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1.
F(1) is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-driven motor in which three torque-generating β subunits in the α(3)β(3) stator ring sequentially undergo conformational changes upon ATP hydrolysis to rotate the central shaft γ unidirectionally. Although extensive experimental and theoretical work has been done, the structural basis of cooperative torque generation to realize the unidirectional rotation remains elusive. We used high-speed atomic force microscopy to show that the rotorless F(1) still "rotates"; in the isolated α(3)β(3) stator ring, the three β subunits cyclically propagate conformational states in the counterclockwise direction, similar to the rotary shaft rotation in F(1). The structural basis of unidirectionality is programmed in the stator ring. These findings have implications for cooperative interplay between subunits in other hexameric ATPases. 相似文献
2.
Sambongi Y Iko Y Tanabe M Omote H Iwamoto-Kihara A Ueda I Yanagida T Wada Y Futai M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1999,286(5445):1722-1724
F0F1, found in mitochondria or bacterial membranes, synthesizes adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) coupling with an electrochemical proton gradient and also reversibly hydrolyzes ATP to form the gradient. An actin filament connected to a c subunit oligomer of F0 was able to rotate by using the energy of ATP hydrolysis. The rotary torque produced by the c subunit oligomer reached about 40 piconewton-nanometers, which is similar to that generated by the gamma subunit in the F1 motor. These results suggest that the gamma and c subunits rotate together during ATP hydrolysis and synthesis. Thus, coupled rotation may be essential for energy coupling between proton transport through F0 and ATP hydrolysis or synthesis in F1. 相似文献
3.
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthase contains a rotary motor involved in biological energy conversion. Its membrane-embedded F0 sector has a rotation generator fueled by the proton-motive force, which provides the energy required for the synthesis of ATP by the F1 domain. An electron density map obtained from crystals of a subcomplex of yeast mitochondrial ATP synthase shows a ring of 10 c subunits. Each c subunit forms an alpha-helical hairpin. The interhelical loops of six to seven of the c subunits are in close contact with the gamma and delta subunits of the central stalk. The extensive contact between the c ring and the stalk suggests that they may rotate as an ensemble during catalysis. 相似文献
4.
With the long-term goal of producing nanometer-scale machines, we describe here the unidirectional rotary motion of a synthetic molecular structure fueled by chemical conversions. The basis of the rotation is the movement of a phenyl rotor relative to a naphthyl stator about a single bond axle. The sense of rotation is governed by the choice of chemical reagents that power the motor through four chemically distinct stations. Within the stations, the rotor is held in place by structural features that limit the extent of the rotor's Brownian motion relative to the stator. 相似文献
5.
为了确保转鼓试验台系统的精度,需要对其系统进行标定。标定的主要问题是如何对确定量进行测量,并通过何种调节手段,达到显示值与实际值之间的偏差符合精度要求的目的。汽车转鼓试验台转鼓主轴与转鼓电机主轴是重合的,转鼓通过电机主轴将其表面上牵引力传递给电机转子,依靠转子和定子的相互作用,牵引力将被传至与定子固定连接的电机外壳上。因此在电机外壳上安装测力传感器测量电机外壳切线方向上的力实现对转鼓试验台表面牵引力的测量。设计采用双向标定臂可以减小额外扭矩的影响,确保了汽车转鼓试验台表面牵引力的测试精度要求。 相似文献
6.
In the crystal structure of the membrane-embedded rotor ring of the sodium ion-translocating adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthase of Ilyobacter tartaricus at 2.4 angstrom resolution, 11 c subunits are assembled into an hourglass-shaped cylinder with 11-fold symmetry. Sodium ions are bound in a locked conformation close to the outer surface of the cylinder near the middle of the membrane. The structure supports an ion-translocation mechanism in the intact ATP synthase in which the binding site converts from the locked conformation into one that opens toward subunit a as the rotor ring moves through the subunit a/c interface. 相似文献
7.
为了解决圆盘开沟机在下地、过梗、爬坡过程中出现的旋耕刀易破损、刀盘支架易变形等问题,通过对其关键部件的分析研究,以刀盘轴最大提升高度和升降装置最小尺寸为目标函数建立数学模型;用Matlab软件对其结构尺寸进行参数优化.优化结果显示:当油缸支架为113 mm,刀盘轴支承臂为200 mm,刀盘轴回转臂为732 mm时,刀盘轴最大提升高度可达1092 mm.与初始设计相比,刀盘提升效果显著,达到了优化设计的目的. 相似文献
8.
