共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 477 毫秒
1.
ABSTRACT Three hundred forty-nine fungal endophytes were obtained from a total of 1,214 root segments of eggplant, melon, barley, and Chinese cabbage grown as bait plants in a mixed soil made up of samples from different forest soils in Alberta and British Columbia, Canada. Three of the 349 isolates, when inoculated in axenically reared Chinese cabbage seedlings grown in petri dishes, almost completely suppressed the effects of a postinoculated and virulent strain of Verticillium longisporum. Two isolates effective against the pathogen were Phialocephala fortinii, which had been obtained from the roots of eggplant and Chinese cabbage. The third isolate was a dark septate endophytic (DSE) fungus obtained from barley roots. Hyphae of P. fortinii grew along the surface of the root and formed microsclerotia on or in the epidermal layer. Hyphae of the DSE fungus heavily colonized root cells of the cortex. Seedlings grown for 1 week in the presence of the endophytes were then challenged with the Verticillium pathogen. In DSE-treated roots, some of cell walls in the epidermal and cortical layers showed cell wall appositions and thickenings, which appeared to limit the ingress of the pathogen into adjacent cells. Such marked host reactions were not observed in the root cells colonized by P. fortinii. Chinese cabbage preinoculated with the above endophytes and, for comparison, a previously reported disease-suppressive fungal endophyte, Heteroconium chaetospira, were transplanted into the field and disease symptoms were assessed. The DSE could most effectively inhibit the development of Verticillium yellows, with reductions in the percentages of external and internal disease symptoms of 84 and 88%, respectively. The protective values against the disease are extremely high compared with those of other isolates. Most of the DSE-treated plants in the plots achieved marketable quality. 相似文献
2.
3.
Kazuhiko Narisawa Hitoshi Kawamata Randolph S. Currah Teruyoshi Hashiba 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2002,108(2):103-109
One hundred and twenty-three fungal isolates were obtained from 225 root segments of eggplants, melon, tomato, strawberry and Chinese cabbage, grown as bait plants in a mixed soil made up of samples from different fields in Shizuoka, Japan. Isolates belonging to Mycelium radicis atrovirens (MRA), including Phialocephala fortinii, were the most prevalent in all the five bait plants. Eleven of the 123 isolates, after being inoculated onto axenically reared eggplant seedlings, almost completely suppressed the pathogenic effects of a post-inoculated, virulent strain of Verticillium dahliae. Seven of these 11 isolates had come from the roots of eggplant and included Heteroconium chaetospira,
P. fortinii, and unidentified species of Fusarium, Penicillium, Trichoderma and MRA. P. fortinii, H. chaetospira, a non-sporulating isolate with white mycelium (SWM) and MRA were easily reisolated from root segments. Hyphae of H. chaetospira, P. fortinii and SWM colonized the root tissues of eggplant without causing apparent pathogenic symptoms. The mechanisms by which these endophytes confer resistance to infection by V. dahliae are unknown but the effectiveness of these fungi in a laboratory setting indicates that they have potential as biocontrol agents and merit further investigation. 相似文献
4.
Cold tolerant isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. graminis ( Ggg ) and Phialophora sp. (lobed hyphopodia), which produced at least comparable growth rates at 5°C to those of pathogenic G. graminis var. tritici ( Ggt ), were shown to control take-all disease in wheat effectively in 2 years of field experiments in New South Wales, Australia. The addition of oat inoculum of these fungi at the rate of 60 kg/ha to the seeding furrow significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) reduced disease and increased grain yields by 33–45% compared to the Ggt alone treatment. The use of 30 kg/ha of oat inoculum also significantly ( P ≤ 0.05) reduced disease and increased grain yields by 21–44%. These high levels of take-all control were obtained consistently from four field experiments on three different soil types with different pHs. A treatment inoculated with Ggg alone showed no disease symptoms and produced grain yields similar to that of untreated wheat. This fungus is, therefore, non-pathogenic to wheat. At high rates of inoculation of Ggg and Phialophora sp. (lobed hyphopodia), 65–80% of tillering wheat plants (GS 32) had root systems colonized by these fungi. In contrast, two Pseudomonas spp. and an isolate each of Ggg and Phialophora sp. (lobed hyphopodia), which did not grow at 5°C, were ineffective in controlling take-all. Take-all assessments during heading (GS 61-83) were highly correlated ( R 2 =0.6047, P ≤0.0005) with the relative yield increase or decrease of inoculated treatments compared to the Ggt alone treatment. The use of a Ggg isolate (90/3B) and a Phialophora sp. (lobed hyphopodia) isolate (KY) for take-all control has been patented. These fungi are being developed for commercial use. 相似文献
5.
