共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Alexandra Pye Lars Andersson Håkan Fogelfors 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(5):431-437
Abstract Mechanical control through different tillage methods is a common measure against perennial weeds. However, non-optimal tillage can potentially increase the vegetative regeneration instead of reducing it. Aspects of regenerative capacity in the perennial weed species Rumex crispus L. was studied in three pot and box experiments as follows: (1) regeneration from different root fragments under varying test conditions; (2) effects of root size and burial depth on time of emergence and emergence rate; and (3) effects of burial depth and cutting on biomass production and seed production. In experiment 1, sprouting occurred mainly from the neck of the roots, consisting of underground stem tissue. A few shoots were observed also from the upper half of the true taproot and from a side root. No difference in sprouting was found between test conditions. In experiment 2, total emergence rate was positively related to root size and negatively related to burial depth. Time to first emergence was defined by an interaction between the two factors. Roots larger than 100 g gave rise to a high degree of emergence from all burial depths, while emergence from roots weighing 20–30 g was less than 30% from 12 cm and nonexistent from 18 cm. When emergence and shoot production were tested under different cutting regimes (experiment 3), the separated top fragments of the roots sprouted faster and produced more shoot biomass than intact rootstocks, even at a second harvest. Our results indicate that fragmentation can stimulate sprouting from the regenerative tissue of the taproot. Hence, if tillage is carried out as weed control it is important that root fragments are buried at ploughing depth, especially if the population consists of adult plants. 相似文献
2.
豆科绿肥替代化学氮肥促进柑橘幼苗生长和氮素吸收 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
3.
dos Santos Nascimento Gislaine de Souza Tancredo Augusto Feitosa da Silva Lucas Jónatan Rodrigues Santos Djail 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2021,21(6):2203-2211
Purpose
Soil physico-chemical properties, biomass production, and root density are considered key factors indicating soil health in an agroecosystem. The soil physico-chemical changes and plant growth (e.g., shoot biomass production and root density) in a 6-year cultivation of plant species used as green manure in a sandy soil from Tropical ecosystem, North-eastern Brazil, were investigated between July and December 2019.
Material and methodsWe characterized soil physical and chemical properties, shoot biomass production, and root density under ten plant species used as green manure: Brachiaria decumbens Stapf. cv. Basilisk, Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC, Crotalaria juncea L., Crotalaria ochroleuca G. Don, Crotalaria spectabilis Roth, Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet, Mucuna pruriens (L.) DC, Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) J.A. Lackey, Pennisetum glaucum L., and Stilozobium aterrimum Piper and Tracy.
Results and discussionThe highest values of soil pH, exchangeable cations, CEC, and soil available water capacity were found on the plots where Poaceae plants were cultivated, whereas for H++Al3+, C.E.C., soil available water, and soil available water capacity were found on the plots where Fabaceae plants were cultivated. On the plots where C. ensiformis and N. wightii were cultivated, we found the highest shoot dry biomass and root density, respectively. The results highlight the importance to consider plant species from both Poaceae and Fabaceae family used as green manure as soil conditioner (by promoting soil fertility, nutrient cycling, and hydraulic properties into plant root zone), and thus creating a positive plant-soil feedback.
ConclusionsOur findings suggest that (1) a consecutive green manure practice without any input of fertilizers after 6 years changed positively both soil physical and chemical properties, and improve plant growth (e.g., shoot dry biomass and root density) in tropical savanna climate conditions; and (2) by altering soil fertility, both Poaceae and Fabaceae plants used as green manure may create a sustainable cycle into the soil profile thus promoting soil health.
相似文献4.
In order to achieve high yields and environmental friendliness simultaneously, the replacement of chemical fertilizers by manure has become a research hotspot in recent years. Roots absorb nitrogen, participate in its assimilation and contribute to the cereal's dry matter accumulation. A 5-year filed experiment in the North China Plain was initiated to assess the response of root morphology and distribution of summer maize (Zea mays L.) to fertilizer application and contribution to crop yield. The treatments included CK (unfertilized control), NPK (inorganic nitrogen/phosphorus/potassium fertilizer) and NPKM (manure + 70% NPK). We determined the root biomass, root diameter, root length density (RLD) of three diameters (>0.8 mm, 1stRLD; 0.2–0.8 mm, 2ndRLD; <0.2 mm, 3rdRLD) and the soil chemical properties at 60 cm with 10 cm increments. At 40–60 cm, NPKM significantly decreased the root diameter than NPK. Fertilization showed no effect on total RLD, 1stRLD, 2ndRLD and 3rdRLD for a 60-cm soil profile. At 40–50 cm, the NPKM increased the RLD compared to NPK, mainly by increasing the 2ndRLD and 3rdRLD. Under CK and NPK, root lengths of 0–20 cm made up 62% and 57% of the total root length, respectively. Under NPKM, root lengths of 40–60 cm made up 46% of the total root length. Our results indicate that maize yield was preserved after replacing 30% of N fertilizer with manure, presumably depending on the change of root vertical distribution pattern and increase of the fine root length in deeper soil. 相似文献
5.
