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1.
《Field Crops Research》2006,95(2-3):305-315
The value of the capacity for osmotic adjustment (OA) as a trait, which can contribute effectively to yield maintenance under drought, has not yet been established for maize (Zea mays L.) using cultivars of similar genetic background. Here we report results obtained using crops of two S4 populations derived from a cross between inbred lines exhibiting the highest and lowest capacities for osmotic adjustment in a screening applied to 20 inbred lines. The mean values of OA for the two S4 populations were 0.47 MPa for the high OA population (HOA) and 0.06 MPa for the low (LOA). Crops of these populations were grown under a rain-out shelter and subjected to 30-day droughts either before or during flowering. In both experiments, exposure to drought evoked a significant (p < 0.05) decrease in osmotic potential measured at full turgor in the HOA population, no change was found in the LOA population. This induced response became evident in plants of the HOA population in measurements effected 16–18 days after suspension of irrigation. Irrespective of the timing of drought, the HOA crops extracted significantly more water from deeper in the soil profile during the stress period, exhibited higher leaf area duration and attained greater grain yields and, in the crop droughted at flowering, greater harvest index than the LOA crops. The components of yield and their determinants (i.e., floret number per ear, grain set, grain number and weight per grain) exhibited differential responses with timing of the drought and in response to level of OA. Under irrigation, there were no differences between populations in either experiment in terms of yield and its components, or in harvest index, leaf area duration, or soil water extraction. We conclude that OA can contribute to drought tolerance in maize crops exposed to water deficit both before and during flowering, and that the trait carries no yield penalty under irrigation.  相似文献   

2.
《Field Crops Research》1999,62(1):35-52
A field study was conducted to investigate the effect of intermittent soil drying on resulting non-hydraulic and hydraulic root signals, leaf gas exchange, leaf growth, day of heading, leaf osmotic adjustment and yield of wheat grown in sand and loam soils in lysimeters. A 40-day-drought treatment was imposed when the flag leaf started to emerge and was terminated close to maturity. Soil water content and soil water potential of various soil layers were measured using the neutron moderation method and tensiometers, respectively. Soil drying in the top soil layers induced increase in both xylem and bulk-leaf abscisic acid (ABA) content and reduced the stomatal conductance and leaf growth even before a measurable change in leaf water potential could be detected in droughted plants when compared with fully watered plants. Further, heading and flowering occurred 4 days earlier in the droughted than in the well-watered plants before any loss in leaf water potential had occurred as compared with the fully watered plants. When more severe drought reduced the leaf water status, further accumulation of leaf ABA occurred and transpiration decreased in addition to gradual osmotic adjustment and senescence of older leaves. The osmotic adjustment sustained leaf turgor pressure during soil drying. At severe drought, the osmotic adjustment at full turgor in the flag leaves was 0.85 MPa. In sand, the kernel dry weight increased and as a result similar grain yield was obtained in both the treatments. In loam which had more water available than sand, no significant reduction in the final yield was induced by the drought. It is concluded that (1) non-hydraulic root signals caused early drought adaptation at mild water stress by reducing leaf growth and stomatal conductance and hastening of heading and flowering; (2) osmotic adjustment sustained turgor maintenance and hence the yield-forming processes during moderate and severe water stress.  相似文献   

3.
The faba bean (Vicia faba L.) crop often experiences drought during its growth and development such that soil moisture deficits constrain its production. As droughts are predicted to increase in both frequency and intensity due to climate change, a better understanding of drought response patterns and associated traits is essential for obtaining yield stability in water-limited environments. This review deals with adaptation mechanisms associated with drought avoidance, escape and tolerance, with an emphasis on physiological traits such as stomatal conductance, carbon isotope discrimination and leaf temperature. Leaf temperature is considered an effective surrogate measure for other measures of stomatal characteristics. Drought tolerance through osmotic adjustment has not yet been demonstrated in faba bean although it is found in many other legumes including chickpea and pea. Deeper root growth, leading to uptake of otherwise unavailable water, helps the plant to avoid drought by delaying dehydration, but genetic variation and heritability of the trait are essentially unknown for faba bean. Crop management strategies, such as early planting, and appropriate phenology, are particularly important for drought escape in regions where terminal drought is common. Disease resistance is especially important in drought-prone areas to reduce the need for expensive control measures when yields are uncertain. The relevance of soil fertility status and nutrient availability are also covered. Drought escape and ascochyta blight resistance are important breeding objectives for terminal drought regions. Some form of drought resistance is necessary for the transient droughts experienced in most regions, and drought avoidance can be screened by a combination of leaf temperature or other rapid test of stomatal characteristics followed by carbon isotope discrimination in the most valuable materials. No single trait is adequate to improve yield in drought-prone environments, rather, a combination of characteristics is needed.  相似文献   

