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1.
Abstract

Transgenic potato plants expressing snowdrop lectin (GNA potatoes) are developed to increase resistance against sap-feeding insects. When expressing GNA at relatively high levels such potatoes may have a negative effect on the fecundity and development of the first generation of the important pest, the peach-potato aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). However, the effects on M. persicae over several generations, and how such plants affect the alate aphids’ colonization behaviour have not been reported. In this laboratory study, the performance of single M. persicae on potatoes with low GNA expression, measured as developmental time, fecundity, size and survival, was compared with the control, following two successive generations of single apterous aphids. Aphid population growth on the two plant lines was also studied. In addition, colonization behaviour was investigated in a choice experiment where the alate aphids could choose between the GNA and an isogenic control potato plant in a cage. The present study showed that the apterous aphid performance was not significantly different on the two potato lines, although the aphids tended to perform slightly poorer on the transgenic potato. However, the transgenic potato was less likely to be colonized by alate aphids. It is concluded that such transgenic potato plants expressing the lectin at a relatively low level, maximum 0.2% of the soluble protein, have no significant impact on the performance of apterous M. persicae once on the plant, but may have a potential in controlling the aphids by altering the colonization behaviour of alates.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract

There is an increasing demand for organically grown pulses and cereal grains in Denmark, which is expected to cause a change in the typical organic farm structure away from dairy farming and towards arable farming. Spring field beans (Vicia faba) could be a popular break crop in organic agriculture. The black bean aphid (Aphis fabae) is generally considered to be a serious pest of spring-sown field beans in northern Europe, and field studies have shown that yield losses can exceed more than 50% due to attacks from the black bean aphid.

The use of insecticides in organically grown field bean crops is not permitted, but it has been known for a long time that the black bean aphid infests different varieties of beans to a very different extent. Therefore, partial resistance to the black bean aphid is one method of stabilizing yields. Another method of cultural pest control is intercropping and a third method could be a combination of both. Six field experiments involving the three methods were carried out. There was a significant difference between the number of aphids per plant on the three investigated bean varieties, where ‘Colombo’ was the most susceptible, ‘Quattro’ was intermediate, and ‘Caspar’ the most resistant variety. ‘Colombo’ intercropping with spring wheat and spring barley reduced the numbers of aphids per plant significantly, and also the number of plants infested. The harvesting of all crops took place during the last fourteen days of August.

It can be concluded that the growing of partial host plant resistant varieties of field beans or the intercropping of field beans with spring cereals separately will reduce the infestation with black bean aphids. If both methods are used, the reduction of infestation will be even higher and consequently also the yield.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

Aphids are major vectors of plant viruses. Potato virus Y (PVY) is the most important aphid-transmitted virus affecting potato crops in Denmark. Because of a changed seed potato growing strategy, the seed potato area in Denmark is changing from regions with a low average temperature to regions with a higher average temperature. This means that the aphids may infest the potato crops earlier and the population development of the aphids may be faster, and consequently PVY may more easily become epidemic in seed potato crops. With a view to reducing the spread of PVY a 3-year experiment was carried out with a combination of mineral oil and insecticides.

In 2005 and 2007 when a very high number of aphids were present, nearly all plants were infected with PVY. In 2006 with a lower number of aphids a smaller proportion of the plants were infected, and a tendency to a lower PVY incidence in mineral-oil treated plots was found, but more than the 8% threshold value. Even in plots where systemic neonicotinoids were applied and very few aphids were recorded, no significant reduction in infestation level of PVY was found.

The present experiment shows that mineral oil and insecticides applied to potato crops each week for a 6-week period as protection against aphid transmission of PVY did not significantly reduce the level of PVY infestations in potatoes.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

Odour-mediated effects of leek Allium porum and chives Allium schoenoprasum (Alliaceae) on the host searching behaviour of the aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Homoptera: Aphididae) were studied. In an olfactometer, odour of the host plant sweet pepper Capsicum annuum L. (Solanaceae) was significantly attractive, whereas odour of chives was significantly repellent. Combined odour of sweet pepper and chives was neither attractive nor repellent. When sweet pepper plants were exposed to volatiles from chives for five days, their odour subsequently became repellent to M. persicae. An extract of leek plants was significantly repellent to aphids in the olfactometer, as were sweet pepper plants sprayed with this extract. Because both leek and chives can disrupt host finding by the aphid, both plants have potential for intercropping with sweet pepper. If successful in the field, such a system could bring economic benefits for farmers in the wet zone of Sri Lanka and other parts of the world.  相似文献   

