until 11 years, followed by a significant decrease that suggested degradation of soil quality after long-term mulching. The positive effects of the mulch (increasing soil temperature) could explain the high microbial biomass and enzyme activities after 11 years. However, long-term increases in soil bulk density and sand content (caused by mixing of the mulch layer with the surface soil) and a lack of inputs of organic matter (caused by the barrier created by the mulch layer) led to degradation of the soil after 16 years.  相似文献   

13.
Soil porosity and organic matter content influence the hydrology, thermal status and productivity of agricultural soils. Shape, size and continuity of soil pores are determined by tillage practices. Thus appropriate tillage and mulch management can conserve residual soil moisture during the post rainy season. This can play a key role in enhancing productivity under the rainfed ecosystem of subhumid region in eastern India. A field study was carried out on a fine loamy soil from 1993–1994 to 1995–1996. Two tillage treatments were conventional ploughing (150 mm depth) and shallow ploughing (90 mm) depth. Each tillage practice was tested with three mulch management viz., no mulch, soil dust mulch and rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw mulch. Soil organic carbon, bulk density, moisture retentivity, soil temperature with productivity and water use pattern of barley (Hordium vulgare L.) were measured.Reduction in ploughing depth resulted in nominal increase in profile (0.0–1.2 m) moisture status, yield, and soil thermal status at 14:00 and water use efficiency (WUE). However, it decreased the magnitude of soil temperature in the morning (07:00). Straw mulch conserved 19–21 mm of moisture in the profile (1.2 m) over the unmulched condition. Both soil dust and rice straw mulching elevated soil thermal status at 07:00 as compared to unmulched condition, but this trend was reversed at 14:00. Straw mulching significantly increased grain yield and WUE over soil dust mulch and unmulched condition. Impact of straw mulch was more pronounced under shallow ploughing depth. Shallow tillage with rice straw mulching is recommended to the farmers to obtain higher level of yield and water use efficiency.  相似文献   

14.
为了明确不同淋洗时间对微咸水滴灌农田脱盐和增产的影响,在内蒙古河套灌区进步村节水综合试验站开展了微咸水滴灌试验,分别在拔节期(T1)、抽雄期(T2)、灌浆期(T3)设置1次畦灌淋洗,以及生育期无淋洗(CK)共4个处理,研究不同生育期淋洗对微咸水滴灌农田水盐及作物产量的影响。结果表明:不同生育期淋洗后0-60 cm平均土壤含水率提高了18.9%,且T1、T2和T3处理0-40 cm土壤含水率显著高于CK处理,持续时间分别为12,25,28天;生育期淋洗后土壤储水量和作物耗水量分别平均增加了20.92%和21.52%。生育期淋洗后膜内平均盐分降低了78.0%,拔节期、抽雄期、灌浆期淋洗后盐分分别下降了0.20,0.36,0.44 mS/cm。淋洗后膜内0-60 cm脱盐率平均提高55.01%,60-100 cm脱盐率平均提高125.79%,且淋洗后膜外脱盐率高于膜内,平均高38.90%。拔节期淋洗显著提高产量及其构成因子,产量提高了18.8%,穗长、穗宽和行粒数分别提高6.8%,5.5%,7.0%,收获指数提高了7.8%(P<0.05);抽雄期淋洗产量提高了8.1%(P<0.05),而灌浆期淋洗对产量无显著影响(P>0.05),故在拔节期淋洗土壤作物受盐分胁迫时间较短,增产效应最明显。  相似文献   

15.
Degradation of soil physical quality, following deforestation and cultivation, is a major soil‐related constraint to an intensive use of soil for crop production in subhumid regions of subSaharan Africa. Use of crop residue mulch is an important strategy to minimize the risks of soil degradation. Therefore, a three‐year experiment was conducted to study the effects of five rates of mulch application (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 Mg ha−1 season−1) on soil physical properties and growth and yield of maize (Zea mays). Mulch rate of rice straw significantly increased maize grain and stover yields during the first season, and the stover yield during the second season. In comparison with the control, the grain yield increased by 20 per cent at 2 Mg ha−1 of mulch rate and by 33 per cent at 8 Mg ha−1 of mulch rate. The rate of increase was 0·16 Mg ha−1 for grain yield and 0·38 Mg ha−1 for stover yield for every Mg of mulch applied. The increase in stover yield during the second season was 67 per cent for 8 Mg ha−1 mulch rate compared with the unmulched control. Effects of mulch rate on soil physical properties were confined mostly to the surface 0–5 cm depth. For this depth, mulching decreased bulk density from 1·17 Mg m−3 for control to 0·98 Mg m−3, and penetration resistance from 1·54 kg cm−2 to 1·07 kg cm−2 for 8 Mg ha−1 of mulch rate. Application of mulch up to 16 Mg ha−1 yr−1 for three consecutive years had no effect on soil physical properties below 5 cm depth. Experiments were probably not conducted for a long enough period. For mulch farming to be adopted by farmers of West Africa, it must be an integral part of the improved farming system. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