4.
Drought stress is the most important abiotic factor limiting upland rice yields. Identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) conferring improved drought resistance may facilitate breeding progress. We previously mapped a QTL with a large effect on grain yield under severe drought stress (qtl12.1) in the Vandana/Way Rarem population. In the current paper, we present results from a series of experiments investigating the physiological mechanism(s) by which qtl12.1 affects grain yield under drought conditions. We performed detailed plant water status measurements on a subset of lines having similar crop growth duration but contrasting genotypes at qtl12.1 under field (24 genotypes) and greenhouse (14 genotypes) conditions. The Way Rarem-derived allele of qtl12.1 was confirmed to improve grain yield under drought mainly through a slight improvement (7%) in plant water uptake under water-limited conditions. Such an apparently small increase in water uptake associated with this allele could explain the large effect on yield observed under field conditions. Our results suggest that this improvement of plant water uptake is likely associated with improved root architecture.  相似文献   

5.
《Field Crops Research》2005,91(2-3):231-249
Drought is the most important limitation to sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) production in the UK and other areas dependent on usually insufficient summer rainfall. As increased irrigation is not a viable answer to the problem, an economically and environmentally desirable solution is new varieties with decreased sensitivity to water deficits. However, there is little genotypic information on drought tolerance in sugar beet, and breeders are not equipped to make these selections. The objectives of this study were to assess the degree of genotypic diversity for drought-related morpho-physiological traits and to measure the strength of association between these traits and indicators of crop performance. 46 sugar beet genotypes with diverse genetic backgrounds were tested in three field experiments from 1999 to 2001. Drought was imposed by covering plots with large polythene tunnels, allowing the crop to grow solely on stored soil moisture. Agronomic characters and drought tolerance indices are described in a companion paper [Ober et al., Assessing the genetic resources to improve drought tolerance in sugar beet. Agronomic traits of diverse genotypes under droughted and irrigated conditions. Field Crops Res., in press]. In this report, we show that there were significant genotypic differences for stomatal conductance, succulence index, specific leaf weight, and osmotic adjustment, but not for photosynthetic rate, relative water content or total water use. Patterns of water use within the soil profile differed between genotypes; some extracted more water from deep soil layers. The maintenance of green foliage cover during drought was positively correlated with drought tolerance index, which was negatively correlated with succulence index and scores for wilting and leaf senescence. Droughted sugar yield was positively correlated with soil water extraction and negatively correlated with relative leaf expansion rate measured in late summer. Under irrigated conditions, there was high positive correlation between transpiration rate and sugar yield. Genotype × trait biplots showed superior genotypes with relatively greater expression of combinations of favourable traits. The results suggest that succulence index and wilting score could be used to cull inferior plants in early stages of breeding programs, and green foliage cover and patterns of water use could help identify superior genotypes in elite germplasm. These data should enable tools to be developed for indirect selection of genotypes suited to drought-prone environments.  相似文献   

