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1.
Forage pearl millet (Pennisetum americanum var. Nutrifeed) is a new forage crop in Iran. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Tehran to evaluate the response of pearl millet to four nitrogen (N) levels (0, 75, 150, and 225 kg N ha?1) and four irrigation regimes (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of available soil water abbreviated to I40, I60, I80 and I100, respectively) during 2006–2007. Total dry matter production reached a maximum of 24.4 and 23.5 t ha?1at I40 and I60 at N225, respectively. Nitrogen use efficiency decreased by adding more fertilizer and minimum nitrogen use efficiency was recorded at N225 over all irrigation regimes. At N225, water use efficiency reached the maximum of 3.57 and 4.10 kg m?3 in I80 and I100, respectively. Pearl millet forage could be produced in the regions where water is scarce and additional N fertilizer could increase total dry matter and water use efficiency.  相似文献   

2.
Field experiments were conducted for two years to find out the appropriate sowing configuration and rate of nitrogen (N) for sustained yield and improved water use efficiency of hybrid Bt cotton irrigated through surface drip irrigation. Drip irrigation under normal sowing, in which equal quantities of water and N were applied as check-basin irrigation, resulted in an increase of 389 and 155 kg ha?1 in seed cotton yield compared with check-basin irrigation during the first and second year, respectively. Normal paired row sowing under a drip irrigation system, in which only 50% of irrigation water was applied compared with normal sowing, produced a yield similar to normal sowing under drip irrigation during both years, resulting in 22% higher water use efficiency. Dense paired row sowing under drip irrigation, in which only 75% irrigation water was applied compared with normal sowing, increased the mean seed cotton yield by 5% and water use efficiency by 19%. Decrease in the rate of nitrogen application (from 150 to 75 kg N ha?1) caused a decline in seed cotton yield and water use efficiency under all the methods of sowing, but the reverse was true for agronomic efficiency of N.  相似文献   

3.
ABSTRACT

There is a growing concern about excessive use of nitrogen (N) and water in agricultural system with unscientific management in Indian and developing countries of the world. Field experiments were conducted on the lateritic sandy loam soils of Kharagpur, West Bengal, India, during spring–summer (February-June) seasons for three years (2015–2017) to evaluate okra crop response under subsurface drip and conventional furrow irrigation with varying amount of nitrogen treatments. Irrigation treatments had three levels of soil water depletion from field capacity (i.e., 20%, 35%, and 50%) under subsurface drip system. There was no soil water depletion under conventional furrow irrigation system. There were four levels of nitrogen fertilizer treatments (i.e., 0, 80, 100, and 120 kg ha?1). This was supplied using urea as a nitrogenous fertilizer. The yield response of okra crop under subsurface drip was found to be 56.4% higher than that of the furrow irrigation treatment. Best yield response and maximum water use efficiency and nitrogen use efficiency were recorded under 20% soil water depletion with 100 kg ha?1 of nitrogen fertigation. Among the various soil moisture depletions, subsurface drip at 20% soil water depletion treatment responded least quantity of water lost through deep drainage and nitrogen loss beyond the root zone as compared to other irrigation treatments. The water loss through subsurface drainage was observed as 33.11 mm lesser under subsurface drip as compared to that of the furrow irrigation, and this may due to low-volume and frequent irrigation water application with subsurface drip. Hence, irrigation through subsurface drip should be used for improving water and nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency of okra crop cultivation.  相似文献   