Screening for fungal antagonists of seed-borne Fusarium culmorum on wheat using in vivo tests 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Esa Teperi Milja Keskinen Elise Ketoja Risto Tahvonen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1998,104(3):243-251
A screening system is described for identifying fungal antagonists from soil which are effective in controlling seed-borne Fusarium culmorum on wheat (T. aestivum L.). The procedure comprised three consecutive in vivo tests done under controlled conditions using three different plant growing media. Altogether 1701 fungal isolates from Finnish field soils were screened for biocontrol activity. 210 fungal isolates that had advanced to various stages in the screening system were also included in a field experiment. The isolates that were the most effective in controlling seedling blight under natural conditions belonged to the genus Gliocladium. The screening tests separated Gliocladium spp. rather clearly from the rest of test fungi and thus the overall agreement among the results was good. The assays run under controlled conditions did not efficiently predict which of the Gliocladium isolates would be best in protecting wheat seedlings under field conditions. 相似文献
6.
K. Møller J. Hockenhull 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1997,103(3):245-249
A new disease has arisen in field grown Chinese cabbage (Brassica campestris ssp. pekinensis) in Denmark. The soil-borne causal agent was shown to be Pythium tracheiphilum Matta, a little known pathogen of lettuce. Until now, outbreaks of the disease in Chinese cabbage were generally attributed to Phytophthora porri Foister, since symptoms of the disease in the field resemble those caused by Ph. porri in Chinese cabbage in cold stores. In some severely affected crops harvest losses in 1994, directly attributable to P. tracheiphilum, were estimated to about 50%, corresponding to a market value of up to $ US 20000 per ha. Outbreaks of the disease coincide with the heading of the crop, while juvenile plants or seedlings are apparently not attacked. It appears that the outer leaves are infected directly from the soil. Mainly above ground parts are affected and colonized by the pathogen, and indications of infection via the root system have not been observed. This is the first record of P. tracheiphilum as a pathogen of Chinese cabbage. 相似文献
7.
从河北、北京、山东泰安和潍坊等地区的萝卜、大白菜、甘蓝、油菜上得到8个芜菁花叶病毒(Turnip mosaic virus,TuMV)分离物,测定了它们3'-末端cDNA片段的序列。根据衣壳蛋白基因(cp)核苷酸序列可以将这8个分离物与另外2个TuMV分离物分为3组:泰安旧镇大白菜(JZBC)、甘蓝(JZGL)和萝卜(JZLB)分离物为一组;北京(BJILB)、潍坊萝卜分离物(WFLB)与引起萝卜红心病的TuMV分离物(WFLB99)为一组;泰安范镇、河北、潍坊(WFLB04)萝卜和泰安旧镇油菜(JZYC)上的TuMV分离物为一组。农壳蛋白氨基酸序列比较结果与此基本一致,所不同的是分离物WFLB99与所有分离物的差异均较大,形成单独一个分支。有必要对TuMV的变异情况和致病机理进行深入研究。 相似文献
8.
