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1.
政策制定者在制定土地利用相关政策时需要权衡各方面的利益关系,协调资源保护和经济发展之间的关系.由于缺乏有效的评价与权衡办法,目前对这方面研究还较少.采用InVEST模型,评价了白洋淀流域7种服务功能指标,分析了其空间分布特征.通过情景(政策情景与保护情景)分析,较好的反映了农业直接经济收入与服务功能之间的关系.结果表明:生物多样性、水源涵养、土壤保持和固碳重要区域主要分布在流域西部、北部和流域中部山区;水质保护和授粉重要区域主要分布于流域东部、南部和中部平原区.政策情景下,产水量第二,农业产出有所下降,固碳能力较保护模式差,N/P输出最少.保护情景下产水量最大,农田产出价值不变,氮磷保持与政策情景差不多,但固碳效果最好.通过权衡不同情景下服务功能得失,筛选既不损害流域居民实际经济收入,又能使得水文服务功能得到提高的管理模式.研究表明InVEST模型可以很好的用于对自然资本评估和空间化特征分析,通过建立不同情景,评价结果可以用于权衡不同管理策略下服务功能得失,是一种评价和预测自然资本变化的有效方法,对政策制定和策略筛选具有重要的指导意义. 相似文献
2.
Impacts of biodiversity loss on ocean ecosystem services 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Worm B Barbier EB Beaumont N Duffy JE Folke C Halpern BS Jackson JB Lotze HK Micheli F Palumbi SR Sala E Selkoe KA Stachowicz JJ Watson R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,314(5800):787-790
Human-dominated marine ecosystems are experiencing accelerating loss of populations and species, with largely unknown consequences. We analyzed local experiments, long-term regional time series, and global fisheries data to test how biodiversity loss affects marine ecosystem services across temporal and spatial scales. Overall, rates of resource collapse increased and recovery potential, stability, and water quality decreased exponentially with declining diversity. Restoration of biodiversity, in contrast, increased productivity fourfold and decreased variability by 21%, on average. We conclude that marine biodiversity loss is increasingly impairing the ocean's capacity to provide food, maintain water quality, and recover from perturbations. Yet available data suggest that at this point, these trends are still reversible. 相似文献
3.
Smith AD Brown CJ Bulman CM Fulton EA Johnson P Kaplan IC Lozano-Montes H Mackinson S Marzloff M Shannon LJ Shin YJ Tam J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,333(6046):1147-1150
Low-trophic level species account for more than 30% of global fisheries production and contribute substantially to global food security. We used a range of ecosystem models to explore the effects of fishing low-trophic level species on marine ecosystems, including marine mammals and seabirds, and on other commercially important species. In five well-studied ecosystems, we found that fishing these species at conventional maximum sustainable yield (MSY) levels can have large impacts on other parts of the ecosystem, particularly when they constitute a high proportion of the biomass in the ecosystem or are highly connected in the food web. Halving exploitation rates would result in much lower impacts on marine ecosystems while still achieving 80% of MSY. 相似文献
4.
针对当前全球环境急剧变化的背景,本文归纳了海洋食物网结构复杂性常用的量化指标,梳理了食物网稳定性不同维度的概念并深入探究其与复杂性之间的内在联系。根据海洋生态系统的不同干扰类型,分析了各种类型干扰的发生方式以及食物网在应对干扰时的适应机理,最后总结了海洋生态系统数据获取分析以及食物网构建时有待解决的问题,并指出开展初级生产者与消费者之间的相互作用研究能更利于解析全球变化对海洋食物网结构和功能的影响。 相似文献
5.
Heath MR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,321(5895):1446; author reply 1446
Halpern et al. (Reports, 15 February 2008, p. 948) integrated spatial data on 17 drivers of change in the oceans to map the global distribution of human impact. Although fishery catches are a dominant driver, the data reflect activity while impacts occur at different space and time scales. Failure to account for this spatial disconnection could lead to potentially misleading conclusions. 相似文献
6.
van de Koppel J Gascoigne JC Theraulaz G Rietkerk M Mooij WM Herman PM 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,322(5902):739-742
Spatial self-organization is the main theoretical explanation for the global occurrence of regular or otherwise coherent spatial patterns in ecosystems. Using mussel beds as a model ecosystem, we provide an experimental demonstration of spatial self-organization. Under homogeneous laboratory conditions, mussels developed regular patterns, similar to those in the field. An individual-based model derived from our experiments showed that interactions between individuals explained the observed patterns. Furthermore, a field study showed that pattern formation affected ecosystem-level processes in terms of improved growth and resistance to wave action. Our results imply that spatial self-organization is an important determinant of the structure and functioning of ecosystems, and it needs to be considered in their conservation. 相似文献
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8.