16.
Mulching is considered a desirable management technology for improving and stabilizing agricultural crop production. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of different mulching practices on hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) performance in terms of leaf photosynthetic capacity, photosynthetic light response (PLR) curves, and growth parameters, under greenhouse conditions. Consequently, field experiments were conducted during the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons in Northwest China using four types of mulching practices (without mulch; wheat straw mulch; plastic film mulch; and combined mulch with plastic film and wheat straw). The results showed that mulching increased the leaf net photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance to water vapor, intercellular CO2 concentration, water-use efficiency, and transpiration rate. Mulching significantly affected the PLR curves, and important parameters (such as the apparent quantum yield, maximum net photosynthetic rate, light compensation point, and light saturation point) were all improved under combined mulching conditions when compared with other mulching practices. Therefore, it is inferred that hot pepper leaf photosynthetic capacity and light-use efficiency were significantly improved under combined mulching, and thereby the combined mulching is recommended for hot pepper cultivation in greenhouses due to working well to facilitate soil condition (moisture and temperature), plant growth, and marketable photosynthetic characteristics.  相似文献   

17.
Abstract: Crop residues that are left on the soil surface to serve as mulch can diminish the soybean response to surface application of lime under no‐till management by ameliorating soil chemical and physical attributes and the plant nutrition. A field experiment was performed in the period from 2000 through 2003 in Paraná State, Brazil, on a clayey‐sandy Rhodic Hapludox. Soil chemical attributes and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] nutrition, grain yield, and quality were evaluated after surface application of lime and covering with crop residues of black oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) and corn (Zea mays L.) under a no‐till system. Dolomitic lime was surface applied at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5.0, and 7.5 t ha?1 on the main plots, and three treatments with vegetable covering were applied on the subplots: (i) without covering, (ii) with covering of corn straw, and (iii) with covering of corn straw and black oat residue (oat–corn–oat). After 30 months, surface‐applied lime increased soil pH and the exchangeable calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+) levels down to a 10‐cm depth, independent of the vegetable covering treatments. The black oat and corn residues on the soil surface increased the soil exchangeable K+ level at the 5‐ to 10‐cm depth. Liming increased leaf potassium (K) content and phosphorus (P) content in the soybean grain and reduced leaf zinc (Zn) content and manganese (Mn) content in the soybean leaf and grain. There was no effect of liming on soybean grain, oil, or protein yields, independent of the vegetable residues kept on the soil surface. The treatment with black oat covering and corn straw increased leaf N content, P content in the leaf and grain, and the contents of K, Mg, copper (Cu), and Zn in the soybean grain. It also increased soybean grain and protein yields. The corn straw left at the surface after harvesting was very important to the performance of the no‐till soybean.  相似文献   

18.
Reducing the tillage and application of mulch are important strategies for soil and water conservation and sustainability of agricultural systems. Soil can be a source or sink for carbon (C) depending on management strategies and plays a major role in the global C cycle. These interacting practices can alter nutrient movement and availability to the crops, reduce water loss, slow down organic-matter (OM) decomposition, and thus enhance C sequestration. A 2-year field study was conducted to quantify the tillage and mulching effect on soil organic C (SOC), OM, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) at two depths (i.e., 0–15 and 15–30 cm deep) in the soil profile and N, P, and K concentrations (g kg?1) in plant shoots at harvest on a Typic Calciargids in wheat–maize rotation. The four tillage systems used were zero tillage (ZT), minimum tillage (MT), conventional tillage (CT), and deep tillage (DT), and four mulch rates [control, 2 (M2), 4 (M4), and 6 (M6) Mg ha?1 year?1 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) straw] were applied in combination with each tillage system, keeping recommended rates of fertilizers. There was a linear positive response of mulch application on SOC for both years, but it was more pronounced during the second year. Greater values were found in ZT and the lowest in CT at all depths, although greater SOC content was found in upper layers than in deeper ones. Greater shoot N, P, and K concentrations were found in MT, CT, and DT, whereas the lowest concentration was found in ZT. Mulch application has no effect on N, P, and K concentrations in shoots. The soil N concentration was not affected by tillage and mulch, yet greater soil N content was found at 0–15 cm than 15–30 cm deep. There was significant effect of tillage on soil P and K during one year as greater P and K concentrations were found under MT, CT, and DT compared to ZT. More N, P, K, and OM concentrations were found at 0–15 cm deep than at 15–30 cm deep during the whole study period. Mulch effect was significant on K, and significantly greater amounts were found at greater levels of mulch application. The increases in the soil OM were 34.5, 35.75, and 24% at 0–8, 8–16, and 16–24 cm deep respectively from the first year to the second year. Tillage effect on soil organic-matter content was not significant. Tillage increased grain production for both years. For the first year, 22.9 and 27% greater yields were found in CT and DT, whereas in the second year yields were 10.6, 17.9, and 57% greater, respectively, in MT, CT, and DT as compared to ZT. Grain production was increased at a result of mulch application by 12.9, 20.3, and 10.6% during the first year and 11.45, 23.74, and 10.9% during the second year as compared to control (i.e., without mulch). Results show the importance of mulch application and crop residue retention. Both can increase the SOC content and water-holding capacity, which will result in improved production and soil physical health over long and continuous use of mulch.  相似文献   