《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):546-557
Abstract Soil carbon sequestration in agricultural lands has been deemed a sustainable option to mitigate rising atmospheric CO2 levels. In this context, the effects of different tillage and C input management (residue management and manure application) practices on crop yields, residue C and annual changes in total soil organic C (SOC) (0–30 cm depth) were investigated over one cycle of a 4-year crop rotation (2003–2006) on a cropped Andisol in northern Japan. For tillage practices, the effects of reduced tillage (no deep plowing, a single shallow harrowing for seedbed preparation [RT]) and conventional deep moldboard plow tillage (CT) were compared. The combination of RT, residue return and manure application (20 Mg ha?1 in each year) increased spring wheat and potato yields significantly; however, soybean and sugar beet yields were not influenced by tillage practices. For all crops studied, manure application enhanced the production of above-ground residue C. Thus, manure application served not only as a direct input of C to the soil, but the greater crop biomass production engendered enhanced subsequent C inputs to the soil from residues. The SOC contents in both the 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm layers of the soil profile were greater under RT than under CT treatments because the crop residue and manure were densely incorporated into the shallow soil layers. Comparatively, neither tillage nor C input management practices had significant effects on annual changes in SOC content in either the 10–20 cm or 20–30 cm layers of the soil profile. When soil C sequestration rates, as represented by annual changes in total SOC (0–30 cm), were assessed on a total soil mass basis, an anova showed that tillage practices had no significant effect on total C sequestration, but C input management practices had significant positive effects (P ≤ 0.05). These results indicate that continuous C input to the soil through crop residue return and manure application is a crucial practice for enhancing crop yields and soil C sequestration in the Andisol region of northern Japan. 相似文献
6.
Gregory Miller Martha Mamo Rhae Drijber Charles Wortmann Roger Renken 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2009,172(1):108-117
A stratified subsurface layer of acidic soil can develop in minimally disturbed soil such as no‐till receiving injection of N fertilizer (e.g., anhydrous ammonia). The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of subsurface band treatments in alleviating soluble Al3+ and Mn2+ toxicities on sorghum growth. Soil columns 40 cm in length were packed with soil (Valentine fine sand mixed mesic Typic Ustipsamment and Thurman loamy sand mixed Mesic Udorhentic Haplustoll) with treatments applied at the 10–18 cm depth to mimic soil pH stratification. The treatments at this depth were: (1) entire layer at soil pH of 3.7; (2) band of soil 6 cm wide at pH of 5.8 with the rest of the soil at pH 3.7; (3) band of soil 6 cm wide at pH of 6.3 with the rest of the soil at pH 3.7; and (4) entire layer at soil pH of 5.8. The soil above and below the 10–18 cm depth was at pH 5.8. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) was grown in the soil columns under a controlled environment for 6 weeks. High concentration of Al in soil solution was found in soil at soil pH 3.7 which was overcome by either banding to pH 5.8, 6.3, or having the soil layer at pH 5.8. Treatment with pH of 5.8 throughout the soil 10–18 cm depth produced significantly greater top growth, although all other pH or liming strategies performed better than the soil pH 3.7 treatment. The banded treatments at pH 5.8 and 6.3 allowed roots to grow below the 10–18 cm layer of soil, but root growth was still significantly less than in the soil where the entire soil treatment layer was at pH 5.8. The increase in biomass yield with soil pH of 5.8 in the entire treatment layer was higher compared to band treatment at pH 5.8; however, the lime requirement would be 3.4 times more with liming the entire layer compared to banding a portion of the soil to pH 5.8 and would thus be translated into a higher liming cost. 相似文献
7.