6.
《Field Crops Research》1995,40(2):67-86
Drought is a major problem for rice grown under rainfed lowland and upland conditions, but progress in breeding to improve drought resistance has been slow. This paper describes patterns of water-stress development in rice fields, reviews genetic variation in physio-morphological traits for drought resistance in rice, and suggests how knowledge of stress physiology can contribute to plant breeding programmes that aim to increase yield in water-limiting environments. To provide a basis for integrating physiological research with plant-breeding objectives we define drought resistance in terms of relative yield of genotypes. Therefore, a drought-resistant genotype will be one which has a higher grain yield than others when all genotypes are exposed to the same level of water stress.A major reason for the slow progress in breeding for drought resistance in rice is the complexity of the drought environment, which often results in the lack of clear identification of the target environment(s). There is a need to identify the relative importance of the three common drought types; early-season drought which often causes delay in transplanting, mild intermittent stress which can have a severe cumulative effect, and late stress which affects particularly late-maturing genotypes. In addition, in rainfed lowland rice, flooded and non-flooded soil conditions may alternate during the growing season, and affect nutrient availability or cause toxicity.Several drought-resistance mechanisms, and putative traits which contribute to them, have been identified for rice; important among these being drought escape via appropriate phenology, root characteristics, specific dehydration avoidance and tolerance mechanisms, and drought recovery. Some of these mechanisms/traits have been shown to confer drought resistance and others show potential to do so in rice. The most important is the appropriate phenology which matches crop growth and development with the water environment. A deep root system, with high root length density at depth is useful in extracting water thoroughly in upland conditions, but does not appear to offer much scope for improving drought resistance in rainfed lowland rice where the development of a hard pan may prevent deep root penetration. Under water-limiting environments, genotypes which maintain the highest leaf water potential generally grow best, but it is not known if genotypic variation in leaf water potential is solely caused by root factors. Osmotic adjustment is promising, because it can potentially counteract the effects of a rapid decline in leaf water potential and there is large genetic variation for this trait. There is genotypic variation in expression of green leaf retention which appears to be a useful character for prolonged droughts, but it is affected by plant size which complicates its use as a selection criterion for drought resistance.There is a general lack of drought related research for rice in rainfed lowland conditions. This needs to be rectified, particularly considering their importance relative to upland conditions in Asian countries. We suggest that focussing physiological-genetic research efforts onto clearly defined, major target environments should provide a basis for increasing the relevance of stress physiology and the efficiency of breeding programmes for development of drought-resistant genotypes.  相似文献   

7.
Understanding the mechanisms of drought resistance in crop species is crucial for the selection and breeding of tolerant rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) varieties. The present study aimed to assess the physiological and anatomical responses of two rapeseed genotypes, P287 (drought-tolerant) and T88 (drought-sensitive) under three intensities of drought stress. All physiological and anatomical parameters related to drought acclimation were significantly altered in both genotypes under stress conditions. At the fourth-leaf stage, the relative water content, chlorophyll content, protein content, malondialdehyde content, and the activities of peroxidase and catalase in P287 were significantly higher than those in T88, particularly under severe drought conditions. After rehydration, all physiological indexes recovered rapidly, especially in P287. In addition, under drought stress, compared with T88, P287 had thicker palisade tissue, thinner spongy tissue, higher ratio of chloroplast length to chloroplast width, higher stomatal density and stomatal closure rate. Overall, the interaction between physiological and anatomical features improved the drought tolerance of P287 under drought stress conditions.  相似文献   

8.
D. Levy 《Potato Research》1983,26(4):303-313
Summary The response of six potato cultivars, Désirée, Up-to-Date, Alpha, Elvira, Spunta and Troubadour, to water stress under high ambient temperatures was investigated. Osmotic regulation in the leaves of all six cultivars was highest in Alpha and the lowest in Troubadour. Concomitantly, Alpha maintained the highest turgor potential under water stress while Troubadour had the lowest values indicating a relationship between the degree of osmotic regulation and maintenance of turgor. The highest stomatal conductance under water stress was exhibited by Désirée while both stressed and non-stressed plants of Up-to-Date had the lowest values. In addition, Up-to-Date had a larger root system than Désirée. The association of these traits with tolerance to short periods of drought in the potato is discussed. Contribution from the Agricultural Research Organization, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagan, Israel, No 295-E, 1981 series. The investigation was supported in part by a grant from the Ministry for Development Cooperation of the Netherlands.  相似文献   

9.
为给冬小麦节水高产栽培提供理论依据,采用盆栽试验,研究了不同土壤肥力下返青后干旱及拔节期复水对冬小麦光合特性和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,同一土壤水分条件下,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均随土壤肥力的降低而降低;同一土壤肥力下,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均随干旱程度的增加而降低。干旱胁迫复水24 h后,光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度均出现了补偿或超补偿效应,但中度干旱恢复度大于重度干旱。光合速率以HA处理（高肥力、最大田间持水量的85%）最高,单叶水分利用效率在干旱胁迫下和复水24 h后均以HB处理（高肥力、最大田间持水量的55%）最高。以上结果说明,冬小麦返青期中度干旱条件下,高肥力土壤有利于复水后光合系统恢复和单叶水分利用效率提高,而重度干旱下贫瘠土壤应减少基肥的施入量。  相似文献   