为研究轴流压气机下游静子叶片非定常气动力的大小和频率的变化规律，采用在静子叶片表面埋设微型动态压力传感器的方法，在低速单级轴流压气机实验器上进行了静子叶片表面压力的测量。测量了不同轴向间距、不同转速下从近堵塞到近失速的宽广流量范围，并对所测得的静子叶片非定常气动力进行了离散傅立叶变换，以分析其频谱特性。实验结果表明：在转子尾迹的影响下，静子叶片表面的波动频率是转子的尾迹频率及其倍频。转子尾迹频率的高频分量对静子叶片吸力面前缘的影响比对其他位置的影响大。叶片表面的非定常压力和气动力随压气机流量、转速和轴向间距的变化而变化。 相似文献
9.
10.
The membrane rotor ring from the vacuolar-type (V-type) sodium ion-pumping adenosine triphosphatase (Na+-ATPase) from Enterococcus hirae consists of 10 NtpK subunits, which are homologs of the 16-kilodalton and 8-kilodalton proteolipids found in other V-ATPases and in F1Fo- or F-ATPases, respectively. Each NtpK subunit has four transmembrane alpha helices, with a sodium ion bound between helices 2 and 4 at a site buried deeply in the membrane that includes the essential residue glutamate-139. This site is probably connected to the membrane surface by two half-channels in subunit NtpI, against which the ring rotates. Symmetry mismatch between the rotor and catalytic domains appears to be an intrinsic feature of both V- and F-ATPases. 相似文献
11.
研制了一种一阶纵振和二阶弯振模态组合的圆柱-球体三自由度超声电机。研究了其中两个自由度的运动轨迹跟踪控制策略,并将其应用于电机样机的控制。其中,运转速度的控制采用激励电压幅值调节法,针对位置控制提出了两种运动轨迹控制策略一种是逐点比较控制,另一种是矢量分解控制。本文提出了调节激励电压幅值的3种脉冲宽度调制(PWM)方法,对这些方法作了比较,并通过一系列实验得到验证。结果表明当改变激励电压幅值时,保持3个振动模态的相位差不变和激励电压信号不失真,是简化控制过程、提高控制性能的关键;矢量控制法效果较好,并有轨迹跟踪误差小、运动平稳和噪声小等优点。 相似文献
12.
无位置传感器无刷直流电机具有启动时间长，传统的电机启动方法容易使得电机失步，带负载启动能力弱等特点。根据无刷直流电机定子铁心的饱和效应，这里采用三段式中的初始位置预定位法进行转子预定位和两步短时脉冲法进行转子加速。该方法能够快速得到转子的位置，并且在不失步的情况下得到初步速度，建立较低的反电动势，进而切换至反电动势控制方式运行。 相似文献
13.
滚筒式牧草干燥机参数模拟与分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了分析滚筒干燥机内部的温度和气流分布,确定干燥条件对苜蓿含水率的影响。模拟滚筒干燥机内部的温度场和热风流量场分布,并在滚筒式牧草干燥机上进行苜蓿干燥试验。结果表明,在滚筒式牧草干燥机工作过程中,苜蓿与热空气间的90%热交换发生在干燥机滚筒的前半段,且适当增加滚筒长度可使热风气流呈现层流状态,有利于苜蓿段在滚筒内运动、换热和脱水。通过分析干燥参数对牧草最终含水率的影响规律,在苜蓿初始水分为78.5%时,得到合理苜蓿滚筒干燥参数组合:干燥温度为360℃,滚筒转速10r·min-1,热风速度1.8m·s-1,喂入率为25kg·min-1。研究结果为优化滚筒式牧草干燥机结构和确定合理工艺参数提供了依据。 相似文献
14.
针对1GQ-1.6型中置铧式犁起垄机在高稻茬黏重土壤环境中作业壅泥缠草、沟边土壤堆积、厢面土块不细碎等问题,将原有中置铧式犁设置成双翼开沟犁,并在中置双翼开沟犁后部旋耕刀轴上左右对称设置分土螺旋,以最大土壤推送量为目标,设计了分土螺旋的螺旋叶片直径、螺距及螺旋升角;基于农艺要求的沟型,设计了双翼开沟犁犁体高度、宽度,研制出由机架、双翼开沟犁、可调深度机构、中间变速箱、分土螺旋和旋耕刀辊组成的螺旋分土开沟装置。室内土槽试验结果表明,中置螺旋分土装置工作性能的各项评价指标均符合国家标准和农艺要求,其中沟深稳定性系数和厢面平整度系数分别达到94.67%、97.53%。 相似文献
15.
基于两相静止坐标系下的永磁同步电动机状态方程,将自适应状态观测器理论应用到磁链位置估计法中,提出了一种基于自适应磁链观测器的估算转子磁极位置和转速的方法.该方法以定子电流和转子磁链为状态变量构造状态观测器,以观测器模型与电机模型的电流误差构成自适应律,通过对线电流和转子磁链的估算实现对转子位置信息的检测.最后用Simulink建立了采用该方法的矢量控制系统的仿真模型,结果表明该估算方法有较高的估算精度和较强的鲁棒性. 相似文献
16.