We studied fodder radish carbon turnover as affected by soil tillage in Foulum, Denmark. Actively growing fodder radish monoliths from direct‐drilled (DD) and conventionally tilled (CT) plots were extracted and labelled regularly with 14C isotope across their entire growth period. At the end of the fodder radish growth cycle, labelled biomass was harvested and incorporated into the same monolith. These monoliths were destructively sampled at biomass incorporation, 4, 8 and 18 months after incorporation. For each sampling period, soil and root samples were taken at 0‐ to 10‐, 10‐ to 25‐, and 25‐ to 45‐cm‐depth increments for determination of 14C distribution and retention. Carbon‐14 declined significantly with increasing soil depth at each sampling for the two tillage practices (P < 0.05). We further observed significantly higher 14C at 0–10 cm for DD than for CT at 4 and 8 months after biomass incorporation. For the 10–25 cm depth, 14C was significantly higher for CT than for DD, 4 and 8 months after incorporation. However, despite these depth‐specific differences, cumulative (0–45 cm soil depth) 14C retention was similar for DD and CT treatments for all the sampling periods. On the basis of a CN‐SIM model forecast, we estimated that over a 30‐yr period of continuous autumn fodder radish establishment, at least 4.9 t C/ha fodder radish C with a residence time of more than 20 yr could be stored in the soil. 相似文献
8.
The response of plant growth to a geographical salinity gradient under the current scenario from inland to seaside implies the possible future trend of plant development in response to sea-level rise driven by global warming. In the present study, alfalfa (Medicago sativa L. cv. Gongnong No. 1) was planted in sites along a salinity gradient in Dalian City, Northeast China. Fine root growth was investigated at three depths of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm and 20–30 cm. Meanwhile, another control experiment was conducted using potted alfalfa exposed to gradual levels of salinity at the same levels as the salinity gradients in the field to confirm the unique impact of soil salinity on alfalfa physiology. Results from both field and pot experiments indicated that the parameters of net photosynthesis rate (PN), foliar transpiration (Tr) and water use efficiency (WUE) all decreased with the increase of gradient from inland to seaside. Root surface area also showed a general decline for all three soil depths, but differences among the three soil depths were not significant. Root diameter was greatest in soils at a depth of 0–10 cm, while root tip number was greatest in soils at a depth of 10–20 cm. All root morphological parameters decreased with salinity level along the geographical gradient from inland to coastal seaside, while both root surface area and root tip number positively correlated with soil ammonium and nitrate contents, respectively. Our results predicted that, driven by seawater intrusion from sea-level rise under global warming, future performance of inland alfalfa may suffer from severe soil salinity through constricting new root egress and elongation. This trend would be mainly driven by soil salinity which reduces photosynthesis by stimulating water loss in alfalfa. 相似文献
9.
Improving manure management to benefit both agricultural production and the environment requires a thorough understanding of the long‐term effects of applied manure on soil properties. This paper examines the effect of 25 annual solid cattle manure applications on soil organic carbon (OC), total N (TN), and KCl‐extractable NO3‐N and NH4‐N under both non‐irrigated and irrigated conditions. After 25 annual manure applications, OC and TN contents increased significantly with the rate of manure application at the top two sampling depths (0–15 cm and 15–30 cm), and the increases were not affected by the irrigation treatment. The NO3 content increased at all sampling depths with greater increases observed under non‐irrigated conditions, while NH4 content was not affected by manure application rates or the irrigation treatment. The changes in OC and TN at the surface (0–15 cm) and 15–30 cm depth were dependent on the cumulative weight of manure added over the years. The relationships between cumulative manure OC added and soil OC content and between cumulative manure TN added and soil TN content were linear and not affected by the irrigation treatment. For every ton of manure OC added, soil OC increased by 0.181 g kg–1 in the topsoil (0–15 cm). Similarly, for every ton of manure TN added, surface soil TN increased by 0.192 g kg–1. The linear relationship between manure C added and soil C content suggests that the soil had a high capacity for short‐term C sequestration. However, the total amount of NO3‐N in the soil profile (0–150 cm) was affected by both the manure application rates and the irrigation treatment. A large amount of NO3 accumulated in the soil, especially under non‐irrigated conditions. The extremely high level of NO3 in the soil increases the potential risk of surface and groundwater pollution and losses to atmosphere as N2O. 相似文献
10.
