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1.

The ability of lactating mink dams to control glucose homoeostasis, when fed diets containing different ratios of metabolizable energy (ME) from protein, fat and carbohydrates, was studied by measuring plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, glucagon, urea and free fatty acids (FFA), in the fasted and absorptive state 4 weeks postpartum, in two consecutive years. A total of 36 yearling female mink, fitted with jugular vein catheters and raising litters of six or seven kits, was fed ad libitum lactation diets with different amounts of ME derived from protein, fat and carbohydrates (year 1:61:37:2, 46:37:17 and 31:37:32; year 2:61:38:1, 47:52:1 and 33:66:1). After 3 h fasting the dams were fed 210 kJ ME of the experimental diets. Blood samples were drawn 10 and 5 min before feeding and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min postprandially. The glucose concentration was increased 30 to 150 min postprandially in dams fed the carbohydrate-containing diets (46:37:17 and 31:37:32), whereas the glucose concentration showed no postprandial response in dams fed the carbohydrate-free diets (61:38:1, 47:52:1 and 33:66:1). Plasma insulin concentrations were increased 30 to 120 min postprandially in all dams, irrespective of dietary treatment. Plasma concentrations of glucagon were higher ( P <0.005) in dams fed the low-protein diets (31:37:32 and 33:66:1) than in dams fed the high-protein diets (61:37:2 and 61:38:1). Postprandially, the glucagon : insulin ratios decreased in dams fed the carbohydrate-containing diets, whereas the glucagon:insulin ratios tended to increase in dams fed the carbohydrate-free diets. Plasma concentrations of urea were significantly higher in dams fed the high-protein diets. Plasma concentrations of FFA, measured in the second experiment (year 2) only, showed increased concentrations postprandially, the responses being significant in dams fed the 33:66:1 and 61:38:1 diets. In conclusion, the mink is able to regulate the concentrations of blood constituents involved in maintaining glucose homoeostasis, and thereby to adapt to a wide range of dietary protein and carbohydrate supply.  相似文献   

2.
Eighteen lactating mink raising litters of 6 to 7 kits were fed ad libitum from parturition on diets with 32% of ME derived from protein and decreasing fat:carbohydrate ratios [high fat:low carbohydrate (HFLC): 67:1, medium fat:medium carbohydrate (MFMC): 52:16, low fat:high carbohydrate (LFHC): 37:31]. Four weeks post partum the dams were fitted with a jugular vein catheter, and the experiment started with a 3 hours fasting period, after which the dams were fed 210 kJ ME of the experimental diets. Blood samples were collected 10 and 5 min before feeding and 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 min postprandially. Two hours postprandially a single dose of 50 microCi U-14C-labelled glucose was administered to each dam and blood samples were collected 5, 10, 20, 30, 45 and 60 min after the tracer administration. Plasma concentrations of glucose and insulin 30 to 120 min postprandially were higher in dams fed the LFHC diet, than in dams fed the HFLC diet, values for dams fed the MFMC diet being intermediate. Plasma glucagon concentrations were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. The glucagon:insulin ratios decreased postprandially in all dams, the response being significant in dams fed the LFHC diet. Plasma concentrations of urea were not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Plasma FFA concentrations tended to increase postprandially in dams fed the HFLC diet. Glucose turnover rates were approximately 4.0% per min in all dams, irrespective of dietary treatment. However, the daily glucose flux was lower in dams fed the HFLC diet than in dams fed the LFHC diet, and tended to be lower than in dams fed the MFMC diet. In conclusion, a dietary protein supply of 32% of ME simultaneously with a carbohydrate supply of 16% or 31% of ME had no adverse effects on glucose homeostasis or glucose metabolism in lactating mink.  相似文献   