5.
ABSTRACT

Direct application of phosphate rocks (PRs) with low/medium in reactivity has shown to be low in agronomic effectiveness for cereal crops. Presence of water-soluble P (WSP) in the vicinity of PR can significantly enhance the rooting system at the early stage of plant growth. This, in turn, can enable the plant to utilize the associated PR more effectively than the use of PR alone at planting. This report presents the results of several greenhouse experiments that show the granulated (WSP+PR) products by dry compaction process using different low-reactive PR sources were as effective as WSP fertilizers viz triple superphosphate (TSP) and monoammonium phosphate (MAP). The test plants were maize (30 days) and soybean and upland rice were grown to maturity on acid or neutral soils. Based on the results obtained a P ratio of 50:50 between WSP and PR is recommended for the granulated (WSP+PR) products that can achieve crop yields at the same levels as that with the WSP fertilizers.

Abbreviations: phosphate rock, PR; water-soluble P, WSP; dry-matter yield, DMY  相似文献   

6.
《Pedobiologia》2014,57(4-6):197-203
Functional relationships between belowground detritivores and/or symbionts and aboveground primary producers and their herbivores are not well studied. In a factorial greenhouse experiment we studied interactions between earthworms (addition/no addition of Lumbricus terrestris; Clitellata: Lumbricidae) and arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; with/without inoculation of Glomus mosseae; Glomerales: Glomeraceae) on the leguminous herb Trifolium repens (Fabales: Fabaceae) and associated plant aphids (Aphis gossypii, A. craccivora; Hemiptera: Aphidoidea). In order to be able to trace organismic interactions, earthworms were dual-labelled with stable isotopes (15N-ammonium nitrate and 13C-glucose). We specifically wanted to investigate whether (i) isotopic signals can be traced from the labelled earthworms via surface castings, plant roots and leaves to plant aphids and (ii) these compartments differ in their incorporation of stable isotopes. Our results show that the tested organismic compartments differed significantly in their 15N isotope enrichments measured seven days after the introduction of earthworms. 15N isotope incorporation was highest in casts followed by earthworm tissue, roots and leaves, with lowest 15N signature in aphids. The 13C signal in roots, leaves and aphids was similar across all treatments and is for this reason not recommendable for tracing short-term interactions over multitrophic levels. AMF symbiosis affected stable isotope incorporation differently in different subsystems: the 15N isotope signature was higher below ground (in roots) but lower above ground (leaves and aphids) in AMF-inoculated mesocosms compared to AMF-free mesocosms (significant subsystem × AMF interaction). Aphid infestation was unaffected by AMF and/or earthworms. Generally, these results demonstrate that plants utilize nutrients excreted by earthworms and incorporate these nutrients into their roots, leaf tissue and phloem sap from where aphids suck. Hence, these results show that earthworms and plant aphids are functionally interlinked. Further, 15N-labelling earthworms may represent a promising tool to investigate nutrient uptake by plants and consequences for belowground-aboveground multitrophic interactions.  相似文献   

7.
麦田蚜虫自动计数研究   总被引：1，自引：4，他引：1  
准确估计害虫种群密度是进行虫害预测预报的基础。为了减轻麦蚜虫抽样调查的难度，提高调查的效率和准确性，设计了一套基于计算机视觉技术的蚜虫数量自动计数的新方法。该方法利用麦田中诱集蚜虫的黄色粘板照片作为图像处理的数据源，通过图像分割与连通区域标记算法完成对黄板上蚜虫的自动计数。田间应用的结果表明黄板能较好的诱集到蚜虫，黄板图像单调的背景适合于计算机进行自动计数分析，自动计数的准确率达93.88%以上。  相似文献   

8.
Abstract

Recent research has shown the need for an in-depth knowledge of zinc biofortification of cereal and oilseed grains due to its importance to human nutrition. However, little is known about the Zn dynamics in plant–soil system. In this work, we evaluated the effect of soil-applied Zn on the absorption, translocation, and compartmentalization of Zn in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) plants. The soil used in the greenhouse experiment was fertilized with zinc chloride (ZnCl2) at rates of 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8?mg Zn kg?1. The source of Zn was labeled by 65Zn with specific activity of 185.5 kBq mg?1 Zn. The amount of Zn derived from fertilizer and its use in each plants compartment was determined by direct method in isotopic calculations. Rice and soybean plants presented low efficiency in the absorption from soil-applied Zn. The accumulated Zn in the panicle, pod, and grains was not modified, due to its low translocation in the plant. The Zn uptake in rice plants was from 1.34 to 4.60?mg pot?1 in shoots and just 0.81 to 1.43?mg pot?1 translocated to panicles. Soybean plants presented Zn uptake between 2.36 and 4.68?mg pot?1 in shoots, out of which 0.19 to 0.34?mg.pot?1 and 0.48 to 0.57?mg pot?1 translocated to grains and pods, respectively. The nutrient utilization from fertilizer was low, with mean values of 12 and 8.7% for rice and soybean plants, respectively. Soil-applied Zn showed low capacity for enriching rice panicle and soybean pod or grain probably due low Zn uptake and translocation.  相似文献   