正、反转旋耕不同耕作性能的比较 总被引：9，自引：0，他引：9
为分析和比较正转旋耕和反转旋耕的作业情况 ,进行了正、反转旋耕的对比试验 ,并对田间试验后的土壤进行了计算机扫描。结果表明 :对全耕层土壤的扫描分析 ,可以看到地表与下层土壤不同的碎土情况 ,能够比较真实地反映不同旋耕方式的实际作业效果 ;可以通过配备碎土挡草栅栏等附属装置来改善和提高旋耕机械的作业质量 ;带有碎土挡草栅栏的反转旋耕机的翻土和覆盖性能较好 ,旋耕后可获得良好的土壤耕作层 相似文献
17.
The 5'-AMP (adenosine monophosphate)-activated protein kinase (AMPK) coordinates metabolic function with energy availability by responding to changes in intracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and AMP concentrations. Here, we report crystal structures at 2.9 and 2.6 A resolution for ATP- and AMP-bound forms of a core alphabetagamma adenylate-binding domain from the fission yeast AMPK homolog. ATP and AMP bind competitively to a single site in the gamma subunit, with their respective phosphate groups positioned near function-impairing mutants. Unexpectedly, ATP binds without counterions, amplifying its electrostatic effects on a critical regulatory region where all three subunits converge. 相似文献
18.
粉垄耕作对黄淮海北部春玉米籽粒灌浆及产量的影响 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
【目的】在黄淮海北部引入一种称作“粉垄”的新型深土耕作措施,旨在解决由于连年旋耕所致的犁底层上移、耕层变浅,限制作物产量提高的现实问题。【方法】以旋耕和深松为对照,设置粉垄30 cm、粉垄50 cm、粉垄30 cm+地膜、粉垄50 cm+地膜等处理,探究其对春玉米灌浆和产量的影响。【结果】与旋耕和深松相比,粉垄利于水分入渗,增加了土壤贮水,改善了土壤水分供给,提高了春玉米的穗粒数和籽粒含水率;尽管灌浆渐增期不具有优势,且耕作深度越深,起始生长势和平均灌浆速率越低,但灌浆快增期和缓增期平均灌浆速率随耕作深度增加的优势突出;最终粉垄的百粒重和产量显著高于两对照。粉垄加盖地膜保存了更多水分,显著提高了穗粒数,灌浆渐增期灌浆速率便优势明显,且耕作深度越深,优势越明显,加之灌浆期延长,百粒重和产量显著高于未覆膜两处理。【结论】粉垄覆膜的新型耕作措施为打破犁底层、解决耕层变浅、促进作物增产提供了一种新的可行方法。 相似文献
19.
A G protein gamma subunit shares homology with ras proteins 总被引：18，自引：0，他引：18
Guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins) that transduce signals from cell surface receptors to effector molecules are made up of three subunits, alpha, beta, and gamma. A complementary DNA clone that encodes a 71-amino acid protein was isolated from bovine brain; this protein contains peptide sequences that were derived from the purified gamma subunit of Gi and Go. The primary sequence of this G protein gamma subunit (G gamma) has 55 percent homology to the gamma subunit of transducin (T gamma) and also has homology to functional domains of mammalian ras proteins. The probe for isolating the clone was generated with the use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The extent of divergence between T gamma and G gamma, the isolation of homologous PCR-generated fragments, and the differences between the predicted amino acid sequence of G gamma and that derived from the gamma subunit of Gi and Go indicate that gamma subunits are encoded by a family of genes. 相似文献
20.
旋耕部件是微耕机的核心部件,其耕作性能的优劣直接影响微耕机的耕作效率和作业质量。以重庆地区典型的旋耕刀辊和土壤为对象,基于离散元和多体动力学理论,设定前进速度为0.2 m·s-1,转速为110 r·min-1,耕深为150和200 mm,采用非线性粘弹性塑性接触模型,在EDEM和Recurdyn软件平台上实现了刀辊耕作过程的模拟分析;同时,依托已有的土槽试验平台,测试了相同工况下刀轴的等效扭矩。模拟与试验的对比分析结果表明：同一刀轴上不同刀盘的扭矩变化规律相似,但数值并不一致,整个刀轴所受的等效扭矩不能简单地理解为单个刀盘所受扭矩与刀盘数的乘积;耕作深度为150、200 mm时刀轴等效扭矩的变化规律一致,模拟值与试验值的最大相对误差分别为14.01%、11.49%。研究结果可为探讨旋耕刀与土壤的相互作用,优化微耕机作业性能提供参考。 相似文献