3.
Thirty mink dams nursing litters of six kits were assigned to one of three dietary treatments [high protein (HP), medium protein (MP) and low protein (LP)], fed ad libitum for 4 week from parturition, to investigate the effects of protein supply on milk yield and milk composition in order to estimate the amino acid requirement of the lactating mink. Twelve dams were held in an intensive care unit and subjected to balance experiments and the kits were injected with deuterium oxide to determine water kinetics and milk yield. Eighteen dams were kept under normal farm conditions but with feed intake of dams and live weight gain of kits being determined and milk samples collected. The ME intake was higher (p < 0.05) in dams fed the LP and MP diets than in dams fed the HP diet, whereas the amino acid intake (g/day) was lowest (p < 0.05) in dams fed the LP diet. In the third and fourth weeks of lactation milk yield was higher (p < 0.05) in dams fed the LP and MP diets than in dams fed the HP diet. Chemical composition of milk was not affected (p > 0.05) by dietary treatment. However, protein content tended (p = 0.06) to be lower in dams fed the LP diet. Amino acid content (g/16 g N) of milk was higher (p < 0.05) in dams fed the LP and MP diets than in dams fed the HP diet. This resulted in the highest (p < 0.05) amino acid intake and highest (p < 0.001) live weights of kits nursed by dams fed the LP and MP diets, which may be explained by a combined effect of higher ME intake and reduced energetic costs for glucose production through less amino acids being used in gluconeogenesis. In conclusion, the improved performance of dams fed the LP diet suggested that their requirement of essential amino acids and non-specific N were covered, and the requirement of digestible amino acids of lactating mink (kg(0.75)) was, thereby, estimated by use of a factorial approach including the amino acid excretion in milk of LP dams.  相似文献   

4.
The effects of carbohydrate-free diets on body weight changes, feed consumption, and plasma concentrations of nutrients, metabolites, and hormones in lactating mink and on growth performance in kits were investigated in a total of 108 litters during the lactation period of seven weeks. The litters were distributed in three experimental groups fed different ratios of metabolisable energy (ME) derived from protein and fat (61:38; 47:52; 33:66). The females and kits were weighed at parturition and 2, 3, 4, and 7 weeks after parturition. Blood samples were collected from females in the second, fourth, and sixth week of the lactation period. Carbohydrate-free diets fed to lactating mink can in principle support normal performance, health of the females, and growth performance of the kits. However, mink need a sufficient supply of available gluconeogenic precursors in the form of amino acids. In the present experiment, the diet with 33% of ME from protein contained insufficient amounts of gluconeogenic precursors for lactating mink, and three weeks post partum this group was excluded from the experiment. The differences in dietary protein level (61% and 47% of ME) and fat level (38% and 52% of ME) influenced the plasma concentrations of free fatty acids (FFA) and urea, but had minimal influence on plasma concentrations of other nutrients, metabolites, and hormones.  相似文献   

5.
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the dietary effects of Cr propionate (CrProp) and metabolizable energy (ME) on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality of growing-finishing pigs. One hundred forty-four Cambrough-22 barrows were allotted to four dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design (six replicates of six pigs per replicate; average initial and final body weight were 27 and 113 kg, respectively). The dietary treatments were: 1) corn-soybean meal basal (B; low ME), 2) B + 200 ppb of Cr (as CrProp), 3) B + 200 kcal ME/kg (4.5% added fat; high ME), or 4) B + 200 kcal ME/kg + 200 ppb of Cr. At trial termination, three pigs per replicate were killed to determine dietary effects on carcass traits and pork quality. Overall average daily gain, average daily feed intake, and gain:feed ratio were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. During the early growing period, average daily gain was increased in pigs fed the CrProp-low-ME diets, but decreased in pigs fed the CrProp-high ME diets (Cr x ME, P < 0.04). Feed intake was increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the high-ME diets during the early growing period. Forty-five min and 24 h pH were not affected (P > 0.10) by diet. The CIE L* tended (P = 0.07) to be increased and shear force tended (P = 0.06) to be decreased in pigs fed high-ME diets. Subjective marbling was increased (P < 0.03) and longissimus muscle percentage moisture and thaw loss were decreased (P < 0.04) in pigs fed CrProp. Chromium propionate had no consistent effect on growth and carcass traits in this experiment; however, CrProp did affect some aspects of pork quality.  相似文献   