9.
Cereal aphid infestations have considerable impact upon productivity and profitability of United States agriculture. A comparison study of the influence of different aphid species (Russian wheat aphid, Duraphis noxia Mordvilko; greenbug, Schizaphis graminum Rondani; and bird cherry oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L.) upon shoot characteristics and root growth of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was conducted in an attempt to better understand the mechanisms of yield loss in aphid damaged plants. Plants infested with aphids showed similar reductions in shoot growth regardless of aphid species. Shoot chlorophyll concentrations were lowest in greenbug‐infested plants. Root length and dry weight were also equally reduced by feeding damage by the three aphid species. Upon removal of the aphids, shoot dry weights of plants damaged by each aphid species remained unchanged for 10 days. Shoot dry weights for aphid‐damaged plants were about half the magnitude seen in the control plants after 15 days. Chlorophyll concentrations seen in greenbug and Russian wheat aphid‐infested plants initially were lower than the concentrations seen in bird cherry oat aphid‐infested and control plants. Within 10 days after aphid removal, however, chlorophyll concentrations across all treatments were essentially equal. Root lengths in plants previously infested with greenbugs or Russian wheat aphids were lower than control plants four days after aphid removal. Within 10 days after aphid removal, root lengths in plants previously infested with greenbugs or Russian wheat aphids did not differ from control plants. Root lengths in plants previously damaged by bird cherry oat aphids did not reach the same magnitude as that of the other treatments until 27 days after aphid removal. These results indicate that aphid feeding damage to wheat plants can have significant effects on root growth, suggesting that crop management practices that promote root growth could play important roles in improving plant tolerance to aphid damage.  相似文献   

10.
The increased use of cereal/legume crop rotation has been advocated as a strategy to increase cereal yields of subsistence farmers in West Africa, and is believed to promote changes in the rhizosphere that enhance early plant growth. In this study we investigated the microbial diversity of the rhizoplane from seedlings grown in two soils previously planted to cereal or legume from experimental plots in Gaya, Niger, and Kaboli, Togo. Soils from these legume rotation and continuous cereal plots were placed into containers and sown in a growth chamber with maize (Zea mays L.), millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.), sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.) or groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). At 7 and 14 days after sowing, 16S rDNA profiles of the eubacterial and ammonia-oxidizing communities from the rhizoplane and bulk soil were generated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Community profiles were subjected to peak fitting analyses to quantify the DNA band position and intensities, after which these data were compared using correspondence and principal components analysis. The data showed that cropping system had a highly significant effect on community structure (p <0.005), irrespective of plant species or sampling time. Continuous cereal-soil grown plants had highly similar rhizoplane communities across crop species and sites, whereas communities from the rotation soil showed greater variability and clustered with respect to plant species. Analyses of the ammonia-oxidizing communities provided no evidence of any effects of plant species or management history on ammonia oxidizers in soil from Kaboli, but there were large shifts with respect to this group of bacteria in soils from Gaya. The results of these analyses show that crop rotation can cause significant shifts in rhizosphere bacterial communities.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

Standardization of sampling methodology is essential when using plant analysis as an indicator of the nutrition status of a crop. Time of sampling during the day is a factor which was shown to affect tissue nitrate (NO3) concentration of irrigated crops. The diurnal variation of NO3 concentration in small grain cereal plants, grown under rainfed mediterranean conditions, was tested by an in situ sap test and by analysing dried tissue. Variation in NO3 concentration was shown to exist among plants grown under field conditions. Variation was also shown to exist at different hours of sampling within the day. However, these variations did not follow any diurnal trend and the magnitude of the difference in NO3 concentration did not affect the diagnosis of the nitrogen (N) nutrition status of the crop. The results suggest that diurnal variation of NO3 concentration of cereals grown under rainfed Mediterranean conditions is not a major concern in using NO3 tissue tests to predict N availability provided that sampling is done during the daylight hours.  相似文献   