10.
The present research characterized yield and yield components of 42 wheat genotypes after terminal drought stress. The experiment was in twice replicated simple rectangular lattice design, conducted at irrigated and terminal stress conditions during 2006-2007. These study genotypes had significant differences for grain yield at level of 1%. Genotypes 4057, Viking/5/Gds/4.., Sabalan and 5041 respectively with 6.313, 6.159, 5.793 and 5.774 t ha(-1) had the highest yield and Gascogen has the lowest yield with 2.561 t ha(-1). Mean of total grain yield for under study genotypes was 5.628 t ha(-1) in non-stress and 3.305 t ha(-1) in drought stress conditions. Drought stress decreased amount of grain yield 2.323 t ha(-1) that was noticeable. Interaction of Genotype x environmental conditions was significant at probability level of 1% for grain yield. Yield of all genotypes in drought condition was lower than non-stress condition. Genotypes Viking/5/Gds/4/Anza/3/Pi.., Sabalan, 4061,4057 and 4041 had more yield in non-stress condition and MV17/Zrn, Sabalan, Saysonz and 4032 in stress condition. Stress intensity pay attention to total grain yield was 42%. Genotypes Viking/5/Gds/4/.. and Sabalan had high grain yield and was better than other genotypes and controls (Toos and Crosse Shahi), according to GMP, STI and MSTI. And had the most amount of stress tolerance index as compared with other genotypes confirms this subject. Correlation of yield with other traits was not significant in non-stress condition. In drought condition, correlation of grain yield with 1000 grain weight and total number of tillers per plant was positively significant. ANOVA showed significant differences between osmotic pressures for coleoptile length, between genotypes for mean and maximum coleoptile length and between interactions of genotypes x osmotic pressures for mean and maximum coleoptile length. Mean comparisons showed the highest total, mean and maximum coleoptile length in -7 bar PEG+I ml L(-1) potassium humate treatments. Genotypes Sardari and Sabalan had the highest amounts of total, mean and maximum coleoptile length. With due attention to interaction genotype x osmotic pressures, genotypes Sardari, Sabalan and 4057 in -7 bar PEG+1 ml L(-1) potassium humate had the most amounts of noted characters than others. In conditions of this experiment, potassium humate caused increase in tolerance rate of genotypes against drought stress.  相似文献   

11.
Under terminal drought conditions, cereal varieties with limited tillering have been suggested to be advantageous, because they have fewer nonproductive tillers, thereby limiting water consumption prior to anthesis. In this study, four field trials were conducted over two growing seasons in southern Spain, under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Twenty-five genotypes were studied to evaluate the contribution of the main stem (MS) and tillers to grain yield and its components. Significant differences were found among genotypes for these contributions under non-stressed environments, but these differences were not significant under water-stress conditions. The contribution of the MS to plant grain yield was higher than that of tillers (68% vs. 32%) and was stable between years in irrigated trials. However, in the rainfed trials, MS contributed differently depending on year-to-year climate variations. Thus, under favorable weather conditions the contribution of MS to grain yield was higher than in the unfavorable year (85% vs. 59%). In irrigated environments, MS and tiller grain yield depended on the number of grains per spike, spikelets per spike, and thousand kernel weight (TKW). Under water-limited conditions, MS yield depended on the number of grains per spike and grains per spikelet, whereas the number of spikelets and TKW had less influence on MS grain yield. Furthermore, under water-stress conditions, high tillering genotypes showed yield levels similar to the genotypes with restricted tillering. Additionally, there was no significant evidence of a positive or negative effect of maximum tiller number on grain yield under rainfed conditions.  相似文献   