H. Murakami † S. Tsushima T. Akimoto K. Murakami I. Goto Y. Shishido 《Plant pathology》2000,49(5):584-589
Control of some soilborne pathogens may be achieved by use of decoy or catch crops. These stimulate the germination of resting spores, resulting in limited expression of disease symptoms. Results achieved using this approach are reported here using leafy daikon (radish, Raphanus sativus var. longipinnatus ) for control of Plasmodiophora brassicae , the cause of clubroot disease of Brassicaceae. Disease indices of Chinese cabbage plants grown in pots that had previously contained leafy daikon were lower compared with pots where no plants had been grown before (control pots). Numbers of resting spores of P. brassicae in soil in pots after cultivation with leafy daikon were reduced by 71% compared with control pots when resting spores were recovered and counted directly. In a field experiment, numbers of resting spores were reduced by 94% compared with the start of the experiment when leafy daikon was grown in advance of Chinese cabbage, but there was no reduction in disease severity in the Chinese cabbage. Plasmodiophora brassicae infected the root hairs of leafy daikon and those of Chinese cabbage, but no clubs were found on leafy daikon roots. The results from pot trials indicate that leafy daikon may be useful as a decoy crop for the control of clubroot disease in field crops. 相似文献
9.
从樱花根际土壤中分离到一株对大白菜黑腐病菌具有强拮抗作用的细菌ZF7。根据生物学特征、16S rDNA 序列分析、Biolog及生理生化分析,菌株ZF7被鉴定为水生拉恩氏菌Rahnella aquatilis。利用平板对峙法和双层培养法,证明菌株ZF7具有较广的抑菌谱,对5种病原真菌和5种病原细菌具有明显拮抗效果。而且,该菌能在大白菜根际土壤以及白菜根部稳定定殖。采用盆栽试验对菌株ZF7进行促生防病效果测定,结果表明该菌对大白菜具有显著的促生效果。灌根菌量为20 mL/株时,菌株ZF7对大白菜株高和根长的促生率分别达56.47%、54.74%,对地上部重量及根重的促生率分别达233.84%和164.71%。同时,菌株ZF7对大白菜黑腐病具有良好的防治效果,防效可达88.80%,高出中生菌素的防治效果26.76%。综上分析,菌株ZF7生防性状优良,具有一定的田间应用开发潜力。 相似文献
10.
从樱花根际土壤中分离到一株对大白菜黑腐病菌具有强拮抗作用的细菌ZF7。根据生物学特征、16S rDNA 序列分析、Biolog及生理生化分析,菌株ZF7被鉴定为水生拉恩氏菌Rahnella aquatilis。利用平板对峙法和双层培养法,证明菌株ZF7具有较广的抑菌谱,对5种病原真菌和5种病原细菌具有明显拮抗效果。而且,该菌能在大白菜根际土壤以及白菜根部稳定定殖。采用盆栽试验对菌株ZF7进行促生防病效果测定,结果表明该菌对大白菜具有显著的促生效果。灌根菌量为20 mL/株时,菌株ZF7对大白菜株高和根长的促生率分别达56.47%、54.74%,对地上部重量及根重的促生率分别达233.84%和164.71%。同时,菌株ZF7对大白菜黑腐病具有良好的防治效果,防效可达88.80%,高出中生菌素的防治效果26.76%。综上分析,菌株ZF7生防性状优良,具有一定的田间应用开发潜力。 相似文献
11.
ABSTRACT Strain L324-92 is a novel Bacillus sp. with biological activity against three root diseases of wheat, namely take-all caused by Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG8, and Pythium root rot caused mainly by Pythium irregulare and P. ultimum, that exhibits broad-spectrum inhibitory activity and grows at temperatures from 4 to 40 degrees C. These three root diseases are major yieldlimiting factors for wheat in the U.S. Inland Pacific Northwest, especially wheat direct-drilled into the residue of a previous cereal crop. Strain L324-92 was selected from among approximately 2,000 rhizosphere/rhizoplane isolates of Bacillus species isolated from roots of wheat collected from two eastern Washington wheat fields that had long histories of wheat. Roots were washed, heat-treated (80 degrees C for 30 min), macerated, and dilution-plated on (1)/(10)-strength tryptic soy agar. Strain L324-92 inhibited all isolates of G. graminis var. tritici, Rhizoctonia species and anastomosis groups, and Pythium species tested on agar at 15 degrees C; provided significant suppression of all three root diseases at 15 degrees C in growth chamber assays; controlled either Rhizoctonia root rot, takeall, or both; and increased yields in field tests in which one or more of the three root diseases of wheats were yield-limiting factors. The ability of L324-92 to grow at 4 degrees C probably contributes to its biocontrol activity on direct-drilled winter and spring wheat because, under Inland Northwest conditions, leaving harvest residues of the previous crop on the soil surface keeps soils cooler compared with tilled soils. These results suggest that Bacillus species with desired traits for biological control of wheat root diseases are present within the community of wheat rhizosphere microorganisms and can be recovered by protocols developed earlier for isolation of fluorescent Pseudomonas species effective against take-all. 相似文献
12.