4.
Irrigation of high‐value vegetable crops on sandy soils with poor water‐retention capacities may result in fertilizer nitrogen (N) displacement below the effective root zone prior to complete crop uptake. As a result, fertilizer N‐uptake efficiency (FUE) of vegetable crops is often relatively low, thereby increasing the potential risk of groundwater contamination. The objective of this study was to determine how time of exposure of the root zone to the N fertilizer (which is referred to as “fertilizer residence time” or t R), as related to irrigation management, affects N uptake, FUE, growth, and yield of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Plants were grown in PVC columns with 45 kg of soil equipped with a drainage valve in the bottom of the column. Weekly irrigation with dissolved fertilizers (potassium nitrate; KNO3) was applied 1, 3, or 7 d before weekly removal of residual soil N by leaching. Weekly N uptake rates were calculated by comparing total N recovery between unplanted (reference) and planted columns. At 77 d after planting, increasing the t R from 1 to 3 or 7 d increased the weekly N uptake from 1.4 to 10.8 and/or 13.3 kg N ha?1, respectively. Total calculated plant N accumulations were 19, 72, and 106 kg N ha?1 for the 1‐, 3‐, and 7‐d t R treatments, with overall FUE values being 8, 31, and 45%, respectively. It is concluded that during initial growth crop, uptake capacity is limiting, and more frequent (daily) fertilizer injection into the irrigation water may be required to enhance FUE. It is proposed also that via sound or innovative irrigation management practices, fertilizer retention in the root zone can be enhanced, thereby improving crop growth, yield, and FUE while reducing production cost and potential environmental impacts.  相似文献   

5.
The increasing scarcity of water for irrigation and environmental pollution due to excessive use of fertilizers are the important problems in vegetable production. A field experiment with combination of three levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization was employed to optimize the irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer usage of spinach. Traits, yields, quality, and economic factors of spinach under different regimes were determined. The yield was the highest when spinach was grown under the condition of the soil water content at 16.5% combined with 170 kg ha?1 of nitrogen fertilizer, while the lowest yield was recorded for the one under the soil water content at 12.5% with 0 kg ha?1. Nitrate and oxalate contents of spinach were highly dependent on levels of irrigation and nitrogen fertilization. Nitrogen fertilization significantly decreased nitrogen use efficiency. Both water use efficiency and profit responded positively to increased nitrogen fertilizer usage. To optimize the quality and earnings of spinach, and consider the fact that nitrogen fertilizer could degrade the quality of spinach, application of the nitrogen fertilizer at 85 kg ha?1 and maintenance of the soil water content at 16.5% could be recommended for spinach cultivation under field conditions. Therefore, the findings in this present study are important to improve our knowledge of the irrigation and fertilization for the sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   

6.
Flat transplanting with flooded irrigation is commonly used for growing rice, but it results in ineffective use of applied fertilizer and water. The objective of this study was to compare nitrogen use efficiency and water saving of rice transplanted on beds and on flat ground. This field experiment was performed in randomized complete design for three continuous years and all treatments were repeated three times. Results showed that transplanting of four lines of rice nursery on bed and one line in furrow and nitrogen application at 150 kg ha?1 recorded 16.06, 21.81, 16.0 and 20.21% higher paddy yield, nitrogen (N) uptake in paddy, N use efficiency and N agronomic efficiency than traditional flat method at same N level. Without loss in yield, about 25 kg ha ?1 of N fertilizer and 24% of water can be saved with bed transplanting of rice as compared to flat method.  相似文献   

7.
Nitrogen fertilization management under water limited conditions needs to be refined to save environmental ecosystems and increase economic returns. Two-year field studies in a split-plot design were conducted to investigate the response of maize to different nitrogen rates (N100 = 100, N130 = 130, and N160 = 160?kg N ha?1) under two irrigation levels (100 or 75% of water requirements). Under deficit irrigation, water and N were used more efficiently than normal water supply. N-fertilization of drip irrigated maize grown under deficit irrigation with N160 increased the uptake of N, P and K by 35, 29 and 70% compared with N100. Fertilization of maize grown under deficit irrigation with N160 increased the grain, straw and biological yield and water use efficiency by 50, 14, 22 and 33% compared with N100. Based on the obtained results, 160?kg of N ha?1 is the optimum rate of N for maize irrigated by 75% of water requirements.  相似文献   