Pauly D Alder J Bennett E Christensen V Tyedmers P Watson R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5649):1359-1361
Formal analyses of long-term global marine fisheries prospects have yet to be performed, because fisheries research focuses on local, species-specific management issues. Extrapolation of present trends implies expansion of bottom fisheries into deeper waters, serious impact on biodiversity, and declining global catches, the last possibly aggravated by fuel cost increases. Examination of four scenarios, covering various societal development choices, suggests that the negative trends now besetting fisheries can be turned around, and their supporting ecosystems rebuilt, at least partly. 相似文献
9.
Forecasting agriculturally driven global environmental change 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Tilman D Fargione J Wolff B D'Antonio C Dobson A Howarth R Schindler D Schlesinger WH Simberloff D Swackhamer D 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,292(5515):281-284
During the next 50 years, which is likely to be the final period of rapid agricultural expansion, demand for food by a wealthier and 50% larger global population will be a major driver of global environmental change. Should past dependences of the global environmental impacts of agriculture on human population and consumption continue, 10(9) hectares of natural ecosystems would be converted to agriculture by 2050. This would be accompanied by 2.4- to 2.7-fold increases in nitrogen- and phosphorus-driven eutrophication of terrestrial, freshwater, and near-shore marine ecosystems, and comparable increases in pesticide use. This eutrophication and habitat destruction would cause unprecedented ecosystem simplification, loss of ecosystem services, and species extinctions. Significant scientific advances and regulatory, technological, and policy changes are needed to control the environmental impacts of agricultural expansion. 相似文献
10.
The scale of larval dispersal of marine organisms is important for the design of networks of marine protected areas. We examined the fate of coral reef fish larvae produced at a small island reserve, using a mass-marking method based on maternal transmission of stable isotopes to offspring. Approximately 60% of settled juveniles were spawned at the island, for species with both short (<2 weeks) and long (>1 month) pelagic larval durations. If natal homing of larvae is a common life-history strategy, the appropriate spatial scales for the management and conservation of coral reefs are likely to be much smaller than previously assumed. 相似文献
11.
A marine ecosystem model seeded with many phytoplankton types, whose physiological traits were randomly assigned from ranges defined by field and laboratory data, generated an emergent community structure and biogeography consistent with observed global phytoplankton distributions. The modeled organisms included types analogous to the marine cyanobacterium Prochlorococcus. Their emergent global distributions and physiological properties simultaneously correspond to observations. This flexible representation of community structure can be used to explore relations between ecosystems, biogeochemical cycles, and climate change. 相似文献
12.
Conservation of plant genetic resources is achieved by protection of populations in nature (in situ) or by preservation of samples in gene banks (ex situ). The latter are essential for users of germplasm who need ready access. Ex situ conservation also acts as a back-up for certain segments of diversity that might otherwise be lost in nature and in human-dominated ecosystems. The two methods are complementary, yet better understanding of this interrelation and the role of ex situ conservation in global environmental considerations is needed. Inclusion of ex situ conservation efforts within current environmental policies conserving global diversity would focus greater international attention on the safeguarding of these efforts. 相似文献
13.
Coral reefs under rapid climate change and ocean acidification 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Hoegh-Guldberg O Mumby PJ Hooten AJ Steneck RS Greenfield P Gomez E Harvell CD Sale PF Edwards AJ Caldeira K Knowlton N Eakin CM Iglesias-Prieto R Muthiga N Bradbury RH Dubi A Hatziolos ME 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5857):1737-1742
Atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration is expected to exceed 500 parts per million and global temperatures to rise by at least 2 degrees C by 2050 to 2100, values that significantly exceed those of at least the past 420,000 years during which most extant marine organisms evolved. Under conditions expected in the 21st century, global warming and ocean acidification will compromise carbonate accretion, with corals becoming increasingly rare on reef systems. The result will be less diverse reef communities and carbonate reef structures that fail to be maintained. Climate change also exacerbates local stresses from declining water quality and overexploitation of key species, driving reefs increasingly toward the tipping point for functional collapse. This review presents future scenarios for coral reefs that predict increasingly serious consequences for reef-associated fisheries, tourism, coastal protection, and people. As the International Year of the Reef 2008 begins, scaled-up management intervention and decisive action on global emissions are required if the loss of coral-dominated ecosystems is to be avoided. 相似文献
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卫星遥感在海洋渔业资源开发、管理与保护中的应用 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
海洋渔业资源的开发、管理与保护需要大量的海洋环境数据。由于卫星遥感能大面积、长时间、近实时地获取海洋环境数据,其在海洋渔业资源开发、管理与保护中的作用越来越大。本文回顾了卫星遥感数据在海洋渔业资源评估、渔情预报、鱼类栖息地分类与保护、渔船监测、渔业安全、渔具渔法等方面的应用,探讨了在这些应用中可能存在的问题,并对其未来的发展进行了展望,为相关学者了解卫星遥感在海洋渔业资源的开发、管理与保护中的作用提供参考。 相似文献
16.