6.
Our objectives were to examine the effects of added fat in late-gestation cow diets on neonatal response to cold. In Exp. 1, pregnant fall-calving heifers received control (n = 5), safflower seed (n = 5), or whole cottonseed (n = 5) diets. The hay-based, isonitrogenous, and isocaloric diets, fed for 47 d prepartum, contained 1.5, 4.0, and 5.0% fat for control, safflower, and whole cottonseed diets, respectively. At calving, calf BW and vigor score, as well as fat, lactose, and IgG in colostrum were not affected (P > 0.30) by diet. Heifers fed the safflower diet tended to have greater colostral solids (P < 0.10) than heifers fed the control or whole cottonseed diets. At 6.5 h of age, calves were placed in a 5 degrees C cold room for 90 min. Calf vigor, shivering, body temperature, and blood samples were taken every 15 min. During cold stress, calf body temperature decreased 0.7 degrees C (P < 0.03). Across all diets, shivering and serum glucose concentrations increased (P < 0.05), whereas calf vigor and cortisol concentrations decreased (P < 0.02) during cold exposure. In Exp. 2, pregnant spring-calving cows (n = 98) received a control (n = 47) or whole cottonseed (n = 51) supplement. Hay-based diets fed for 68 d prepartum contained 2.0 and 5.0% fat for control and whole cottonseed diets, respectively. Calf BW, vigor, shivering, dystocia score, time to stand, time to nurse, serum glucose concentrations, and serum IgG were not affected (P > 0.50) by diet. Between 30 and 180 min, body temperature of calves from dams fed the whole cottonseed supplement decreased (P < 0.05) more than calves from dams fed the control supplement. Serum glucose concentrations in calves were not affected by diet (P > 0.30). Serum cortisol concentrations tended (P < 0.09) to be greater for calves from dams fed whole cottonseed than control calves. When ambient temperature was < 6 degrees C, calves born to dams fed whole cottonseed had greater (P < 0.05) BW, tended (P < 0.1) to stand earlier, and had greater serum IgG concentrations. We conclude that calves from dams fed high-fat diets containing safflower or whole cottonseed respond similarly to cold stress, but these responses may not be consistent with greater cold resistance. In addition, high-fat dietary supplementation of late-gestation cows may only be beneficial during calving seasons with prolonged cold weather.  相似文献   

7.
1. Several different methods of assaying the metabolisable energy (ME) of ground maize and a maize and glucose mixture were studied. Over a 24‐h period fasted cockerels lost more energy and nitrogen in their excreta than those fed 15 g maize and 15 g glucose monohydrate.

2. Discrepancies in ME values of maize were found between 1) Hill's method (substitution for glucose) and 2) Sibbald's method (the difference between energy ingested and excreted, corrected for endogenous losses by a comparison with fasted controls). These discrepancies were attributed to differences in endogenous energy losses between fed and fasted birds and interactions between the test substance and reference diet.

3. No significant differences could be detected when substitution for glucose was compared to substitution for the entire diet in three experiments.

4. Significant differences in the ME of maize because of the composition of the basal diet were found (semi‐purified: practical; 17·20:14·56 kJ/g; and 50 g/kg added fat: 100 g/kg added fat; 15·94:16·69 kJ/g).

5. Food intakes equal to 70, 60 or 30% of ad libitum did not affect the ME of maize when the substitution for glucose method was used.

6. It is concluded that basal diets for ME determinations should be carefully selected because of possible interactions between dietary components. When ME is determined by feeding small amounts of the test material, endogenous losses may be over‐estimated because the control birds are in a different physiological state (fasted).

  相似文献   

8.
OBJECTIVE: To determine effects of increased dietary protein and decreased dietary carbohydrate on hematologic variables, body composition, and racing performance in Greyhounds. ANIMALS: 8 adult Greyhounds. PROCEDURE: Dogs were fed a high-protein (HP; 37% metabolizable-energy [ME] protein, 33% ME fat, 30% ME carbohydrate) or moderate-protein (MP; 24% ME protein, 33% ME fat, 43% ME carbohydrate) extruded diet for 11 weeks. Dogs subsequently were fed the other diet for 11 weeks (crossover design). Dogs raced a distance of 500 m twice weekly. Rectal temperature, hematologic variables before and after racing, plasma volume, total body water, body weight, average weekly food intake, and race times were measured at the end of each diet period. RESULTS: When dogs were fed the MP diet, compared with the HP diet, values (mean +/- SD) differed significantly for race time (32.43 +/- 0.48 vs 32.61 +/- 0.50 seconds), body weight (32.8 +/- 2.5 vs 32.2 +/- 2.9 kg), Hct before (56 +/- 4 vs 54 +/- 6%) and after (67 +/- 3 vs 64 +/- 8%) racing, and glucose (131 +/- 16 vs 151 +/- 27 mg/dl) and triglyceride (128 +/- 17 vs 104 +/- 28 mg/dl) concentrations after racing. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Greyhounds were 0.18 seconds slower (equivalent to 0.08 m/s or 2.6 m) over a distance of 500 m when fed a diet with increased protein and decreased carbohydrate. Improved performance attributed to feeding meat to racing Greyhounds apparently is not attributable to increased dietary protein and decreased dietary carbohydrate.  相似文献   