12.
The influence of nitrogen nutrition and Russian wheat aphid (Diuraphis noxia Mordvilko) infestation on morphology and grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was studied in growth chamber experiments. Plants were grown with nutrient solution containing 100, 50, 10, or 0 percent of the normal complement of nitrogen. Plants were infested with eight apterous adult Russian wheat aphids at the flag leaf stage (approximately 53 days after planting). The aphids remained on the plant for a period of 25 days. Aphid infestation reduced mature plant height across all nutrient solution nitrogen concentrations tested. Grain yield was reduced by aphid infestation under all nutrient solution nitrogen concentrations except 0 percent. However, the percentage of yield loss caused by aphid infestation was reduced by increased levels of nitrogen in the nutrient solution. These results suggest that nitrogen fertilization might be a useful strategy for limiting yield loss caused by Russian wheat aphid in plants that are deficient in nitrogen.  相似文献   

13.
为明确不同抗生素及其处理方式对绿色型豌豆蚜生物学特性的影响,将盐酸金霉素(chlortetracycline HCl)、氯霉素(chloraomycetin)、盐酸土霉素(oxytetracycline HCl)、青霉素G钾盐(penicillin-G K salt)和硫酸链霉素(streptomycin sulfate)5种抗生素分别按同时喷洒蚕豆植株和蚜虫虫体、只喷洒蚜虫虫体和只喷洒蚕豆植株3种方式处理,了解不同处理下豌豆蚜的发育历期、平均体重、体质量差、相对日均体质量增长率和平均产蚜量等生物学参数变化特征。结果表明:3种处理方式对绿色型豌豆蚜的生物学参数影响大小顺序为:同时喷洒植株和虫体处理喷洒植株处理喷洒虫体处理。5种抗生素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生物学参数影响大小顺序为:盐酸土霉素盐酸金霉素硫酸链霉素氯霉素青霉素G钾盐。经过喷洒蚜虫虫体和植株表面联合作用处理,土霉素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生长发育影响最大,若虫期延长2.25 d,整个世代周期延长3.70 d,体重减轻52.37%,体质量差减小55.84%,相对日均体质量增长率减小53.85%,产蚜量下降79.07%;金霉素处理表现为延长发育历期,青霉素、氯霉素和链霉素为缩短发育历期;经5种抗生素处理后的绿色型豌豆蚜体重均减轻,产蚜量下降。土霉素处理对绿色型豌豆蚜的若虫期、世代历期和相对日均体质量增长率的影响与其他4种抗生素差异显著(P0.05),土霉素和金霉素对平均体重和体重差的影响与其他3种抗生素差异显著(P0.05),但相互间差异不显著(P0.05)。经过喷洒植株表面的间接作用处理,土霉素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生长发育影响最大,若虫期龄期延长1.63 d,世代历期延长3.38 d,体重减轻50.28%,体质量差减小51.49%,相对日均体质量增长率减小41.67%,产蚜量下降75.45%;金霉素的影响作用次之,表现为延长发育历期;青霉素、氯霉素和链霉素为缩短发育历期。5种抗生素处理后绿色型豌豆蚜均体重减轻,产蚜量下降。土霉素处理对绿色型豌豆蚜的若虫期、平均体重和产蚜量的影响与其他4种抗生素差异显著(P0.05),土霉素和金霉素对世代历期和相对日均体质量增长率影响差异显著(P0.05),但相互间差异不显著(P0.05)。经过直接喷洒蚜虫虫体间接作用方式处理,土霉素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生长发育影响最大,若虫期延长0.34 d,体重减轻24.32%,相对日均体质量增长率减小26.32%,产蚜量下降44.23%,其他4种抗生素对绿色型豌豆蚜的生物学参数影响较小。土霉素处理对相对日均体质量增长率的影响与其他4种抗生素差异显著(P0.05),土霉素和金霉素对若虫期和产蚜量的影响与其他3种抗生素差异显著(P0.05),但相互间差异不显著(P0.05)。由不同抗生素的不同处理方式进行多重比较得知,对绿色型豌豆蚜生长发育影响较大的3种处理组合为:土霉素同时喷洒植株和虫体处理组合土霉素喷洒植株处理组合金霉素同时喷洒植株和虫体处理组合,3种作用处理间对绿色型豌豆蚜生物学特性影响差异不显著(P0.05),土霉素同时喷洒植株和虫体处理组合对生物学特性的影响与除土霉素喷洒植株处理组合和金霉素同时喷洒植株和虫体组合之外的其他组合处理差异显著(P0.05)。  相似文献   

14.
Purpose: Roses are one of the ornamental species of major importance and economic value. Fertilisation programmes which maximise plant growth and quality, while minimising environmental impact are important. Here, we followed the N and K dynamics during rose development with the aim to define the nutrient demands as a basis for implementing fertigation programmes.