Mohammad Roozkhosh Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(10):1454-1464
Cyperus rotundus L. causes high yield losses in fruiting vegetables and cucurbits in eastern and southeastern parts of Iran. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of mulch type (1- and 2-layer black and clear low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sheets as well as a non-mulched control) and tuber burial depth (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm) on C. rotundus above- and belowground growth. All experiments were conducted using three different populations from Birjand, Kahnooj, and Jiroft. It was found that the greatest suppression of C. rotundus growth in all populations was observed in plots covered with 2-layer black LDPE, so that no above- or belowground growth was found with this type of LDPEs. It was also concluded that C. rotundus can emerge from tuber burial depths in the range of 30–50 cm depending on the population studied, indicating mechanical operations that bury the tubers in soil depths even as deep as 50 cm (e.g. moldboard ploughing), cannot guarantee to suppress the emergence and tuber production of this noxious weed species. Our study clearly showed that using a 2-layer black LDPE can be recommended as a promising technique for the control of C. rotundus rather than implementing a deep tillage. 相似文献
11.
Conservation tillage is not yet widely accepted by organic farmers because inversion tillage is considered to be necessary for weed control. Three long-term experiments were established with combinations of reduced and conventional plough tillage and stubble tillage to determine weed infestation levels in organic farming, i.e. herbicide application being excluded. Experiment 1 (with very low stocking density of perennial weeds) showed that in presence of primary tillage by mouldboard ploughing the number of annual weeds was nearly unaffected by the mode of stubble tillage. In experiment 2, however, with Canada thistle (Cirsium arvense) being artificially established, thistle density was significantly affected by stubble tillage and by a perennial grass–clover forage crop. Experiment 3 combined two levels of stubble tillage (skimmer plough, no stubble tillage = control) with four implements of primary tillage in the order of decreasing operation depth (deep mouldboard plough, double-layer plough, shallow mouldboard plough or chisel plough). Primary tillage by chisel plough resulted in significantly highest annual weed density compared to all other treatments. The natural C. arvense infestation in experiment 3 showed highest shoot density in the “skimmer plough/chisel plough” treatment compared to the lowest infestation in the “skimmer plough/double-layer plough” treatment. The poor capacity of the chisel plough for weed control was also reflected by the soil seed bank (5500 m−2 C. arvense seeds for chisel plough, <300 seeds for all other primary tillage). A reduced operation depth of the mouldboard plough (“shallow mouldboard plough”) seemed to have an insufficient effect in controlling C. arvense infestation as well. Stubble tillage by the skimmer plough in addition to nearly any primary tillage operation largely reduced both annual weeds and thistle shoots. Most effective in controlling C. arvense was also a biennial grass–clover mixture as part of the crop rotation.Double-layer ploughing is a compromise between soil inversion and soil loosening/cutting and can be regarded as a step towards conservation tillage. In terms of controlling annual weeds and C. arvense, the double-layer plough was not inferior to a deep mouldboard plough and seems to be suitable for weed control in organic farming. Tilling the stubble shallowly after harvest can support weed control in organic farming remarkably, particularly in reducing C. arvense. If no noxious, perennial weeds occur and primary tillage is done by soil inversion, an omission of stubble tillage can be taken into consideration. 相似文献
12.