9.
The experiment was performed to evaluate the effects of dietary metabolic energy (ME) and crude protein (CP) levels on production performance, nutrient digestibility, serum biochemical parameter, and organ indexes in furring male mink. One hundred eighty healthy male mink of (145±5) d were randomly divided into 6 groups with 30 replicates, one mink for each replicate. We adopted a completely randomized 2×3 factorial experiment, and the mink were fed 6 experimental diets with two CP levels (30.45% and 34.58%) and three ME levels (13.11, 14.94 and 16.76 MJ·kg-1), the feeding experiment was completed from September 29, 2018 to December 10, 2018. The results showed that:1) During 175 to 213 days old, the body weight (BW) of the mink in the 34.58% CP group was significantly higher than those in the 30.45% CP group (P<0.01), and the BW of the mink in the 13.11 MJ·kg-1 ME group was significantly lower than those in the other ME groups (P<0.01). At the age of 175-190 and 213 days, the BW of the mink in A (CP 30.08%, ME 13.03 MJ·kg-1) group was significantly lower than those in other groups (P<0.01). At 205 day, the maximum value of BW of mink was observed in E (CP 34.86%, ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1) group. 2) The fresh skin length and weight of mink in 34.58% CP group were significantly greater than those in the 30.45% CP group (P<0.01), and the fresh skin length of mink in 14.94 MJ·kg-1 ME group was significantly greater than those in other ME groups (P<0.05).However, the fresh skin weight of mink in the 16.76 MJ·kg-1 ME group was significantly greater than those in 13.11 MJ·kg-1 group (P<0.01). The fresh skin length and weight of mink in E (CP 34.86%, ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1) group was significantly higher than those in A (CP 30.08%, ME 13.03 MJ·kg-1) and B (CP 30.46%, ME 14.80 MJ·kg-1) groups (P<0.01). 3) The fat digestibility of mink in the 34.58% CP group was significantly higher than those in the 30.45% CP group (P<0.01). The fat digestibility of mink in the 13.11 MJ·kg-1 group was significantly lower than those in other groups (P<0.01).The fat digestibility of mink in the group A (CP 30.08%, ME 13.03 MJ·kg-1) and D (CP 34.17%, ME 13.19 MJ·kg-1) was significantly lower than those in other groups (P<0.01). 4) The content of serum LDL in 30.45% CP group was significantly higher than those in 34.58% CP group (P<0.01), but the HDL concentration in serum was significantly lower than that in 34.58% CP group (P<0.01).The concentration of serum Alb, GLU, CHO, TG and HDL of mink in the 13.11 MJ·kg-1 ME group were significantly lower than 16.76 MJ·kg-1 ME group (P<0.01). The concentrations of serum Alb, GLU of mink in the group C (CP 30.80%, ME 16.99 MJ·kg-1), E (CP 34.86%, ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1), and F (CP 34.72%, ME 16.53 MJ·kg-1) were significantly higher than other groups (P<0.05). The concentration of serum HDL of mink in group E (CP 34.86%, ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1) and F (CP 34.72%,ME 16.53 MJ·kg-1) was significantly higher than other groups (P<0.01). 5) The heart and liver indexes of mink in 30.45% CP group were significantly higher than those in 34.58% CP group (P<0.05).The heart index of mink in the 13.11 MJ·kg-1ME group was significantly higher than those in other groups (P<0.05).The heart and liver indexes of mink in group A (CP 30.08%, ME 13.03 MJ·kg-1) were significantly higher than those in group E (CP 34.86%, ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1) (P<0.05). In conclusion, when the dietary CP level was 34.86% and the ME level was 15.08 MJ·kg-1, mink could obtain better growth performance and fur quality, higher digestibility of nutrients.  相似文献   