8.
ABSTRACT

Present study evaluated the influence of slow-pyrolyzed wood-derived and cow manure-derived biochars on growth performance (i.e., yield production, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE), and phosphorus use efficiency (PUE)) of Pisum sativum under groundwater and municipal wastewater irrigation. Biochars were applied at 5, 10, and 15 t ha?1 rates for 2 years. The amendment of biochars did not enhance yield during first year under both irrigation types; rather, small-particle-sized (<0.65 mm) wood-derived biochar reduced significantly yield at higher application rates under groundwater irrigation. During second year, amendment of biochars significantly increased the yield especially at higher application rates under groundwater irrigation while no influence of biochars was observed for wastewater irrigation treatment. The yield was significantly lower under wastewater irrigation for all treatments as compared to first year. The NUE and PUE of pods and stover were not different during first year and second year under both irrigation treatments except for the small-particle-sized wood-derived biochar applied at 10 and 15 t ha?1, which tended to reduce significantly the NUE and PUE of pods and stover under groundwater irrigation during first year of cropping. The NUE and PUE were significantly lower during following year under wastewater irrigation. Our results suggest that amendment of biochars had positive influence on the growth of P. sativum under groundwater irrigation during second year of cropping while these amendments had no influence under wastewater irrigation.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

Nitrogen is one of the most yield–limiting nutrients in lowland rice in Brazil. A field experiment was conducted for two consecutive years to evaluate nitrogen (N) uptake by five lowland rice genotypes and its association with grain yield. The nitrogen rate used was 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha?1. The genotypes evaluated were CNAi 8886, CNAi 8569, BRSGO Guará, BRS Jaburu, and BRS Biguá. Grain yield and dry matter yield of shoot were significantly influenced by N rate. However, response varied from genotypes to genotypes. Genotype BRSGO Guará, BRS Bigua, and BRS Jaburu were having linear response, whereas genotypes CNAi 8886 and CNAi 8569 were having quadratic response with the N application rate in the range of 0 to 200 kg ha?1. Overall, genotypes BRSGO Guará and CNAi 8886 were the best because they produced higher yield at low as well as at higher N rates. Nitrogen uptake in shoot was having quadratic relationship with grain yield, whereas nitrogen uptake in the grain was linearly associated with grain yield.  相似文献   

10.
为探究暗管排水条件下盐渍化农田最适宜的水氮制度，在河套灌区暗管布设区开展2年田间试验，设置低水(120 mm, I1)、中水(210 mm, I2)和高水(330 mm, I3)3个灌溉水平及低氮(0 kg/hm2,N1)、中氮(105 kg/hm2,N2)和高氮(210 kg/hm2,N3)3个追氮水平，分析不同水氮组合对土壤脱盐率及向日葵水氮利用效率和产量品质的影响。结果表明：暗管排水条件下，高水中氮(I3N2)的脱盐效果最佳，较其他水氮处理的脱盐率平均提高5.82%。高水(高氮)条件下，产量随着施氮量(灌水量)的增加而升高，其中高水高氮(I3N3)的产量最高，平均为5 129.72 kg/hm2。相同灌水量下，高氮(N3)水平的灌溉水利用效率最高，追氮量越大，肥料偏生产力越低。低水(I1)和中水(I2)条件下高氮(N3)水平最有利于籽仁蛋白质和必需氨基酸的合成。高水(I3)条件下，中氮(N2)水平有利于籽仁蛋白质和必需氨基酸的合成，低氮(N1)水平最有利于籽仁粗脂肪的合成。各灌水水平中，中水(...  相似文献   

11.
ABSTRACT

Controlled-release fertilizers (CRF) were compared with ammonium nitrate (AN) in a potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) production study at the University of Florida farm in Hastings, FL, in 2002. Treatments were no nitrogen (No-N), AN, and nine CRFs at 146 kg ha?1 N and 225 kg ha?1 N. CRF7 (146 kg ha?1 N) resulted in highest total and marketable yields at 33.7 MT ha?1 and 29.4 MT ha?1, respectively. Tubers from the AN (225 kg ha?1 N) and CRF9 (225 kg ha?1 N) treatments had the highest specific gravity at 1.073. Nitrogen removal efficiency was highest in plants in CRF1 (43.0%) and CRF7 (47.3%) plots. Both were significantly higher than AN-treated plants. At 39 days after planting, NO3-N and NH4-N concentrations in lysimeter water samples were significantly higher in AN treatments. Leaf tissue N concentrations were sufficient throughout the growing season in all treatments except No-N.  相似文献   