Deanna L. Funnell-Harris Scott E. Sattler Jeffrey F. Pedersen 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2013,136(3):469-481
Sorghum is used as bioenergy feedstock, animal feed, and food. Economical methods for disease prevention and control are valuable for producers. Fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. were isolated from sorghum roots and surrounding soil with the goal of finding isolates that significantly inhibited sorghum fungal pathogens. Fluorescent pseudomonads were collected from seedlings of sorghum cultivars RTx433 and Redlan and wheat cultivar Lewjain, grown in two soils. Lewjain is known to support growth of producers of the antibiotic, 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG). Isolates from all three plants were assessed for hydrogen cyanide (HCN) and extracellular protease production, and for a 2,4-DAPG gene, phlD. Both soil type and plant type affected HCN- and protease-production, but phlD was not affected. Subsets of phlD + isolates were chosen to determine phlD genotypes and to conduct in vitro inhibition assays against sorghum pathogens. Most isolates from sorghum and wheat were genotype D, previously associated with superior root colonization. phlD + sorghum isolates were co-cultured with five sorghum pathogens. One isolate from each sorghum line exhibited inhibition to all five pathogens but more Redlan isolates were inhibitory to the virulent pathogen, Fusarium thapsinum, than RTx433 isolates. Nearly all inhibitory isolates from either sorghum cultivar were from one soil type. This is consistent with what had been previously observed in field studies: that soil type played a significant role in determining characteristics of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp. isolated from roots or soil, but sorghum genotype also had a considerable effect. 相似文献
13.
Kentaro Ikeda Shinpei Banno Ken Watanabe Masashi Fujinaga Hideki Ogiso Hiroshi Sakai Hitoshi Tanaka Shizue Miki Satoshi Shibata Toshimasa Shiraishi Makoto Fujimura 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2012,78(5):331-337
Chinese cabbage yellows caused by Verticillium dahliae and V. longisporum is one of the most economically important diseases in Japan. Verticillium isolates from infected Chinese cabbage in Japan were identified as V. dahliae and V. longisporum based on morphological characteristics and newly developed molecular genotyping methods using group I intron of 18S rDNA, mitochondrial-SSU rDNA and cob gene. Although the two species were equally virulent to Chinese cabbage in the greenhouse, V. longisporum was more virulent in the field compared with V. dahliae. Among the 67 Verticillium isolates from Chinese cabbage, 53 were V. longisporum and considered to be the major pathogen. The isolation frequency of V. longisporum was 98?% in Ibaraki and eastern Gunma where Chinese cabbage was cropped from autumn to winter. In contrast, the frequency was 48?% in Nagano and north to west Gunma where the plant was cropped in cool summer and highland conditions and the rests were V. dahliae. This is the first report to show the different geographical distribution of V. longisporum and V. dahliae in Chinese cabbage production area of Japan. 相似文献
14.
咪唑啉酮类除草剂对后茬作物安全性研究初报 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
1996～ 2 0 0 0年进行了咪唑啉酮类除草剂土壤残留对后茬作物影响的田间小区试验。结果表明 ,金豆 (imazamox,甲氧咪草烟 ) 40、6 0 g/ hm2 (在推荐剂量范围内。有效浓度 ,下同 ) ,施药后 12个月可以安全种植小麦、玉米和白瓜籽 ,2 4个月后可以安全种植油菜、甜菜、白菜、亚麻和马铃薯 ;金豆高剂量 (80、 12 0 g/ hm2 )对敏感作物有一定的药害。金普施特(imazethapyr/ imazamox) 50 g/ hm2 (推荐剂量 ) ,施药后 12个月可安全种植小麦、玉米 ,2 4个月可安全种植油菜、白瓜籽和马铃薯 ,不可种植甜菜、白菜和亚麻 ;倍量 (10 0 g/ hm2 )可使敏感作物严重受害。普施特 (imazethapyr) 75g/ hm2 (推荐剂量 ) ,施药后 12个月可安全种植小麦和玉米 ,2 4个月可安全种植白瓜籽和马铃薯 ;2 4个月后仍对油菜、甜菜、白菜和亚麻有严重药害。 相似文献
15.
