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1.
采用室内观察的方法,在15~30℃,相对湿度为80%~90%条件下,研究了智利小植绥螨以土耳其斯坦叶螨为猎物时,不同螨态的发育和试验种群生命表。结果表明智利小植绥螨在此温度范围内能完成世代发育,世代发育历期随着温度的升高而逐渐缩短,在15℃下发育历期最长,为12.81 d,30℃时最短,为4.02 d。各螨态的发育历期、成螨寿命均随着温度的升高而缩短。智利小植绥螨产卵期在15℃时最长,在30℃时最短;日均卵量随温度的升高而增大。智利小植绥螨净增殖率R0在25℃时最高(42.78),在30℃时最低(18.69);内禀增长率rm和周限增长率λ皆是在30℃时最高,分别为1.516和0.416,在15℃时最低。种群倍增时间t在30℃下最短为1.665 d。 相似文献
2.
不同温度下苹果蠹蛾实验种群生命表 总被引：5，自引：4，他引：1
在15、20、25、28、31、34℃的恒温条件下,测定了苹果蠹蛾Cydiapomonella（L．）各发育历期、存活率及产卵量,组建了苹果蠹蛾实验种群生命表,以探讨温度对苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的影响。在15～31℃范围内,苹果蠹蛾各阶段发育历期随温度的升高而缩短,世代平均发育历期在15、20、25、28、31℃时分别为112．0、46．8、33．3、29．6、26．2天;在34℃时,苹果蠹蛾发育受阻,世代平均发育历期延长为31．4天。成虫寿命亦随温度的升高而缩短;单雌平均产卵量在25℃时最高,为92．7粒;在15和34℃条件下,没有有效卵产生。生命表分析显示,种群趋势指数（I）在20～31℃时均大于1,25℃时苹果蠹蛾种群内禀增长率（rm）和种群趋势指数最高,分别为0．0972和39．70。研究表明,25℃左右是苹果蠹蛾生长发育和繁殖的适宜温度,温度过高或偏低均不利于苹果蠹蛾的生长繁殖。 相似文献
3.
研究温度对黄瓜钝绥螨种群指数的影响，以防治对象茶黄螨为食，在23、25、28、30、31℃5组温度下组建实验种群生命表，并分析了净增殖率、内禀增长率、周限增长率、种群加倍需要天数、平均世代时间等生命参数与温度间的关系。25℃时黄瓜钝绥螨产卵量、产卵率、净增殖率、内禀增长率和周限增长率最大，分别达28．0952、0．7892、14．2380、0．1765、1．1930；寿命和产卵期最长，各为31．8947和30．5872天；而种群加倍需要天数最短，仅为3．6348天。结果表明：该温度是黄瓜钝绥螨种群生长和扩增的最适温度。 相似文献
4.
5.
加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的捕食作用 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
为明确加州新小绥螨Neoseiulus californicus （McGregor）对土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani （Ugarov et Nikolski）的捕食潜力,采用捕食功能反应方法,研究了加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨各螨态的捕食作用。加州新小绥螨对雌成螨、若螨、卵的选择性捕食系数分别为0.44、1.25和1.35。在不同温度条件下,加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的功能反应均属于Holling-Ⅱ型;28 ℃时捕食能力最强,对土耳其斯坦叶螨雌成螨、若螨和卵的攻击系数分别是0.6279、0.7203和0.7554,最大日捕食量分别为10.81头、28.49头和 40.82粒。在相同温度下,加州新小绥螨雌成螨寻找效应随着猎物密度的增加而降低;在相同密度下,寻找效应随温度的升高先增加后减小,在28 ℃时寻找效应最高,为0.535。加州新小绥螨的捕食作用存在较强的种内干扰作用（m=0.520）,随着捕食者密度的增大,平均捕食量逐渐减少,捕食作用率也相应降低。研究表明加州新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨具有很好的控制潜力。 相似文献
6.
二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性和敏感种群相对适合度的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
［目的］ 研究二斑叶螨对螺螨酯的抗药性与适合度的关系,为该螨的抗性治理提供科学依据。［方法］ 在室内温度(25±1)℃,相对湿度(70±5)%,光照14 h条件下通过构建实验种群生命表,比较二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性种群(R)和敏感种群(S)的生长发育和繁殖特征参数,用净增殖率(R0)来确定抗性种群的生物适合度。［结果］ 二斑叶螨抗性种群的若螨期和全世代较敏感种群分别延长0.92 d和0.82 d;雌螨存活时间较敏感种群缩短3 d;二斑叶螨对螺螨酯抗性种群的相对适合度为敏感种群的0.76倍,存在适合度缺陷。［结论］ 在生产上应注意对螺螨酯的合理使用,以延缓其抗性进程,实现可持续治理。 相似文献
7.