12.
In this study, the effects of different zeolite doses (Z0:0, Z3:30, Z6:60, Z9:90, and Z12:120 t ha?1) and water levels (I50: 0.50, I75: 0.75, and I100:1.00) on yield, quality, and nutrient absorption of common bean were evaluated under arid conditions in Karapinar Konya, Turkey, in 2011 and 2012. The experiment was carried out in a split-plot design with three replications. The results showed that in each treatment different doses of zeolite together with changes in the rate of irrigation levels effected yield and yield components. Water use efficiency was also affected by zeolite and irrigation treatments. The highest yields, 4777 and 4114 kg ha?1, respectively, were obtained from the Z9I100 application in 2011 and 2012. During the experimental years, water consumptions at the same treatment were determined 451 and 468 mm, respectively. In addition to this, zeolite treatments affected the contents of N, K, Zn, Mn, and Cu in leaf samples (p < 0.05). These nutrient levels increased with raising zeolite doses.  相似文献   

13.
Effects of conventional and optimized water and nitrogen managements on spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) growth and soil mineral N (Nmin) residues were compared in an open field experiment in which water balancemethod and N recommendation with the KNS-system were included. It was shown that the conventionalwater treatment (seasonal irrigated amount: 175 mm) reduced spinach growth compared to the water balancetreatments (seasonal irrigated amount: 80 and 85 mm) at the same N supply level due to N loss through leaching caused by excessive water supply. Although 309 kg N ha-1 was applied in the conventional N treatment, compared to 82 and 66 kg N ha-1 in the optimum N treatments, no significant difference in cropyield was investigated between the N treatments with the same irrigation practice. N uptake in spinach andsoil residual Nmin contents were also significantly affected by the irrigation practices. The conventional water supply not only decreased water use efficiency, but also resulted in excessive NO3--N being leached below the root zone. In order to meet the same target value of N requirement for the next crop, cauliflower, based on the KNS-system, at least extra 50 kg N ha-1 was needed in the conventional water treatments in comparison to the water balance treatment.  相似文献   

14.
In the present study, the effect of buried straw (two levels; MS; buried straw layer and MN; no straw layer), nitrogen fertilizer (two levels: FH, 120 kg ha?1 and FL, 80 kg ha?1), and deficit drip irrigation with irrigation frequency of 2 days (two irrigation regimes: I50; 50% and I30; 30% of evapotranspiration) was investigated on a greenhouse-grown leafy cabbage for two consecutive seasons. The results indicated that in both the seasons, T5 (MNFHI50) gave higher yield when compared to all other treatments but it also utilized more water and fertilizer. On the other hand, with a 5–10% decrease in yield comparing to T5 (MNFHI50), T2 (MBSFLI50) and T4 (MSFLI30) saved 33% of fertilizer. T4 (MBSFLI30) also gave the highest water and fertilizer use efficiencies when compared to all other treatments. However, it was clearly noted that T4 (MSFLI30) treatment could save water and nitrogen without a significant decrease in fresh yield of Chinese cabbage. Hence, T4 (MsFLI30) is the recommended strategy to manage water and nitrogen fertilizer for getting optimal leafy cabbage plant growth and yield.  相似文献   

15.
Evaluation of any crop response to different nitrogen amounts is important for determining the amount that can be considered as optimum from economical and environmental point of view. This study was conducted to (1) evaluate the growth and yield of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L.) under different nitrogen rates and (2) determine the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of pumpkin in two growing seasons (2013 and 2014). In both growing seasons, nitrogen fertilizer (at three rates including 50, 150, and 250 kg ha?1) was band-dressed on the planted side of each furrow, coinciding with 4–6 leaves stage and flowering. Crop performance over 2 years was evaluated by measuring shoot dry matter, crop growth rate (CGR), leaf area index (LAI), leaf area duration (LAD), intercepted PAR (PARi), radiation use efficiency (RUE), shoot nitrogen uptake, water use efficiency (WUE), NUE, and fruit and seed yield. The results showed that in both growing seasons, the highest growth and yield of pumpkin were obtained by applying 250 kg N ha?1 (using urea fertilizer containing 46% nitrogen). Increased nitrogen rate from 50 to 250 kg ha?1 resulted in 87.3%, 27.0%, 62.1%, 87.5%, and 84.5% increase in shoot dry weight, RUE, WUE, fruit yield, and seed yield of pumpkin, respectively, across both growing seasons. However, higher application nitrogen rate decreased the NUE of pumpkin, i.e., the NUE decreased by 62.5% when the nitrogen rate increased from 50 to 250 kg ha?1. The effect of nitrogen applied in 2014 growing season on growth and yield of pumpkin was higher than that in 2013 growing season, which might be due to more suitable weather condition. In conclusion, the nitrogen rate of 250 kg ha?1 produced the highest amount of fruit and seed yield in pumpkin.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