根际促生菌Bacillus subtilisY-IVI在香草兰上的应用效果研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
【目的】香草兰为多年生热带经济作物,随着种植年限的增加,植株长势弱,土壤有益微生物减少,土壤微生物区系失衡,严重制约了香草兰产业的可持续发展。枯草芽孢杆菌作为一种根际促生菌,被广泛应用于促进作物生长,改善土壤微生物环境。本文将枯草芽孢杆菌Y-IVI接种在有机肥上,生产了生物有机肥,并就该生物有机肥对香草兰生长的影响进行了研究。【方法】采用温室盆栽试验,调查施用根际促生菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Y-IVI及其经固体发酵制得的微生物有机肥料(Y-IVI:3×108cfu/g)后,香草兰植株地上部及根系的生长状况,采用选择性培养基方法研究了Y-IVI在香草兰根际土壤中的定殖能力及对香草兰根茎腐病致病菌-尖孢镰刀菌数量的影响。【结果】施用Y-IVI及BIO 4个月后,香草兰根际土壤Y-IVI数量仍可达到106cfu/g土,二者无显著差异,在处理OF和对照中未检测到菌株Y-IVI。施用生物有机肥香草兰地上部干重和根系干重均显著高于对照,分别增加了63.1%和59.4%,与不接种Y-IVI的有机肥处理(OF)相比,地上部干重显著提高了43.2%,根系干重提高了18%,差异不显著;施用Y-IVI菌液的处理植株地上部干重和根系干重均高于对照,但无显著性差异;处理BIO根系直径、根系表面积和总体积与对照相比分别增加了41.9%、88.9%和80.4%,均显著高于对照,总根长与对照差异不显著;处理BIO根系表面积和总体积与有机肥处理OF相比分别显著增加了41.9%和30.8%,根系直径与OF相比增加了10.1%,差异不显著;处理Y-IVI根系直径与对照相比显著增加了25.5%,但根系表面积和总体积与对照差异不显著;与对照相比,施用BIO及Y-IVI的处理根际土壤尖孢镰刀菌数量分别明显降低了52.2%和41.8%,施用有机肥OF的处理降低了10%,差异不显著。【结论】Y-IVI可稳定定殖于香草兰根际土壤对其生长起有益作用,含促生菌Y-IVI的生物有机肥料比单独使用促生菌菌液可以更有效地减少根际土壤中尖孢镰刀菌数量,降低连作生物障碍。施用生物有机肥料比施用化肥和有机肥更有效地促进香草兰地上部及根系生长,因此,施用由根际促生菌枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)Y-IVI制得的生物有机肥是解决香草兰连作生物障碍和提高收益的有效手段。 相似文献
13.
本研究选取云南省主要种植作物——烤烟为试验材料,分析烤烟不同生育期(团棵期、现蕾期、成熟期)的根系固土能力特征。应用锚杆拉力计和自行设计的剪切箱对不同生育期烤烟根系的固土能力在0~10 cm和0~20 cm土层进行原位测定。结果表明:同一生育期,根系密度表现为0~10 cm0~20 cm;同一土壤深度范围内,根系密度表现为成熟期现蕾期团棵期。相同深度范围内,固土能力表现为成熟期现蕾期团棵期;在现蕾期和成熟期,固土能力表现为0~10 cm0~20 cm,而团棵期由于根系尚未深扎至20 cm深度,只有在样方的塑性变形阶段的固土能力,表现为0~10 cm0~20 cm;同一生育期相同深度范围内,载荷与位移间呈现显著的直线相关关系(P0.01)。随着载荷的增加,将出现载荷临界点F1、F2和F3,F1为比例极限点,F2为屈服拉力点,F3为抗拉极限点。相同深度,F1与根系密度间无明显相关关系,F2和F3分别与根系密度间呈显著幂函数关系。在0~10 cm,F2与根系密度和F3与根系密度的相关方程分别为y=1.313x0.042和y=1.379x0.084;在0~20 cm,F2与根系密度和F3与根系密度的相关方程分别为y=1.389x0.048和y=1.638x0.077。该测定方法可以在水土保持上作为评价不同作物(植物)固土能力的有效参考手段,建立不同作物根系固土数据库,为坡耕地作物配置提供理论依据。 相似文献
14.
Sebastian Loeppmann Mikhail Semenov Evgenia Blagodatskaya Yakov Kuzyakov 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2016,179(1):39-47
The rhizosphere reflects a sphere of high substrate input by means of rhizodeposits. Active microorganisms and extracellular enzymes are known to be responsible for substrate utilization in soil, especially in rooted soil. We tested for microbial‐ and enzyme activities in arable soil, in order to investigate the effects of continuous input of easily available organics (e.g., root‐exudates) to the microbial community. In a field experiment with maize, rooted and root‐free soil were analyzed and rhizosphere processes were linked to microbial activity indicators such as specific microbial growth rates and kinetics of six hydrolytic extracellular enzymes: β‐glucosidase, β‐cellobiohydrolase, β‐xylosidase, acid phosphatase, leucine‐ and tyrosine‐aminopeptidase. Higher potential activities of leucine‐aminopeptidase (2‐fold) for rooted vs. root‐free soil suggested increased costs of enzyme production, which retarded the specific microbial growth rates. Total microbial biomass determined by the substrate‐induced respiration technique and dsDNA extraction method was 23% and 42% higher in the rooted surface‐layer (0–10 cm) compared to the root‐free soil, respectively. For the rooted soil, potential enzyme activities of β‐glucosidase were reduced by 23% and acid phosphatase by 25%, and increased by 300% for β‐cellobiohydrolase at 10–20 cm depth compared to the surface‐layer. The actively growing microbial biomass increased by the 17‐fold in rooted soil in the 10–20 cm layer compared to the upper 10 cm. Despite the specific microbial growth rates showing no changes in the presence of roots, these rates decreased by 42% at 10–20 cm depth compared to the surface‐layer. This suggests the dominance in abundances of highly active but slower growing microbes with depth, reflecting also their slower turnover. Shifts in microbial growth strategy, upregulation of enzyme production and increased microbial respiration indicate strong root effects in maize planted soil. 相似文献
15.