Materials and methods: Roses with one basal break were grown in a closed hydroponic system. Destructive samples were taken to determine dry weight, N and K content. In each sample, plants were sectioned into roots, rootstock, basal break, stems and leaves from the zone of active leaves and the zone of cutting flowers, as well as the flower bud in the latter.

Results: The shoots of the active leaves and cutting flowers zones exhibited a biphasic growth; dry weight, N and K increased after pruning of the zone of active leaves and the cutting flowers zone, however, in the second phase, total dry weight did not show a significant difference between the phenological phases, while the accumulation of N and K decreased throughout the entire plant.

Conclusions: Our results suggest that greenhouse roses develop a dynamic and complex balance between the aerial parts of the plants and the roots for storage and/or transport of photoassimilates, N and K. The total demand for N was 411 and 799?mg per plant for the initial shoot development of the active leaf zone and cutting flowers zone, respectively. The demand for K was 149 and 106?mg per plant for both shoots, respectively. The loss of N (555?mg per plant) and K (167?mg per plant) from roses plants to the root environment implies that lower fertiliser inputs can be used as these nutrients may be re-uptaken by new emerging roots.  相似文献   

15.
A chemical basis for discrimination between attended and unattended aphid mutualists by the ant Lasius niger (L.) (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) was investigated. In an arena bioassay, hexane extracts of the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) (Homoptera, Aphididae), which had been attended by the ant colony provoked significantly longer examination by ants than extracts of unattended aphids. Extracts of the ants themselves were significantly more active than hexane. In an olfactometer, ants spent significantly longer in the arm containing the odour of live aphids that had been attended by the ants than in arms containing the odour of unattended aphids. When unattended aphids were introduced onto an aphid-infested plant under attendance by L. niger, they suffered higher levels of attack and removal by the ants than did previously attended aphids. Unattended aphids treated with the extract of attended aphids suffered higher levels of attack than attended aphids, but lower levels of removal than unattended aphids. The results show that L. niger can discriminate between aphids that the colony have attended and unattended aphids of the same species using chemical cues.  相似文献   

16.
ABSTRACT

Recent investigations of the plant genome have revealed a large degree of similarity among cereal crops (specifically within the family Triticeae) and other related grass species. Recognition of the close genetic relationship among the grasses indicates that more exotic species, such as weedy grasses, may be exploited by plant breeders to enhance biotic/abiotic stress tolerance in cereal crops. Echinochloa crus-galli (L.) 1 1 Mention of company names or products is for the benefit of the reader and does not imply endorsement, guarantee, or preferential treatment by the USDA or its agents. Beauv. (barnyardgrass), a wide-spread, persistent C4 weed species of agricultural importance, is reported to tolerate high levels of salinity. Growth and ion relations were studied in barnyardgrass using mixed-salt salinity (with final electrical conductivities (ECi) of 3 (control), 7, 11, and 19 dS m?1 in the irrigation water) to determine whether the mechanism(s) for its salt tolerance are similar to those previously reported for other cereal crops. Such a finding would indicate that barnyardgrass may possess valuable genetic traits. Ion accumulation and ion selectivity ratios in the various treatments were determined from oven-dried shoot tissue. Significant (P < 0.01) linear regressions were obtained between either fresh weight or plant height and ECi. The point of 50% reduction (C50) in fresh weight was predicted to occur at about 13.9 dS m?1; the C50 value for plant height was at about 22.9 dS m?1. Statistical analysis of calculated Gapon constants for potassium (K)/sodium (Na) indicated that ion selectivity was not affected until after 11 dS m?1. Calcium (Ca)/Na selectivity was not significantly affected by salinity. We concluded that, similar to some cereal crops, barnyardgrass maintains growth under saline conditions by maintaining high K/Na ratios, possibly because of better membrane integrity due to high Ca selectivity.  相似文献   

17.
Purpose

The evaluation of the ecotoxicity effects of some heavy metals on the plant growth and metal accumulation in Ocimum basilicum L. cultivated on unpolluted and polluted soils represented the objective of the present study.