Muskmelon (Cucumis melo L. cv. ‘Polidor’) were grown under field conditions to investigate the effects of different nitrogen (N) levels (0, 40, 80, and 120 kg ha? 1) on plant growth, water use efficiency, fruit yield and quality (weight, sizes, and water-soluble dry matter), leaf relative water content, and macro nutrition under three different irrigation regimes. Irrigation was applied based on cumulative class A pan evaporation (Ep). Plant treatments were as follows: (1) well-watered treatment (C) received 100% replenishment of Ep on a daily basis, (2) water-stressed treatment (WS) received 75% replenishment of Ep at three-day intervals, and (3) severely water-stressed (SWS): treatment received 50% replenishment of Ep at six- day intervals. Plants grown under C at 120 kg N ha? 1 produced significantly higher biomass (175.6 g plant? 1), fruit yield (36.05 t ha? 1), fruit weight (2.25 kg fruit? 1), and leaf relative water content (93.5%) under increasing N levels than did the two deficit irrigation treatments. The WS or SWS treatments caused reductions in all parameters measured except water-soluble dry matter (SDM) concentrations in fruits compared with those receiving unstressed (C) treatment. The WS irrigation regime with 80 kg ha? 1 N significantly improved the fruit yield and size, plant dry matter, leaf area, and IWUE compared with the SWS regime. Increased N significantly enhanced foliar N in the unstressed plants. Increasing N rate in the SWS treatment did not increase fruit yield with the same trend found in the WS and C treatments with increasing N levels. The yield reduction under severe water shortage was much more severe at high N rates. Water use (ET) at the C treatment at 120 kg ha? 1 N ranged between 160 and 165 cm, while SWS reduced ET to 90 cm at 0 and 40 kg ha? 1 N. Nitrogen supply modified water use at C and WS irrigation regimes. Muskmelon yield response to N rate was quadratic and differed with the level of irrigation. This moderate water deficit (SW) may be an alternative irrigation choice with a suitable N application rate for muskmelon growers in arid and semi-arid regions if the goal is to irrigate an agricultural area with limited water supply for more growers, but not if it is maximizing economic yield. Growers should accept a significant yield reduction in exchange for water conservation.  相似文献   

17.
Because limited information is available about the validated use of a chlorophyll meter for predicting nitrogen requirements for optimum growth and yield of wheat after application of herbicides, field experiments were carried out in the winter seasons of 2011/2012 and 2012/2013 under different weed and N fertilization treatments. Five weeded treatments, application of herbicides 25 days after sowing (DAS), hand pulling once at 55 DAS and a weedy check were combined with four N application rates. Weeds were completely absent in the non-fertilized plots, either with metribuzin or hand pulling as well as in isoproturon-treated plots fertilized with 190 or 285 kg N ha?1. The grain yield was similar in the treatments of isoproturon × 190 kg N ha?1, isoproturon + diflufenican × conditional N treatment (113.9) or 190 kg N ha?1, hand pulling × conditional N treatment (104.8) or 285 kg N ha?1 and metribuzin × 190 kg N ha?1. Under weeded practices, conditional N treatment recorded the maximum nitrogen use efficiency and almost equaled the grain protein content of the 190 kg N ha?1 application rate. N application based on SPAD readings saved about 40.0% and 44.8% N with isoproturon + diflufenican or hand pulling, respectively, compared to the recommended rate (190 kg N ha?1) without noticeable yield loss.  相似文献   