土耳其斯坦叶螨是新疆农作物生产的重大害虫(螨)之一,本文在室内条件下研究了其在大豆、四季豆、茄子、番茄和玉米等作物上的生长发育、繁殖等生命参数。结果表明,土耳其斯坦叶螨在玉米和番茄上不能完成生活史,在大豆、四季豆和茄子上实验种群内禀增长率(rm)和世代平均周期(T)分别为0.224 11、5.9 d,0.177 61、7.1 d,0.176 32、4.0 d。在其稳定年龄分布中,未成熟期分别占总量的86.842 8%8、2.500 8%和85.625 7%,对致死率为99%的不良环境的反应时间皆小于30 d。 相似文献
8.
为了明确双尾新小绥螨Neoseiulus bicaudus Wainstein对不同密度下烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）和土耳其斯坦叶螨Tetranychus turkestani（Ugarov&Nikolskii）的捕食选择性,在实验室条件下,测定24 h内双尾新小绥螨对不同比例下猎物的捕食情况（烟粉虱和土耳其斯坦叶螨数量比为20：10、15：10、10：10、10：15、10：20和10：40）。结果表明双尾新小绥螨雌成螨对猎物的捕食量随猎物数量的升高而增加,其中对土耳其斯坦叶螨幼螨的捕食量最高。双尾新小绥螨除对烟粉虱1龄若虫和叶螨卵在10：10的相同密度下选择指数无差异外,其他各密度下,双尾新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的选择性均显著高于烟粉虱。当烟粉虱和土耳其斯坦叶螨同时发生时,双尾新小绥螨对土耳其斯坦叶螨的选择性高于烟粉虱,对土耳其斯坦叶螨控制效果更好。 相似文献
9.
在19、22、25、28及31℃ 5种恒温条件下测定的结果表明:尼氏钝绥螨的卵、幼螨、若螨、雌成螨的发育起点温度分别为21.1、10.7、8.4、7.4℃,有效积温分别为25.4、12.2、34.4、530.9日度。该螨的最适生长发育温度为22～25℃。在25℃恒温条件下,其卵、幼螨、若螨、雌螨的发育历期分别为:1.96、0.89、2.09和30.47天。卵的孵化率,幼螨、前、后期若螨的存活率可达96％以上。雌成螨在25℃条件下,总产卵量和日平均最高产卵量,分别为42.9和2.4粒;其实验种群的内禀增长率、周限增长率、世代平均周期及种群净增殖率分别为0.1819、1.1994、3.8116和28.0265。 相似文献
10.
在19、22、25、28和31℃5种温度条件下,研究了加州新小绥螨[Neoseiulus californicus(McGregor)]国内种群以朱砂叶螨[Tetranychus cinnabarinus(Boisduval)]为猎物的实验种群参数。在19~31℃温度范围内,随着温度的升高,加州新小绥螨世代发育历期和种群倍增时间缩短,在31℃下,世代历期和种群倍增时间最短,分别为5.69d和2.537 2d。净增殖率在25℃时最大,为26.707 7。内禀增长率(rm)和周限增长率(λ)随着温度的升高而增大,在31℃时为最大,分别为0.273 2和1.314 2。在28℃时性比(♀/(♀+♂))最大,为0.642 4。在28℃时,平均每雌产卵数最大,为46.6粒/雌。加州新小绥螨国内种群捕食朱砂叶螨的发育和繁殖生物学特性表明该捕食螨具有重要的生物防治潜能。 相似文献
11.
Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They
represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing
slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more
stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively).
Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were
significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr
s
,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles. 相似文献
12.
Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
Antonio Logrieco Antonio Bottalico Giuseppina Mulé Antonio Moretti Giancarlo Perrone 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(7):645-667
Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams. 相似文献
13.
The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented,
including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given.
http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006. 相似文献
14.
Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
David R. Jones 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2003,109(3):195-219
One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text. 相似文献
15.
M. Fortass S. Diallo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1993,99(4):219-226
Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes. 相似文献
16.