1.紫云英与苕子的绿色体一般以初花期前后或盛花期增长最快。紫云英的根系主要分布在0—10厘米,在5,000斤鲜草产量时,1平方尺内约有6克左右的干根。地上与地下部分的干物质比为6.5:1,鲜重比为11:1,目前一般对地下部分的产量估计似乎有些偏高。2.紫云英等含氮、磷、钾的百分率均随绿色体的增长而减低,紫云英在盛花期含 N2.7%,P2O5 0.65%,K2O2.5%,CaO1.6%,含氮量与土壤的肥沃程度没有明显的相关性,含磷量与含钾量则与土壤中磷钾含量成正相关。根部所含的养分一般均低于地上部分,叶子的氮、磷百分率远较茎等部位为高。苕子盛花期含N3.3%左右,其他成分大体与紫云英相近。萝卜菜在盛花期的含N量为1.7%,K2O 量较高,一般是N与P2O5的总和,含CaO量恒多于紫云英,一般在2.0%以上。油菜的成分大体与萝卜菜相近。3.各种绿肥在一定生长时期中地上部分的阳离子总量大体为一常数。紫云英在盛花期的阳离子总量维持在110毫当量左右,萝卜菜的含量还更高。4.萝卜菜、紫云英、苕子与小麦等四种植物对蛇纹石都能利用,但对钾长石不能利用。磷灰石的施用对增产很显著,根据增产百分率的大小,可排列成如下的次序:紫云英>萝卜菜>苕子>小麦。在某种程度上反映植物对难溶性物质的利用能力的三个指标(根的阳离子交换量、根的吸收面积与根的呼吸强度),对于四种植物,其大小次序基本上与其对磷灰石的利用能力的排列次序相一致。因此从各方面来看,这几种绿肥的吸收养分的能力,都较象小麦这样的农作物为强。5.绿肥是一种成本低收效大的肥料。在紫云英鲜草产量5,000斤时,地上与地下部分所合的氮、磷、钾分别相当于硫酸铵105斤、过磷酸钙22.5斤、氯化钾36斤。假定其中的氮素有2/3是来自大气,则“天然工厂”制造了70斤左右的硫酸铵。中稻亩产600斤时所取走的氮素约相当于50斤硫酸铵,因此单就来自大气中的这一部分来讲,对中稻的供应也还是有余。从全国范围来看,凡是绿肥面积大的地区,也就是稻麦产量高而稳定的地区。目前各地绿肥的种植面积与产量都极不平衡,还有很大的潜力。 相似文献
16.
A vigorous root system is essential for efficient use of plant nutrients. This paper focuses on root growth and its response to tillage changes in the most fertile soil horizon, 0–40 cm depth. The field experiment was established in 1995 on clay soil, with 45–50% clay and 5.5% organic matter in the topsoil. Three tillage treatments were mouldboard plough to a depth of 20 cm (conventional), field cultivator to a depth of 8 cm, and no primary tillage (conservation). The field had an oat (Avena sativa L.)–barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crop rotation. In 1997–1998 and 2000, root distribution during the growing season was evaluated by a non-destructive minirhizotron (MR) and video recording method. Root length density and root diameter were also measured once a season (1997 and 1998) by destructive root sampling and image analysis of washed roots. At shoot elongation, root numbers increased more under conventional than conservation tillage, at soil depth of 10–25 cm. The effect was clear for both barley (1997) and oat (2000) with maximum root numbers of 175 and 210 per 100 cm2 by mouldboard ploughing, but 120 and 170 per 100 cm2 under unploughed conditions (in the whole 0–0.4 m region). The suboptimal condition of unploughed soil was also indicated by lower shoot nutrient contents at tillering (studied in 1997) and by higher penetrometer resistance (studied in 1998, 2000) and lower macroporosity (studied in 2000) at 10–25 cm soil depth. Root growth dynamics were similar for both plant species. Root diameter was not significantly affected by the tillage treatments. Discontinuation of mouldboard ploughing reduced root growth (P<0.05) within this clay soil 5 years after the tillage change, although conservation tillage preserved more water for plant use. The data show that a clay soil can be too dense for optimal rooting during the 3rd–6th-years after discontinuation of ploughing. 相似文献
17.