12.
《Field Crops Research》2002,73(2-3):181-200
A series of experiments were conducted in drought-prone northeast Thailand to examine the magnitude of yield responses of diverse genotypes to drought stress environments and to identify traits that may confer drought resistance to rainfed lowland rice. One hundred and twenty eight genotypes were grown under non-stress and four different types of drought stress conditions.Under severe drought conditions, the maintenance of PWP of genotypes played a significant role in determining final grain yield. Because of their smaller plant size (lower total dry matter at anthesis) genotypes that extracted less soil water during the early stages of the drought period, tended to maintain higher PWP and had a higher fertile panicle percentage, filled grain percentage and final grain yield than other genotypes. PWP was correlated with delay in flowering (r=−0.387) indicating that the latter could be used as a measure of water potential under stress. Genotypes with well-developed root systems extracted water too rapidly and experienced severe water stress at flowering. RPR which showed smaller coefficient of variation was more useful than root mass density in identifying genotypes with large root system.Under less severe and prolonged drought conditions, genotypes that could achieve higher plant dry matter at anthesis were desirable. They had less delay in flowering, higher grain yield and higher drought response index, indicating the importance of ability to grow during the prolonged stress period.Other shoot characters (osmotic potential, leaf temperature, leaf rolling, leaf death) had little effect on grain yield under different drought conditions. This was associated with a lack of genetic variation and difficulty in estimating trait values precisely.Under mild stress conditions (yield loss less than 50%), there was no significant relationship between the measured drought characters and grain yield. Under these mild drought conditions, yield is determined more by yield potential and phenotype than by drought resistant mechanisms per se.  相似文献   

13.
Improving drought tolerance has always been an important objective in many crop improvement programs and is becoming more important as one way of adapting crops to climate changes. However, due to its complexity, the genetic mechanisms underlying the expression of drought tolerance in plants are poorly understood and this trait is difficult to characterize and quantify. This study assessed the importance of the wild progenitor of cultivated barley, Hordeum spontaneum C. Koch, in contributing developmental and yield-related traits associated with drought tolerance and therefore its usefulness in breeding for improved adaptation to drought stress conditions. Fifty-seven fixed barley lines derived from crosses with two H. spontaneum lines (41-1 and 41-5) were evaluated in Mediterranean low rainfall environments with 10 improved varieties and three landraces for grain yield, developmental and agronomic traits. The study was conducted for three years (2004–2006) in a total of nine environments (location–year combinations), eight in Syria and one in Jordan, which were eventually reduced to seven due to a large error variance in two of them. There was significant genetic variation among the genotypes for most of the traits measured, as well as differential responses of genotypes across environments. Traits such as peduncle length, peduncle extrusion and plant height were positively correlated with grain yield in the dry environments. Differences in phenology were small and not significantly correlated with differences in grain yield under stress. Performances at the three highest yielding environments were much more closely correlated than those at the four stress environments. The GGE biplot analysis allowed identification of genotypes consistently best adapted to the lowest yielding environments and confirmed the existence of unique environments for identifying better adapted genotypes in the low rainfall environments of Syria. The top yielding lines in the driest of the seven environments derived mostly from crosses with H. spontaneum 41-1, while most of the improved varieties showed a positive genotype by environment (GE) interaction with the highest yielding environments. The results of the field experiments indicated that there was variation for grain yield under drought stress among barley genotypes, and that some of the lines derived from H. spontaneum had consistently superior specific adaptation to the range of severe stress conditions used in this study. The usefulness of H. spontaneum in breeding programs for stress conditions is likely to increase in view of the predicted increase in the occurrence of high temperatures and droughts.  相似文献   

14.
干旱胁迫对不同肥水类型小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  
为给小麦抗旱育种和节水高产栽培提供理论和技术支持,在防雨旱棚池栽条件下研究了干旱胁迫对6个不同肥水类型小麦品种旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫条件下,小麦开花后旗叶的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和单叶水分利用效率均呈下降趋势,而胞间CO2浓度有所升高。其中,水浇地品种烟农21、烟农24和济麦22净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和单叶水分利用效率较低且下降幅度大,而旱地品种青麦6号、济旱5034和鲁麦21的净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和单叶水分利用效率较高且下降较为缓慢,而胞间CO2浓度较低。青麦6号具有较高的抗旱指数,在干旱胁迫条件下能够保持较好的叶片结构和功能状况,是其获得高产的重要原因。  相似文献   