本文对草甘膦喷施土壤后对作物的安全性进行了初步研究。采用室内盆栽的方法,测定了不同剂量的35%草甘膦水剂在壤土和砂土条件下对小麦Triticum aestivum L.、玉米Zea mays L.、大豆Glycine max(L.) Merr.、甘蓝Brassica oleracea var.capitata L.、小白菜Brassica pekinensis L.、番茄Lycopersicon esculentum L.和茄子Solanum melongena L.等7种作物的叶色、叶长、叶宽、植株鲜重和光合作用等生长、生理指标的影响。研究结果表明：在标签剂量(1 575 g/hm~2)下施用于壤土时,草甘膦对茄子的叶长和叶宽影响显著,对其他6种作物的各测定指标未产生显著影响;在砂土条件使用时,除对小麦和茄子的叶色、番茄的叶宽、小白菜和番茄的鲜重方面有显著影响外,对玉米、大豆和甘蓝都安全。在2倍标签剂量(3 150 g/hm~2)下,在壤土和砂土条件下使用时,除对茄子在叶色、叶长、叶宽和鲜重4个指标都有显著影响外,对番茄的光合效率也有显著影响,同时对其他作物的其他指标也有不同的影响,... 相似文献
16.
降解菌株DG-S-01对菜薹和土壤中3种拟除虫菊酯类农药降解动力学的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过室内盆栽和大田小区试验,测定了降解菌株苍白杆菌Ochrobactrum sp.DG-S-01对高效氯氰菊酯、高效氯氟氰菊酯和氰戊菊酯在菜薹和土壤中的降解动力学的影响。结果表明,降解菌株DG-S-01可有效去除菜薹和土壤中3种供试农药的残留,且降解过程符合一级动力学模型,降解半衰期(t1/2)与未经该菌株处理的对照相比缩短1.5～53.2 h。在菜薹中,3种农药的残留量均随降解菌处理时间的延长而降低,处理72 h后,高效氯氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯的残留量均小于0.5 mg/kg的水平。在土壤中,高效氯氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯残留量也随降解菌处理时间的延长而降低,处理72 h后,其残留量小于1 mg/kg的水平;而氰戊菊酯在土壤中的残留量则呈现先上升后下降的趋势。对照菜薹和土壤中3种农药的残留量均明显高于喷施降解菌株的处理。 相似文献
17.
麻黄根腐病病原物的分离及鉴定 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
2001年从宁夏麻黄基地采集麻黄根腐病病株样品10份,按照柯赫氏法则对其进行了病原物的分离、纯化、致病性测定及菌株鉴定。结果表明,发病部位分离物中主要优势菌群为镰孢属(Fusarium spp.)。分离物经致病性测定和复合接种试验发现,微胶镰孢Fusarium subglutinans致病性最强,接种后发病株率达60%以上,尖孢镰孢F. oxysporum、半裸镰孢F. semitectum、茄镰孢蓝色变种F. solani var. coeruleum和茄镰孢F. solani致病性弱,接种发病率为10%~20%,它们和微胶镰孢混合接种后的发病率均高于单独接种的发病率,其中微胶镰孢与含尖孢镰孢或半裸镰孢的组合接种发病率高于不含这2种镰孢的组合。病株上获得的其它分离物均无致病性。证实麻黄根腐病是以微胶镰孢为主要病原,并由尖孢镰孢、半裸镰孢和其它几种镰孢复合侵染导致的一种病害。 相似文献
18.