施肥对黄土高原旱地冬小麦根系生长的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
田间试验表明,旱地冬小麦根系集中分布在0～20cm土层中,约占0～60cm土层总根重的60.7%;根系生育规律以根重变化表示在0～20cm土层中,呈逆变态,表现为快、较慢、慢的生长过程,20～40cm土层呈突变态、较慢、快、慢的生长过程,40～60cm土层呈稳定状态,表现为慢、快、慢的生长过程。不同肥料处理对冬小麦根系的影响是:氮肥有增加表层根系的作用,平均日增加4.05g/cm2,影响深度达40cm;磷肥利于根系下扎,可达80cm土层以下;氮磷有机肥并施显着增加根重和生长量,有利于吸收深层水分和养分;旱地冬小麦根系下扎深度为220～240cm,吸收利用土壤水分能力范围在180～210cm。 相似文献
18.
We studied the combined effects of reduced tillage and animal manure on soil structure and hydraulic conductivity (K) in the 2–10 and 12–20 cm layers in a loamy soil. The study was performed at the end of a 7‐yr field trial and included three tillage treatments (mouldboard ploughing until 25 cm depth: MP, shallow tillage until 12 cm depth: ST, no‐till: NT) and two fertilizer application treatments (mineral or poultry manure). Soil structure was assessed through bulk density (ρb), micromorphological and macropore‐space characteristics. K was measured in situ at ?0.6, ?0.2 and ?0.05 kPa. Untilled layers had a vermicular microstructure resulting from earthworm activity, whereas tilled layers displayed a mixture of crumb and channel microstructures. Untilled layers had the highest ρb and twice as much lower total macroporosity area (pores > 240 μm in equivalent diameter) than tilled layers, reflected by the smallest area of macropores 310–2000 μm in diameter and the smallest area of large complex macropores. K under untilled layers was 12–62% lower than that under tilled layers, but differences were statistically significant only at ?0.05 kPa in the 2–10 cm. No significant interaction between tillage and nutrient application treatments was detected for all properties. Compared with mineral fertilizer, poultry manure resulted in a similar ρb but 20% greater total macroporosity area and 30% higher K at ?0.2 kPa. Overall, the sensitivity of soil structure and K to poultry manure were relatively small compared with tillage. We suggest that cultivation practices other than animal manure application are needed to improve physical properties under reduced tillage. 相似文献
19.
为探究喀斯特地区碎石夹层对碳酸盐岩红土水力特性的影响因素,通过室内模拟土柱入渗试验,采用垂直入渗水头法研究3种碎石体积含量(0,40%,80%)和3种碎石埋藏深度(0,5,15 cm)分别与累积入渗量、湿润锋、入渗特性和土壤水分特征曲线之间的关系,并采用3种模型分析了含碎石土壤对传统土壤入渗模型的适用性,将实测入渗数据结合改进的Green-Ampt模型反演Brooks-Corey模型参数。结果表明:在相同碎石埋藏深度下,累积入渗量、湿润锋、初始入渗率、平均入渗率和稳定入渗率均随碎石含量增加而减小;当碎石含量为40%时,埋藏深度是15 cm的土壤稳定入渗率最大(12.71 mm/h),是埋藏深度为0 cm的1.33倍。Horton模型对含碎石夹层土壤入渗规律的适用性要优于Kostiakov模型和Philip模型。反演参数a、n和hd在同一碎石埋藏深度(0,5 cm)下,随碎石含量增加而增大,而Ks随碎石含量增加而减小。通过土壤水分特征曲线可知,对照组土壤持水性最低;含碎石夹层土壤持水性随碎石含量增加而减弱,但碎石埋藏深度为15 cm时,含碎石夹... 相似文献
20.