B. Blanco-Urgoiti M. Tribodet S. Leclere F. Ponz C. Pérez de san román F.J. Legorburu C. Kerlan 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(8):811-819
A collection of 38 PVY isolates from seed potato batches, originating from several Western European countries, was characterized by using current biological, serological and molecular tools differentiating PVY strains and groups. The correlation between the three kinds of tests was good but not absolute. No single serological or PCR method was able to discriminate among the five isolate groups found. Twenty-nine isolates belonged to the PVYN strain and six to the PVYO strain. No PVYC was found. Two other isolates reacted serologically like PVYO, but were unable to elicit a hypersensitive response from the Nytbr gene and probably represent the PVYZ group. At the molecular level, these two isolates showed a combination of both PVYO and PVYN and could be recombinants of these strains. Another isolate reacted serologically like PVYO, but induced vein necrosis in tobacco, like PVYN-Wilga. Some PVYN isolates caused tuber ring necrosis in glasshouse conditions. These might belong to the PVYNTN group. The PVYNTN, PVYN-Wilga and PVYZ groups probably represent pathotypes within strains PVYN and PVYO, respectively. The present study also confirms previous reports showing a high genetic variation at the 5
end within the PVYN strain. 相似文献
17.
L. Blommers H. Helsen F. Vaal 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1988,94(2):95-103
The phenology of the autumn leafroller,Syndemis musculana, a local pest of apple, was studied in order to forecast larval emergence. From 1983–1986, peak flight as determined with sexpheromone traps was always between 13–18 May. The duration of embryonic development was determined at various constant temperatures and used to estimate the periods of egg hatch in these four years. Each year, most eggs should have hatched in the second decade of June.Differences in attack rates between apple cultivars seem to be explained largely by the variation in picking time. Larvae are only half grown at the beginning of harvest (cv. James Grieve), and have gone into hibernation when the latest variety (cv. Golden Delicious) is picked. Moreover, the varieties Cox's Orange Pippin and Belle de Boskoop, picked about half time, are liable to receive additional damage by caterpillars brought with the picked fruits into storage.Various hymenopterous parasites were reared from caterpillars. As the only leafroller in the orchard which hibernates as mature larva,S. musculana may promote winter survival of some parasitoids, like the eulophidColpyclypeus florus.Samenvatting De fenologie van de herfstbladroller (Syndemis musculana Hübner), een incidentele plaag op appel, werd nader bepaald met het doel het uitkomen van de eieren te kunnen voorspellen. In 1983–1986 viel de piekvlucht, bepaald met behulp van feromoonvallen, steeds tussen 13 en 18 mei.De ontwikkelingsduur van de eieren bij verschillende constante temperaturen werd gebruikt om de periode van uitkomen te schatten. De meeste eieren zullen ieder jaar in de eerste helft van juni uitkomen.Geconstateerde verschillen in schade tussen appelrassen blijken goeddeels terug te voeren op verschillen in pluktijdstip. De rupsen van de herfstbladroller zijn pas half-was als de eerste appels eind augustus geplukt worden, terwijl tegen het einde van de oogst begin oktober de meeste al in winterslaap zijn. Met name tussentijdse rassen, als Cox's Orange Pippin and Schone van Boskoop, lopen extra schade op doordat grotere rupsen met de geplukte vruchten in de kist terecht komen.Uit de rupsen werden negen, al van andere boomgaardbladrollers bekende, sluipwespen gekweekt, Omdat deze bladrollersoort, als enige in de boomgaard, als volgroeide rups overwintert, lijkt zij bij uitstek geschikt als winterwaard.This study was carried out at the Experimental Orchard De Schuilenburg, Schuilenburg 3, 4041 BK Kesteren, the Netherlands, to which address correspondence should be addressed. 相似文献
18.
Paul W. J. Taylor Rebecca Ford 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2007,119(1):127-133
Molecular diagnostic techniques have been developed to differentiate the Ascochyta pathogens that infect cool season food and feed legumes, as well as to improve the sensitivity of detecting latent infection
in plant tissues. A seed sampling technique was developed to detect a 1% level of infection by Ascochyta rabiei in commercial chickpea seed. The Ascochyta pathogens were shown to be genetically diverse in countries where the pathogen and host have coexisted for a long time. However,
where the pathogen was recently introduced, such as A. rabiei to Australia, the level of diversity remained relatively low, even as the pathogen spread to all chickpea-growing areas.
Pathogenic variability of A. rabiei and Ascochyta pinodes pathogens in chickpea and field pea respectively, appears to be quantitative, where measures of disease severity were based
on aggressiveness (quantitative level of infection) rather than on true qualitative virulence. In contrast, qualitative differences
in pathogenicity in lentil and faba bean genotypes indicated the existence of pathotypes of Ascochyta lentis and Ascochyta fabae. Therefore, reports of pathotype discrimination based on quantitative differences in pathogenicity in a set of specific genotypes
is questionable for several of the ascochyta-legume pathosystems such as A. rabiei and A. pinodes. This is not surprising since host resistance to these pathogens has been reported to be mainly quantitative, making it difficult
for the pathogen to overcome specific resistance genes and form pathotypes. For robust pathogenicity assessment, there needs
to be consistency in selection of differential host genotypes, screening conditions and disease evaluation techniques for
each of the Ascochyta sp. in legume-growing countries throughout the world. Nevertheless, knowledge of pathotype diversity and aggressiveness within
populations is important in the selection of resistant genotypes. 相似文献
19.