Materials and methods

The basil aromatic herb was evaluated in a laboratory experiment using soil contaminated with Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn, similar to the one from a mining area. The soils and different organs of the basil plants were analyzed, the total contents of the added elements being determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The ability of basil plants to accumulate metals from soil and to translocate them in their organs was evaluated by transfer coefficient, translocation factor, enrichment factor, and geo-accumulation index determinations.

Results and discussion

The basil plants grown in the metal-polluted soil showed stimulation effects comparing with the plants from the control soil. At the end of the exposure period, the plants had a visible increase of biomass and presented inflorescences and the leaves’ green pigment was intensified. The metals gathered differently in plant organs: Cd, Co, Cr, and Pb were accumulated in roots, while Cu, Ni, and Zn in flowers. Cr and Pb exceeded the toxic levels in roots. Also, the heavy metal intake depends on the plant development stages; thus, Cd, Cr, and Pb were accumulated more in mature plant leaves. The Cd and Pb contents were higher than the World Health Organization and European Commission permissible limits.

Conclusions

The experimental results revealed that the basil plants exposed to a mixture of heavy metals have the potential to reduce the metal mobility from soil to plants. Translocation process from roots to flowers and to leaves was observed for Cu, Ni, and Zn, emphasizing a competition between metals. The calculated bioaccumulation factors were insignificant, but Cd and Pb concentrations exceeded the legal limits in the mature plants, being restricted for human or animal consumption.

  相似文献   

18.
It is widely accepted that plants absorb more Cd when they suffer from Zn deficiency, as the Zn deficiency is a critical problem in the world. The effect of increased Cadmium (Cd) application (0 and 15 mg kg-1 Cd) on growing and Cd concentration in some cereal species was investigated at the increasing rate of Zinc (Zn) applications (0 and 15 mg kg-1 Zn). The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using a Zn deficient soil. According to the results, that increased Cd applications severely reduced dry matter production of plants. Dry matter production decreased in the following order: bread wheat > oat > maize > barley. These decreases were determined to be statistically significant (P < 0.01). Cd concentration of cereal species increased with the application of increasing rate of Cd, with a similar trend to that of the dry matter. Dry matter production of plants increased and Cd concentrations of plants decreased with the application of increasing rate of Zn. These results show that Cd accumulation of plant increase in Zn deficient soils. Cd accumulation in plants is hindered with the application of Zn.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

A regional evaluation of the soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics for the chernozem zone in northern Kazakhstan is now vitally important for agricultural and environmental policy making. The objectives of the present study were: (1) to predict spatial and temporal variability in C input as crop residues using multi-temporal MODIS satellite images, (2) to clarify spatial and temporal variability in CO2 emission as SOC output using geostatistics and model s, (3) to clarify spatial and temporal variability in the SOC budget using the results from (1) and (2). The mean growing-season C input as plant residues in cereal fields ranged from 0.9 to 1.4 Mg C ha?1, with higher values in wet years. Carbon input as plant residues was higher in the northern part of the area than in the other parts. The average growing-season CO2 emission ranged from 0.9 to 1.1 Mg C ha?1, and was also higher in wet years than in dry years. In addition, more CO2 was emitted in the northern part of this area. Accordingly the average growing-season C budget ranged from –0.2 to 0.3 Mg C ha?1 and showed a negative correlation with air temperature during the crop-growing season. The 5-year C budget for different crop rotation systems ranged from –1.0 (3-year cropped cereal with 2-year bare fallow) to 0.4 (5-year continuous cereal cropped) Mg C ha?1. These results indicate that fallow-based crop rotation systems are degradative with regard to the SOC budget in the studied area.  相似文献   

20.

The effect of different factors on plant diameter and yield in hybrid arctic bramble (Rubus arcticus nothosubsp. stellarcticus) was examined in two field experiments with a factorial design. The studied factors included planting time (August, September, May or June), plant type (bare-rooted or potted plants) and ground cover (no ground cover or mulching with a dark plastic film). Development of bare-rooted and potted plants did not differ when transplanted in the autumn and in May. Potted plants developed better than bare-rooted plants when transplanted in June. In one year, plants transplanted in May developed best, while in another, plants transplanted in the autumn developed best. Mulching with a dark plastic film improved plant development. The rate of vegetative development during the first growth season was reflected in the yields in both the first and the second harvest year; the greater the plant diameter after the first growth season, the higher the yield.  相似文献   

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