15.
Drought stress is one of the major constraints affecting rice production and yield stability in the rainfed regions. To understand the physiological basis of drought resistance related component traits, we used a backcross inbred population of rice under three kinds of moisture regimes viz., non-stress, moderate （24.48%） and severe stress （73.97%） conditions which reflect the differential responses of the genotypes to varying stress intensities. The plot yield, 1000-grain weight, panicle exsertion and canopy air temperature difference exhibited high heritability under the control conditions, whereas spikelet sterility and single plant yield exhibited high heritability under the moderate stress conditions. Traits such as days to 50% flowering, plant height and osmotic potential showed high heritability under the severe stress conditions. Plot yield under stress was significantly and positively correlated with harvest index and 1000-grain weight, but negatively associated with leaf rolling score and days to 50% flowering. The drought susceptibility index and drought response index were negatively correlated between each other both under the moderate and severe stress conditions. The derived traits viz., difference in panicle length between the control and the severe stress was associated with osmotic adjustment measured under field conditions. Difference in plant height and panicle length was negatively associated with plot yield under stress.  相似文献   

16.
《Plant Production Science》2013,16(3):184-189
Abstract

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) can produce a high crop yield even in an environment with irregular rains. This is mainly attributed to its abilities to maintain leaf area under drought conditions and rapidly regrow after rain. In this study, we investigated the mechanism of leaf maintenance under water deficits through measurement of photosynthetic rate and water potential changes in leaves. The cassava plants were grown in pots and exposed to water deficits, and the diurnal changes in water potentials, rates of photosynthesis and transpiration and stomatal conductance were measured. The relationship between leaf water potential (ψW) and photosynthetic rate with decreasing soil water, and osmotic adjustment were also investigated. With respect to water supply in leaves, the movement of water in plants was measured using stem heat balance. Under water deficits, photosynthesis occurred only in the early morning. The water loss was reduced by stomatal closure in the mid-day. This was attributed to the complete closure of the stornata during the decrease in ψW to a range between –1.0 and –1.4 MPa. Furthermore, the firm stomatal closure is caused by the consistency of osmotic potential under decreases in soil water, i.e., to a lack of osmotic adjustment. Water stored in the pith parenchyma of stem flowed into leaves in the morning. From these results, we conclude that cassava can consistently maintain an adequate water level in leaves via water storage and the sensitivity of stornata to water deficits, thereby avoiding leaf dehydration.  相似文献   

17.
人工模拟水分胁迫条件下小麦幼苗抗旱性鉴评指标的分析   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
为了明确小麦幼苗抗旱性鉴定评价的最佳时期和有效指标,以小麦加倍单倍体(Doubled haploid,DH)群体的150个株系为材料,采用模拟干旱胁迫法,研究了水分胁迫及复水条件下,幼苗叶片相对含水量、叶片相对电导率、根冠比、根干重和最大根长等五个抗旱相关性状的动态变化和遗传力,分析了各性状及其与平均隶属函数值之间的关系.结果表明,在水分胁迫72 h(WS72)和复水24 h(RW24)时,基因型之间的性状变异范围较大,是进行幼苗抗旱性鉴定评价的较好时期;平均隶属函数值不仅受各性状的直接影响,还受到性状之间交互作用的影响.在选择适当的与抗旱性关系密切性状的基础上,估算平均隶属函数,作为评价抗旱性的综合指标,可能是进行作物抗旱性综合评价的有效途径.  相似文献   