10.
本试验旨在探讨饲粮代谢能（metabolic energy,ME）和粗蛋白质（crude protein,CP）水平对雄性水貂生产性能、营养物质消化率、血清生化指标及脏器指数的影响。选取180只（145±5）日龄、体重相近[（1 765±26）g]的健康雄性水貂,随机分为6组,每组30个重复,每个重复1只。试验采用2×3双因素设计,CP水平为30.45%和34.58%,ME水平为13.11、14.94、16.76 MJ·kg-1,饲养试验于2018年9月29日至2018年12月10日完成。结果表明：1）175~213日龄阶段,34.58% CP组水貂体重极显著高于30.45% CP组（P<0.01）,且低ME水平13.11 MJ·kg-1组水貂体重极显著低于其它ME组（P<0.01）;175~190及213日龄阶段,A组（CP 30.08%、ME 13.03 MJ·kg-1）水貂体重极显著低于其余各组（P<0.01）,205日龄时,E组（CP 34.86%、ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1）水貂体重较高;2）34.58% CP组水貂鲜皮长和鲜皮重极显著大于30.45% CP组（P<0.01）,14.94 MJ·kg-1 ME组水貂的鲜皮长显著大于其他ME组（P<0.05）;但16.76 MJ·kg-1 ME组的鲜皮重极显著大于13.11 MJ·kg-1组（P<0.01）;E组（CP 34.86%、ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1）水貂的鲜皮长、鲜皮重极显著大于A组（CP 30.08%、ME 13.03 MJ·kg-1）、B组（CP 30.46%、ME 14.80 MJ·kg-1）两组（P<0.01）。3）34.58% CP组水貂脂肪消化率极显著大于30.45% CP组（P<0.01）;且饲粮ME水平为13.11 MJ·kg-1时,水貂的脂肪消化率极显著低于其它ME组（P<0.01）;A组（CP 30.08%、ME 13.03 MJ·kg-1）、D组（CP 34.17%、ME 13.19 MJ·kg-1）水貂的脂肪消化率极显著低于其它各组（P<0.01）。4）30.45% CP组水貂血清LDL极显著高于34.58% CP组（P<0.01）,但血清HDL极显著低于34.58% CP组（P<0.01）;13.11 MJ·kg-1 ME组水貂血清Alb、GLU、CHO、TG和HDL均极显著低于16.76 MJ·kg-1 ME组（P<0.01）;C组（CP 30.80%、ME 16.99 MJ·kg-1）、E组（CP 34.86%、ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1）、F组（CP 34.72%、ME 16.53 MJ·kg-1）水貂血清Alb、GLU显著高于其他组（P<0.05）;E组（CP 34.86%、ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1）、F组（CP 34.72%、ME 16.53 MJ·kg-1）水貂血清HDL极显著高于其他各组（P<0.01）。5）30.45% CP组水貂心脏、肝脏指数显著高于34.58% CP组（P<0.05）;13.11 MJ·kg-1 ME组水貂心脏指数显著高于其它各组（P<0.05）;A组（CP 30.08%、ME 13.03 MJ·kg-1）水貂的心脏、肝脏指数显著高于E组（CP 34.86%、ME 15.08 MJ·kg-1）（P<0.05）。综上所述,当饲粮CP水平为34.86%,ME水平为15.08 MJ·kg-1时,水貂可获得较好的生长性能、毛皮品质和较高的营养物质消化率。  相似文献   

11.
Abstract

An 8-week feeding experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary vitamin E on the physiological response to handling stress in juvenile beluga Huso huso. Fish were fed six experimental diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50, 100, 200, or 400 mg Dl-all-rac-α-tocopherol acetate/kg diet. At the end of the experiment, the fish in each tank were subjected to acute handling and air exposure stress. Cortisol and glucose were measured as the primary hormonal and secondary metabolic responses to the stressors, both before and 3 h after application of the stressors. The growth parameters and feed utilization rates were significantly lower in fish fed the diet not supplemented with vitamin E than in fish fed diets supplemented with vitamin E. Cortisol concentration was not affected by dietary treatment but glucose concentration was. Fish fed vitamin E at 0, 25, 100, and 400 mg/kg diet had higher concentrations of glucose than those fed vitamin E at 50 and 200 mg/kg. However, fish fed diets with 50 and 200 mg/kg exhibited higher growth rates. These results indicate that dietary vitamin E has some effect on plasma glucose but no effect on plasma cortisol. In general, when the stressors were applied to belugas, the glucose and cortisol responses were relatively low. This may be due to higher resistance and lower physiological responses to these types of stressors by this species or by chondrosteans in general.