F. K. Crutcher M. A. Henry‐Gregory H. H. Wilkinson S. E. Duke T. Wheeler C. M. Kenerley 《Plant pathology》2018,67(4):839-847
In the summer of 2004 an epidemic of sclerotinia blight of peanut, a disease caused by Sclerotinia minor, occurred in Texas in fields where the disease was never previously detected. The disease was observed on many plants within one of the fields (>3000 disease foci), although most foci were <1 m. It is hypothesized that these observations were inconsistent with the recent introduction of a monocyclic pathogen, even if disease developed under conducive environmental conditions. The pattern of disease is most suggestive of the presence of foliar (ascospore) infections, although air temperature was above the known limits for apothecia development if the pathogen had arrived in the field in 2004 peanut seed. To further examine this epidemic, 232 isolates were collected, across a variety of spatial scales spanning this field and other Texas peanut fields, and evaluated for aggressiveness, fungicide sensitivity and genotypic diversity. There was wide variation among isolates for the phenotypic characteristics measured, but there was no evidence that a genotypically unique, highly aggressive, and fungicide resistant isolate had been introduced or evolved. The predominant genotype, TX1, which contained 154 isolates, was found in every county and field population. 相似文献
20.
H. A. Van Hoof H. Huttinga A. Knaap H. P. Maas Geesteranus W. H. M. Mosch D. G. J. De Raay-Wieringa 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1979,85(3):87-98
In 1975 many tumours were observed in plants ofBegonia Schwabenland grown in Aalsmeer. Submersion of the roots ofNicotiana megalosiphon seedlings in a homogenate of tumorous tissue, induced tumours after two weeks. Short periods of submergence yielded results similar to those obtained after longer periods. Tumour homogenates lost their infectivity after ten min at 50°C. Aphids transmitted the infectious agent.Treatment with propylene oxide did not inhibit infectivity completely. Filtration through a 450 nm filter removed the infectious agent.Tobacco tumor virus or a viroid could not be isolated. Cultures ofCorynebacterium fascians, isolated from tumours ofN. megalosiphon were highly infectious and induced tumours in healthyN. megalosiphon andBegonia. Tumorous tissue homogenates ofPelargonium zonale, Dahlia sp.,Gladiolus sp., andLilium sp. also caused tumours inN. megalosiphon, from whichC. fascians was isolated. It was not possible to produce tumours inN. megalosiphon with homogenates from roses with symptoms of bud proliferation.Samenvatting In 1975 werden vele tumoren waargenomen inBegonia Schwabenland op Aalsmeerse bedrijven (Fig. 1). De infectiositeit van tumorweefsel kon goed en snel worden vastgesteld door de wortels van zaailingen vanNicotiana megalosiphon in een homogenaat van tumorweefsel te dompelen. Tumoren ontstonden na twee weken, de eindbeoordeling geschiedde na een maand (Fig. 2). Ook verschillende andereNicotiana spp.,Melilotus officinalis (Fig. 3) enPisum odoratum (Fig. 4) werden aangetast.Bij de infectiositeitstoets gaven zeer korte dompeltijden even goede resultaten als langere (Tabel 1). Infectieus sap verloor zijn infectievermogen na 10 min verhitting bij 50°C. Bladluizen brachten de smetstof over. Propyleenoxide verminderde de infectiositeit wel, doch onderdrukte deze niet totaal. Bij filtratie door een 450 nm filter bleef het infectieuse agens op het filter achter. Het tumor-inducerende agens was ook aanwezig in die delen van planten met tumoren welke gezond leken en het ging voor een gering deel over met zaad (Tabel 2).Uit tumoren konden wij geen tabakstumorvirus of een viroïde isoleren. Culturen vanCorynebacterium fascians, geïsoleerd uit tumoren vanN. megalosiphon bleken zeer infectieus en veroorzaakten tumoren inN. megalosiphon enBegonia. Homogenaten van tumorweefsel vanPelargonium zonale, dahlia (Fig. 5), gladiool (Fig. 6) enLilium Mid Century Hybrid Enchantment (Fig. 7) veroorzaakten ook tumoren opN. megalosiphon, waaruitC. fascians werd geïsoleerd. Met sap van kroeskopzieke rozen konden wijN. megalosiphon niet besmetten. 相似文献