18.
《Field Crops Research》1999,64(3):287-291
Osmotic adjustment (OA) is generally considered an important component of drought resistance. Several reports by J.M. Morgan [Morgan, J.M., 1983. Osmoregulation as a selection criterion for drought tolerance in wheat. Aust. J. Agric. Res. 34, 607–614; 1992. Osmotic components and properties associated with genotypic differences in osmoregulation in wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 19, 67–76; 1995. Growth and yield of wheat lines with differing osmoregulative capacity at high soil water deficit in seasons of varying evaporative demand. Field Crops Res. 40, 143–152; Morgan, J.M., Condon, A.G., 1986. Water-use, grain yield and osmoregulation in wheat. Aust. J. Plant Physiol. 13, 523–532] from Australia concluded that consistent genetic differences in OA existed among wheat cultivars and that high OA cultivars tended to yield better than low OA cultivars under drought stress. Our study was performed to assess his results with his and other genetic materials.Two of Morgan’s spring wheat lines with high OA (‘H.Osm-134’) and low OA (‘L.Osm-136’) capacity in addition to eight other diverse spring wheat cultivars were tested for OA and plant production when grown in small plots under a rain exclusion shelter at Bet Dagan, Israel in 1996. OA of five of these cultivars (including Morgan’s lines) was also measured in two independent greenhouse tests in 1997 (Israel) and 1998 (Texas).The five cultivars differed significantly and ranked consistently for OA in all tests. No significant cultivar by test interaction for OA was revealed. OA was well correlated across cultivars between tests. The significantly higher OA capacity of H.Osm-134 as compared with L.Osm-136 was repeated in all tests. OA of all ten cultivars was positively correlated with biomass (r = 0.73; p = 0.02) and yield (r = 0.55; p = 0.09) under pre-flowering drought stress in the rain exclusion shelter. H.Osm-134 line performed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) better than L.Osm-136 line for both biomass and yield under drought stress. We therefore support Morgan’s results and conclude that consistent differences in OA exist among wheat cultivars and that these differences can be associated with plant production under pre-flowering drought stress.  相似文献   

19.
为筛选抗旱品种提供依据,本试验从14份红花品种中筛选出2个抗旱品种（PI401470和PI401477 ）和2个干旱敏感型品种（系）（PI560169和川红1号）,并以此4份品种（系）为材料,研究干旱胁迫对红花幼苗光合、渗透调节物质和抗氧化物保护酶等生理生化特性的影响。结果表明,干旱胁迫下,4个红花品种（系）叶片净光合速率（Pn）、气孔导度（Gs）、胞间CO2浓度（Ci）和蒸腾速率（Tr）均呈不同程度的下降趋势,且品种间差异显著（P﹤0.05）;抗旱红花品（系）的各光合特性指标降幅均低于敏感型红花品种（系）。干旱胁迫条件下,渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白质、脯氨酸含量均上升,保护性酶SOD、POD和CAT活性也均呈升高趋势,且抗旱型红花品种（系）的增长率高于敏感型品种（系）;抗旱型品种（系）MDA含量增长率低于敏感型品种。对11项指标进行主成分分析,提取了2个主成分,以净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2 浓度、蒸腾速率、SOD活性和CAT活性为第一主成分,以可溶性蛋白质和脯氨酸为第二主成分的抗旱性鉴定指标,累计贡献率达89.50％。  相似文献   

20.
为探究异源染色体对小麦抗旱能力的影响,选取3个普通小麦-欧山羊草异附加系和3个普通小麦为试验材料,以聚乙二醇(PEG6000)模拟干旱胁迫,在苗期测定干旱胁迫下叶片丙二醛(MDA)积累量、可溶性蛋白含量和酶促防御系统(SOD、POD和CAT)活性变化。结果表明,随着干旱胁迫程度的加重和时间的延长,供试基因型所测定的五个生理指标的变化趋势较为一致。MDA含量都不断升高,三个普通小麦-欧山羊草异附加系(Ae9013、Ae9041和Ae9061)的MDA积累幅度较抗旱性最好的小麦对照晋麦47小,积累量也较少。三个异附加系的可溶性蛋白含量受干旱胁迫影响较小,虽有小幅度的下降,但保持着较高的含量。干旱胁迫下,各基因型的SOD、POD和CAT活力增加,在一定时间内,随着干旱胁迫的持续,晋麦47表现出先上升后下降的趋势,而Ae9013、Ae9041和Ae9061的SOD和POD活力随着胁迫程度的加重和时间的延长呈现不断上升趋势;Ae9013、Ae9041的CAT活力在15%PEG6000胁迫下不断增加,在25%PEG6000胁迫下先增加后下降,而Ae9061的CAT活力在高浓度PEG6000胁迫下仍持续增加。由此可见,普通小麦-欧山羊草异附加系具备更有效的酶促防御系统和渗透调节能力,说明U组染色体附加提高了小麦的抗旱能力。  相似文献   

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