Received January 10, 2011; accepted August 4, 2011  相似文献   

12.
Forty-eight barrows and forty-eight gilts (PIC 337 sires x PIC C22 dams) were evaluated to determine the effects of feeding ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) and different cereal grains on the carcass and fat quality in late finishing pigs. The study was carried out using four replicates with 24 animals in each replicate (four pigs per pen, six pens per replicate, two replicates per slaughter date, 12 pens per slaughter date). Treatments for the experiment included corn, wheat, and barley (early finisher period); and corn, corn + RAC, wheat, wheat + RAC, barley, and barley + RAC for the late finisher period. Ractopamine was fed at the level of 10 mg/kg (as-fed basis) of feed. Pigs were allotted to early finisher period treatments at approximately 45 kg BW. Pigs were then given late finisher period treatments at approximately 80 kg BW and fed for 28 d. The dietary digestible lysine level for all diets was maintained at 2.7 g/Mcal of ME. Pigs fed the wheat and corn diets during the late finisher period had a greater (P <0.05) G:F than those fed the barley diets. Pigs fed diets with RAC had lower (P <0.05) leaf fat weights, 10th-rib fat, last-rib fat, and belly firmness and had improved (P <0.05) dressing percents and loin muscle areas compared with those not receiving RAC. Pigs fed the wheat diets had a greater (P <0.05) dressing percent than those receiving the barley diets, but pigs fed the barley diets had a higher (P <0.05) Minolta L* for fat color than pigs fed wheat. Pigs fed diets containing RAC produced pork that was less tender (P <0.05) compared with pigs that did not receive RAC. Linoleic acid percent values were higher (P <0.05) for pigs fed diets with RAC than in those that did not. Feeding RAC improved G:F and lowered feed intake of pigs during the late finisher period (P <0.05). Feeding diets equal in lysine (2.7 g/Mcal of ME) but varying in ME, whether based on corn, wheat, or barley with or without RAC, had little to no effect on carcass, meat, or fat quality attributes.  相似文献   

13.
Blood acid-base responses to handling were evaluated in slaughter weight pigs fed diets supplemented with l-carnitine and fat. The study was carried out as a randomized block design with a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments: 1) dietary L-carnitine supplementation (0 vs. 150 ppm, as-fed basis); and 2) dietary fat supplementation (0 vs. 5%, as-fed basis). Sixty pigs (91.1 +/- 5.14 kg BW) were housed in mixed-gender groups of five and had ad libitum access to test diets (0.68% true ileal digestible lysine, 3,340 kcal of ME/kg, as-fed basis) for 3 wk. At the end of the feeding period (110.3 +/- 7.52 kg BW), pigs were subjected to a standard handling procedure, which consisted of moving individual animals through a facility (12.2 m long x 0.91 m wide) for eight laps (up and down the facility), using electric prods (two times per lap). There was no interaction between dietary L-carnitine and fat supplementation for any measurement. Pigs fed 150 ppm of supplemental L-carnitine had lower baseline blood glucose (P < 0.05) and higher baseline blood lactate (P < 0.05) concentrations than the nonsupplemented pigs. After handling, pigs fed L-carnitine-supplemented diets had a higher (P < 0.05) blood pH and showed a smaller (P < 0.05) decrease in blood pH and base excess than those fed the nonsupplemental diets. Baseline plasma FFA concentrations were higher (P < 0.01) in pigs fed the 5% fat diet. After the handling procedure, blood glucose, lactate, and plasma FFA were higher (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the 5 vs. 0% fat diets, but blood pH, bicarbonate, and base excess were not affected by dietary fat. The handling procedure decreased (P < 0.01) blood pH, bicarbonate, base excess, and total carbon dioxide and increased (P < 0.01) blood lactate, partial pressure of oxygen, and glucose, and also increased (P < 0.01) rectal temperature. Free fatty acid concentrations were increased by handling in pigs fed both 0 and 5% fat and 150 ppm L-carnitine. In conclusion, dietary L-carnitine supplementation at the level and for the feeding period evaluated in the current study had a relatively small but positive effect on decreasing blood pH changes in finishing pigs submitted to handling stress; however, dietary fat supplementation had little effect on blood acid-base balance.  相似文献   