18.
ABSTRACT

The study was aimed to determine the appropriate nitrogen (N) rate to combine with liming for enhanced maize yield and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Two maize varieties [Ikom White (IKW) and Obatanpa-98 (Oba-98)], two lime rates (0 kg ha?1 and 500 kg ha?1) and three N rates (0, 90 and 180 kg ha?1) were used. The treatments were laid as a split-split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The growth attributes, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), harvest index, dry matter, and grain yield increased (P ≤ 0.05) with increases in N rates, especially in plots amended with lime. Oba-98 was better yielding (2.12 versus (vs) 1.88 t ha?1) and absorbed more (P ≤ 0.05) radiation (442.06 vs 409.54 μmol m?2s?1) than IKW. The efficiency indices and partial factor productivity were best optimized at the 90 kg ha?1 N rate with Oba-98 having higher values than IKW. Therefore, liming (500 kg ha?1) plus N at 180 kg ha?1produced the best yield of the hybrid maize, Oba-98.  相似文献   

19.
The intensive winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–summer maize (Zea mays L.) cropping systems in the North China Plain (NCP) rely on the heavy use of mineral nitrogen (N) fertilizers. As the fertigated area of wheat and maize in the NCP has grown rapidly during recent years, developing N management strategies is required for sustainable wheat and maize production. Field experiments were conducted in Hebei Province during three consecutive growth seasons in 2012–2015 to assess the influence of different N fertigation rates on N uptake, yield, and nitrogen use efficiency [NUE: recovery efficiency (REN) and agronomic efficiency (AEN)]. Five levels of N application, 0 (FN0), 40 (FN40%), 70 (FN70%), 100 (FN100%), and 130% (FN130%) of the farmer practice rate (FP: 250 kg N ha?1 and 205.5 kg N ha?1 for wheat and maize, respectively), corresponding to 0, 182.2, 318.9, 455.5, and 592.2 kg N ha?1 y?1, respectively, were tested. Nitrogen in the form of urea was dissolved in irrigation water and split into six and four applications for wheat and maize, respectively. In addition, the treatment “drip irrigation + 100% N conventional broadcasting” (DN100%) was also conducted. All treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed the significant influence of both N fertigation rate and N application method on grain yield and NUE. Compared to DN100%, FN100% significantly increased the 3‐year averaged N recovery efficiency (REN) by 0.09 kg kg?1 and 0.04 kg kg?1, and the 3‐year averaged N agronomic efficiency (AEN) by 2.43 kg kg?1 and 1.62 kg kg?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Among N fertigation rates, there was no significant increase in grain yield in response to N applied at a greater rate than 70% of FP due to excess N accumulation in vegetative tissues. Compared to FN70%, FN100%, and FN130%, FN40% increased the REN by 0.17–0.57 kg kg?1 and 0.03–0.34 kg kg?1and the AEN by 4.60–27.56 kg kg?1 and 2.40–10.62 kg kg?1 for wheat and maize, respectively. Based on a linear‐response relationship between the N fertigation rate and grain yield over three rotational periods it can be concluded that recommended N rates under drip fertigation with optimum split applications can be reduced to 46% (114.6 kg N ha?1) and 58% (116.6 kg N ha?1) of FP for wheat and maize, respectively, without negatively affecting grain yield, thereby increasing NUE.  相似文献   

20.
ABSTRACT

Plants of tomato cultivar ‘TITANO M’ were grown under glasshouse conditions, in plastic pots filled with the upper (Ap, Soil A) and the underlying horizons (Bt, Soil B) of an Alfisol from central Greece in a randomized complete block design. Four treatments were utilized: no fertilization and irrigation with distilled water (C), irrigation with wastewater without fertilization (W), complete fertilization (110 kg N ha?1, 150 kg P2O5 ha?1, 150 kg K2O ha?1) and irrigation with distilled water (CF), complete fertilization and irrigation with wastewater (WF) each replicated four times. The results showed that wastewater significantly increased electrical conductivity (EC), exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), exchangeable magnesium (Mg), and extractable zinc (Zn). A three-fold increase of above ground biomass (AGB) compared to C treatment was recorded in Soil A. Photosynthates allocation to AGB and water use efficiency (WUE) were promoted by effluent application. Wastewater could be a water source for agriculture under water limited conditions substituting partially for inorganic fertilization.  相似文献   

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