19.
The influence of tillage, herbicide (paraquat), evaporation retardents (white opaque polythene and hexadecanol) and straw mulch, applied in the post-monsoon pre-seeding period, on soil moisture conservation and yield of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) was studied in a 2-year field experiment. These practices all proved to be useful in conserving more soil moisture in the 180 cm deep soil profile. Opaque polythene conserved most moisture, followed by straw mulch with an average increase of 47 mm (24%) and 32 mm (16%) over the control. Polythene and straw mulch greatly improved moisture in the seeding zone; tillage, hexadecanol and paraquat were also useful. Soil moisture conservation treatments improved plant stand, profile water use, yield and yield components. The effect of treatments varied with crop season rainfall. In the first year, with low rainfall (51 mm), polythene and straw mulch significantly increased the grain yield over other treatments. Hexadecanol, tillage and herbicide also tended to increase yields. In the second, wetter crop season (rainfall 139 mm), the differences in yield between treatments were not significant though the trend was similar to the dry year. Polythene and straw mulch increased yields over the control by 690 and 536 kg/ha in the first year and 399 and 281 kg/ha in the second year. Polythene and hexadecanol being costly, straw mulch, tillage and herbicide offer scope for adoption at field scale.  相似文献   

20.
Research information on the effect of tillage systems on cocoyam (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) growth, nutrient status and yield is lacking in Africa. The effects of zero tillage with mulch, zero tillage without mulch, manual mounding, manual ridging and conventional tillage on cocoyam yield, growth and nutrient availability were compared during 2 years on an Alfisol (Oxic Tropuldaf) at Owo in the rainforest zone of Nigeria. The surface soil (0–20 cm) was chemically analyzed before and after crop harvest and selected soil physical properties were determined. Concentration of soil organic C, N, P, K and Mg and the leaf N, P and K were significantly influenced (p = 0.05) by tillage, with zero tillage with mulch being the most effective treatment in conserving the fertility of the surface soil (0–20 cm). Soil fertility, as indicated by organic C, N, P, K, Ca and Mg, declined significantly (p = 0.05) over time in all tillage systems, but this decline was more pronounced in the conventional tillage. Zero tillage with mulch, zero tillage without mulch, manual mounding, manual ridging and conventional tillage reduced the soil organic C concentration by 20, 23, 23, 24 and 33%, respectively over the 2-year period. The decreases in soil N concentration were 25, 31, 31, 38 and 56%, soil P concentration were 13, 15, 17, 16 and 26%, and soil K concentration were 16, 26, 31, 37 and 53%, respectively. Tillage did not affect corm and cormel yields in the first year. In the second year, due to the elimination of ploughing, significant differences were obtained in the cormel yield but not of corm yield. In 2005, zero tillage with mulch produced the highest cormel yield (13.5 mg ha−1) of cocoyam followed by zero tillage without mulch (13.2 mg ha−1), manual mounding (12.7 mg ha−1) and manual ridging (12.5 mg ha−1). The lowest cormel yield (9.5 mg ha−1) of cocoyam was produced by conventional tillage. Soil water contents in zero tillage with mulch and zero tillage without mulch were significantly higher (p = 0.05) than in the other tillage systems. Soil bulk density ranging from 1.21 to 1.40 mg m−3 correlated positively with leaf nutrient concentration and yield. Cocoyam can be grown successfully on zero tillage, with mulch and without mulch or minimum tillage systems on an Alfisol of the humid tropics.  相似文献   

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