14.
Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of phytase on plasma metabolites and AA and energy digestibility in swine. In Exp. 1, eight barrows (surgery BW = 52 kg) were fitted with steered ileocecal cannulas. The experiment was a Latin rectangle and the treatments were 1) corn-soybean meal diet adequate in Ca and P (0.5% Ca, 0.19% available P [aP]), 2) corn-soybean meal diet with reduced Ca and P (0.4% Ca, 0.09% aP), 3) Diet 1 with 500 phytase units/kg, or 4) Diet 2 with 500 phytase units/kg. Pigs were fed twice daily to a total daily energy intake of 2.6 x maintenance (106 kcal of ME/kg of BW(0.75)). For each ileal digesta sample, digesta samples were collected for two 24-h periods and combined for each pig. The combination of supplementing with phytase and decreasing the concentration of dietary Ca and P increased average ileal AA (P < 0.02), starch (P < 0.02), GE (P < 0.04), and DM (P < 0.03) digestibilities. In Exp. 2, a feeding challenge was conducted with barrows (eight per treatment; average BW of 53 kg). The treatments consisted of a corn-soybean meal diet or corn-soybean meal diet + 500 phytase units per kilogram of diet. In the diet with no phytase, Ca and aP were at 0.50% and 0.19%, respectively, and, in the diet with phytase, Ca and aP were each decreased by 0.12%. A catheter was surgically inserted into the anterior vena cava of each pig 6 d before the start of the feeding challenge. The barrows were penned individually, and the diets were fed for 3 d before the challenge. The pigs were held without feed for 16 h, and blood samples were obtained at -60, -30, and 0 min before the pigs were fed (2% of BW). Blood samples were then collected at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 90, 105, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 270, and 300 min after feeding. Glucose area under the response curve and plasma glucose, insulin, urea N, and total alpha-amino N concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the diet with reduced Ca and P and the phytase addition. Area under the response curve for insulin, urea N, and total alpha-amino N; insulin:glucose; and plasma NEFA concentration, clearance, and half-life were not affected by diet. In conclusion, the combination of Ca and P reduction and phytase addition increased nutrient and energy digestibility in diets for pigs and increased plasma concentrations of glucose, insulin, urea N, and alpha-amino N.  相似文献   

15.
本试验旨在通过研究饲粮代谢能(metabolizable energy,ME)和粗蛋白质(crude protein,CP)水平对内仔鸡生长性能和屠宰指标的影响,建立生长性能与ME、CP的回归关系模型,并运用所建模型选择具有最佳效益的ME、CP水平.采用ME和CP 3×3随机交叉试验设计,将饲粮分为9个处理,3个ME水平分别为13.18、12.55、11.92MJ/kg,3个CP水平分别为21.50％、20.50％、19.50％.选取1日龄爱拔益加(AA)肉仔鸡1 080只,随机分为9组,每组3个重复,每个重复40只鸡,1 ～21日龄分别饲喂对应试验饲粮,22～42日龄饲喂相同的饲粮.结果表明:1)试验饲粮ME、CP水平对1～21日龄体重和耗料量有显著影响(P＜0.05),对42日龄体重也有显著影响(P＜0.05).2)随着饲粮ME水平的提高,21和42日龄肌胃指数显著降低(P＜0.05),42日龄腹脂率显著增加(P＜0.05).3)应用二元曲线逐步回归方法建立了体重、耗料量与饲粮ME、CP水平的回归关系模型.应用举例表明,建立的回归关系模型对确定肉仔鸡饲粮最佳效益的ME、CP水平有很强的实用性.  相似文献   

16.
The objective of this study was to determine whether nutrient digestibility and production performance of growing-furring blue foxes (Alopex lagopus) are affected by different dietary fat levels. Sixty-four young animals were randomly assigned to four groups (A, B, C, D) provided with diets containing approximately 12%, 26%, 40%, 54% fat in the dry matter respectively. When dietary fat level was increased, the apparent digestibility of main nutrients except for crude carbohydrates, and gross energy were improved (p < 0.0001). The amount of nitrogen excreted was reduced and the biological value of protein was enhanced (p < 0.0001). Over the experimental phase, the efficiency of metabolizable energy (ME) used for gain in group B (26% fat content) was higher than that in other groups. When diets with 12-26% fat content were fed, there was an increasing tendency in skin size. But it had negative effects on skin size and fur quality when the amount of fat content was over 40%. In conclusion, the experiment showed that dietary fat could significantly improve some nutrient utilization and significantly reduce feed/gain ratio as a main energy source. The most preferable fur quality and efficiency of ME used for gain were obtained when diet contained 26% fat level in growing-furring period.  相似文献   