白菜軟腐細菌Erivinia aroideae不能在田間土壤中越冬,但能在未分解的病菜根和病菜叶中越冬。用病根及病叶等所作的堆肥中不能分离出具有致病力的軟腐細菌。菜窖中的废菜叶为軟腐細菌越冬及繁殖的主要場所之一。春季由麻蝇(Sarcophaga sp.)及花蝇(Fannia sp.)传布到田間的感病作物上,另外也可以由蜜蜂(Apis mellifera L.)、叶蜂(Athalia rosae L.)及小菜娥(Plutella maculipennis curtis)等繼續在白菜間传布。此外窖中移出的菜种株上亦带有病原細菌。因此認为菜窖中及田間殘菜根的越冬細菌是軟腐病的初次侵染源 相似文献
19.
甘蓝枯萎病病原菌的鉴定 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
采用温室接种致病性测定、形态学观察和分子鉴定方法对甘蓝枯萎病病原进行了研究。从北京市延庆县9个甘蓝生产基地采集甘蓝枯萎病病样96份,分离获得来自甘蓝病株根、短缩茎、叶片等器官的30个真菌分离物。经过致病性试验证实,分离物GLW3和GLW8为甘蓝枯萎病病原菌。经形态学鉴定,GLW3为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum),GLW8为轮枝样镰刀菌(Fusarium verticillioides)。利用镰刀菌的核糖体DNA(rDNA)内转录间隔区(internal transcribed spacer,ITS)的保守性和变异性,分别采用真菌通用引物和镰刀菌属及轮枝样镰刀菌特异性引物对GLW3和GLW8进行PCR扩增,并将测序结果在GenBank中进行同源性比对分析,分子鉴定与形态学鉴定结果一致。轮枝样镰刀菌作为甘蓝枯萎病的病原菌系首次报道。 相似文献
20.
Take-all in autumn-sown wheat, barley, triticale and rye grown with high and low inputs 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Winter cultivars of wheat, barley, triticale and rye were grown under two contrasting husbandry systems (low and high inputs) at two locations (Woburn and Rothamsted) known to be infested with the take-all fungus. The sandy loam at Woburn is less fertile than the silty clay loam at Rothamsted. Root infection in these crops was assessed in spring and summer.
Rye was least infected by the take-all fungus, wheat the most infected and barley and triticale had intermediate levels of infection. Barley yields were less affected by take-all than those of wheat or triticale, because barley was at a later growth stage by the time severe infection occurred. Yields of wheat and barley responded most to the high-input husbandry on the less fertile soil at Woburn. On the basis of quantity of grain, triticale would appear to be a good substitute for wheat on the less fertile soil when inputs are low, but not where they are high. At Rothamsted, yields of wheat and triticale were similar in both input systems. There was no strong support, at either site, for the contention that triticale could be a useful substitute for barley where low or high inputs are used. A total of 177 isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (the causal fungus of take-all) were obtained from infected roots in these experiments and tested for their pathogenicity on wheat and rye seedlings. These tests revealed a range of pathotypes with varying pathogenicities to wheat and rye, but pathogenicities were not correlated with the host plant from which the fungi were isolated. 相似文献
Rye was least infected by the take-all fungus, wheat the most infected and barley and triticale had intermediate levels of infection. Barley yields were less affected by take-all than those of wheat or triticale, because barley was at a later growth stage by the time severe infection occurred. Yields of wheat and barley responded most to the high-input husbandry on the less fertile soil at Woburn. On the basis of quantity of grain, triticale would appear to be a good substitute for wheat on the less fertile soil when inputs are low, but not where they are high. At Rothamsted, yields of wheat and triticale were similar in both input systems. There was no strong support, at either site, for the contention that triticale could be a useful substitute for barley where low or high inputs are used. A total of 177 isolates of Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (the causal fungus of take-all) were obtained from infected roots in these experiments and tested for their pathogenicity on wheat and rye seedlings. These tests revealed a range of pathotypes with varying pathogenicities to wheat and rye, but pathogenicities were not correlated with the host plant from which the fungi were isolated. 相似文献