针对大量违法违规建设项目在施工期间脱离水行政主管部门监管而造成大量水土流失的问题,采用空间信息技术和系统构建方法,梳理生产建设项目水土保持监管业务,构建水土保持综合监管模型;以模型空间监管部分为核心设计与开发了覆盖生产建设项目地面扰动信息快速获取、在线分析、自动判别到项目管理全过程的天地一体化的生产建设项目水土保持监管空间信息系统。结果表明:系统在线监管模块可实现任意监管区域内所有建设项目扰动图斑的自动化提取、合规性判别分析,同时系统将空间叠加分析和Spark技术进行集成,实现了空间分析操作的批量处理;在线预警模块可根据在线监管模块提取和判别的结果为系统用户进行预警提示;查询统计模块支持用户及时了解某区域的项目建设情况,对水土保持措施配置等情况进行综合分析。系统监管手段将监管范围从某点位置扩大到了区域全覆盖,其监管过程效率较人工提高了至少3倍。用户利用该系统进行区域实时监管,可及时掌握项目情况并进行针对性的治理。 相似文献
17.
Jackson JB Kirby MX Berger WH Bjorndal KA Botsford LW Bourque BJ Bradbury RH Cooke R Erlandson J Estes JA Hughes TP Kidwell S Lange CB Lenihan HS Pandolfi JM Peterson CH Steneck RS Tegner MJ Warner RR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,293(5530):629-637
Ecological extinction caused by overfishing precedes all other pervasive human disturbance to coastal ecosystems, including pollution, degradation of water quality, and anthropogenic climate change. Historical abundances of large consumer species were fantastically large in comparison with recent observations. Paleoecological, archaeological, and historical data show that time lags of decades to centuries occurred between the onset of overfishing and consequent changes in ecological communities, because unfished species of similar trophic level assumed the ecological roles of overfished species until they too were overfished or died of epidemic diseases related to overcrowding. Retrospective data not only help to clarify underlying causes and rates of ecological change, but they also demonstrate achievable goals for restoration and management of coastal ecosystems that could not even be contemplated based on the limited perspective of recent observations alone. 相似文献
18.
During the last few decades, there have been an increasing number of studies on grassland ecology in China, involving the classic ecology concepts or theories and the applicable ecological principles of grassland conservation or management. This paper reviews the main progress in the following aspects. (1) Research on grassland species adaptation and resistance, population dynamics and foraging behavior, and biodiversity and community stability. (2) Research on managed grassland ecosystems (grassland grazing ecology) including grazing effects on grassland ecosystem function and foraging behavior by large herbivores. (3) Global climate change and grassland processes and functioning. (4) Applied research on grassland restoration and ecosystem health assessments such as vegetation restoration, restoration of ecosystem functioning, and assessment methods. There have been significant advances in grassland ecology, including the functions of ecosystem biodiversity, the ecological stoichiometry mechanisms affecting grassland community stability, grazing regulation of plant diversity and nutrient cycling. Grassland ecologists have succeeded in making these advances through observational, experimental and theoretical studies. Nevertheless, there are still significant challenges for the grassland ecology research, including understanding of grassland spatial processes, grassland grazing and multi-functionality, integrated effects of global climate change across grassland areas, as well as the ecological methodology and experimental techniques in grassland ecology. 相似文献
19.
Wardle DA Bardgett RD Callaway RM Van der Putten WH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6035):1273-1277
Ecosystems worldwide are losing some species and gaining others, resulting in an interchange of species that is having profound impacts on how these ecosystems function. However, research on the effects of species gains and losses has developed largely independently of one another. Recent conceptual advances regarding effects of species gain have arisen from studies that have unraveled the mechanistic basis of how invading species with novel traits alter biotic interactions and ecosystem processes. In contrast, studies on traits associated with species loss are fewer, and much remains unknown about how traits that predispose species to extinction affect ecological processes. Species gains and losses are both consequences and drivers of global change; thus, explicit integration of research on how both processes simultaneously affect ecosystem functioning is key to determining the response of the Earth system to current and future human activities. 相似文献
20.
Brashares JS Arcese P Sam MK Coppolillo PB Sinclair AR Balmford A 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5699):1180-1183
The multibillion-dollar trade in bushmeat is among the most immediate threats to the persistence of tropical vertebrates, but our understanding of its underlying drivers and effects on human welfare is limited by a lack of empirical data. We used 30 years of data from Ghana to link mammal declines to the bushmeat trade and to spatial and temporal changes in the availability of fish. We show that years of poor fish supply coincided with increased hunting in nature reserves and sharp declines in biomass of 41 wildlife species. Local market data provide evidence of a direct link between fish supply and subsequent bushmeat demand in villages and show bushmeat's role as a dietary staple in the region. Our results emphasize the urgent need to develop cheap protein alternatives to bushmeat and to improve fisheries management by foreign and domestic fleets to avert extinctions of tropical wildlife. 相似文献