17.
An isotope dilution method using [U-(13)C]glucose injection was applied to determine the effects of dietary energy intake and cold exposure on plasma glucose metabolism in sheep. The sheep were assigned to two dietary treatments and were fed on diets containing either 100% or 160% of ME and both containing 150% of dietary crude protein intake for maintenance. The sheep were exposed from a thermoneutral environment (23 degrees C) to a cold environment (2-4 degrees C) for 5 days. The isotope dilution method was performed on the 18th day in the thermoneutral environment and on the fifth day of cold exposure. Plasma concentrations of glucose and NEFA increased (p < 0.05) during cold exposure for both diets. Plasma glucose pool size remained unchanged (p = 0.67), but plasma glucose turnover rate tended to increase (p = 0.07) with increased energy intake. Both pool size and turnover rate of plasma glucose increased (p = 0.01 and p = 0.0001, respectively) during cold exposure. No significant diet x environment interaction was detected. It is concluded that plasma glucose metabolism was influenced by both dietary energy intake and cold exposure, and plasma glucose metabolism in response to cold exposure was not modified by energy intake in sheep under the conditions (2-4 degrees C on the fifth day) of the present experiment.  相似文献   

18.

Male mink kits (n=10 for each group) were fed diets supplemented with different fats for 12 weeks (September-November). The levels of digestible fat (8%) and energy content (7 MJ kg-1) of the diets were equal. The supplements used were beef pork fat, mink fat, broiler offal, rainbow trout offal, capelin oil, soybean oil and linseed oil. The growth and hepatic lipids (analysed by a thin-layer chromatography- flame ionization detection analyser) and fatty acid composition (analysed by gas-liquid chromatography) were studied. The pattern of weight gain of the mink fed the beef pork diet differed from that of the other mink. These kits reached high but delayed weight maxima compared with the other mink but then during November they lost weight rapidly. In liver, both the capelin oil- and linseed oil-fed mink had large concentrations of total lipids and triacylglycerols. The mink fed capelin oil were significantly heavier. The fatty acid analyses of hepatic total lipids and phospholipids revealed that the f -linolenic acid (18:3 n-3) of linseed oil was not efficiently metabolized to longer chain and more unsaturated fatty acids important for cellular membranes. It is discussed that 18:3 n-3 may not be as valuable for growing mink kits as the polyunsaturated fatty acids of the fish oils.  相似文献   

19.
Two experiments were conducted under hot and cool seasons to investigate the effects of multiple-enzyme mixtures on the growth performance of broilers fed reduced energy corn-soybean meal diets. Broilers responded to enzyme supplementation with greater magnitude in the hot season (experiment 1) than in the cool season (experiment 2). Adding adequate activity levels of α-amylase, β-glucanase, and xylanase to broiler starter and grower corn-soybean diets with a 3% reduction in dietary ME allowed full restoration of growth performance of broilers comparable to those fed the adequate energy positive control diet regardless of season.  相似文献   

20.
Fermentable nonstarch polysaccharides (dietary fiber) affect energy retention in group-housed growing pigs by reducing physical activity. This study assessed the effects of fermentation and bulkiness of dietary carbohydrates on physical activity in relation to energy metabolism. Eight clusters of 14 pigs were fed one of four diets in a 2x2 factorial arrangement. Factors included 1) gastrointestinal fermentation and 2) dietary bulkiness. Contrasts in fermentation were created by exchanging gelatinized maize starch with raw potato starch on a volume basis. Bulkiness was altered by adding 15% milled wheat straw to the diets. Apart from these differences, amounts of other dietary ingredients fed to the pigs were similar. Pigs were housed in groups. Nitrogen and energy balances were measured per cluster during a 14-d period. Dietary bulkiness did not affect ME intake, heat production, or energy retention. Metabolizability decreased when maize starch was replaced with raw potato starch (P< .01), resulting in a lower energy retention on the potato starch diets (P<.01). However, the lower ME intake on the potato diets was partially compensated by a reduced energy expenditure on physical activity (P< .01), which was 17.6% lower than that of pigs fed the maize starch diets. Dietary bulkiness did not affect physical activity. The effect of fiber-rich diets (nonstarch polysaccharides) on activity in growing group-housed pigs seems to be related to fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract, and not to bulkiness (volume).  相似文献   

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