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[目的]为了解灰木莲引种到广西凭祥地区花期物侯及生殖构件分布状况,为其在引种地败育机制的研究奠定基础。[方法]选择中国林科院热林中心树木园、白云实验场、伏波实验场的灰木莲人工林为观测对象,参考Dafni方法,从林分到单株水平调查研究灰木莲在广西凭祥地区的花期物候、开花特征及生殖构件分布,跟踪观察单花开花动态进程,统计花部组件大小、数量及位置等特征。[结果]表明:灰木莲花为子房上位的两性花,雄蕊群着生于雌蕊群下部,雄蕊短小,其高度仅达到雌蕊群下缘;灰木莲花芽到开花过程可分为混合芽阶段、花芽阶段、花蕾露白阶段、白蕾阶段、展花阶段、花瓣脱落阶段6个阶段,花被片展开存在二次开合现象;在适生区,灰木莲开花特征稳定,开花强度中等,不同海拔高度灰木莲林分的花期物侯存在差异,林分的生殖构件在林内、林缘分布差异显著,且生殖构件的败育率极高。[结论]灰木莲引种到广西凭祥地区花期物侯稳定,开花同步性较高,但是花果转化率极低。 相似文献
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武夷山香果树种群格局的分形特征——信息维数 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用信息维数对武夷山香果树(Emmenopterys henryi)种群进行空间分布格局的分形特征分析,结果表明:香果树种群信息维数值在1.0～1.7,香果树在各种群落中信息维数呈极显著线形相关(P0.01);不同群落类型的香果树种群间分形特征差异明显,而同一类型内部各样地间差异较小;香果树种群信息维数由高到低依次为:香果树纯林阔叶林毛竹林针阔混交林;香果树信息维数随海拔高度的变化波动幅度较大,香果树在海拔1 300 m左右,信息维数达最大值,格局尺度变化强烈,是香果树种群生存较理想的环境,海拔高于1 400 m或低于1 200 m信息维数较低,种群更新较差。提出了加强保护有结实能力的香果树母树,以促进其自然更新的建议。 相似文献
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麻疯树群体构件特征资源依赖性研究 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
本文首次以克隆木本植物构件的概念,研究了非克隆木本植物构件对资源环境的依赖性问题。在金沙江干热河谷攀枝花段,研究了生物柴油植物麻疯树群体构件对资源性因素光照、水分和养分的适应性反应。养分资源（土壤厚度为60 cm以上、20 cm和40 cm）不同时,构件直径、长度、长径比、叶片数量、叶片密度、头茬果实数量和生殖频率等参数都存在极显著差异,在养分资源充足时群体构件参数明显较大。与林外相比,乔木林下麻疯树林分构件直径、长度、长径比在花期呈现出显著差异,而在果期差异微弱,叶片数量、叶片密度、生殖频率却没有出现差异,而头茬果实产量差异极为明显。土壤水分对构件长度、长径比、叶片数量和生殖频率影响较大,而对构件直径和叶密度影响不显著,而对头茬果实数量的影响较为微弱。暗示资源性因素光照、水分和养分是构件光合作用所需要的基础资源,群体构件特征对资源性因素存在明显的适应反应,均反映了群体构件特征对资源性因素的依赖性。本文分析构件特征对资源性因素影响时,没有考虑密度效应和海拔问题。在理论上,非克隆木本植物构件麻疯树与克隆木本植物竹类的克隆分株一致,统一了木本植物中的构件概念,在研究中与组件性构件相区分。麻疯树萌生现象较为明显,是适应干热河谷季节性干旱环境的一种策略。在生产上,需要优化资源性因素的配置,在保证光照强度的条件下,通过增加土壤厚度,和/或人工增加养分元素来促进构件发育与生殖,来实现麻疯树生物柴油供应原料的高产与稳产。未来研究中,需要关注构件分支状况与资源性因素梯度的关系,探讨构件对资源性因素的适应对策,深入揭示构件的发生、发展与适应机制。 相似文献
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以长春市建植小叶女贞庭院绿篱为研究材料,观测群体花期、单株花期、单花序与单花花期,收集5月份有关气温数据,分析其对花期性状表现是否构成影响及程度。结果表明:2014—2016年小叶女贞开花时间为6月2日至25日之间,3 a群体花期平均为21.3 d,各年度相差在1 d之内,盛花期为12~13 d;单株开花时间最短植株为16 d,最长者为19 d,平均为17.5 d;单花序为8~12 d,单花为4~5 d。小叶女贞为夏初开花树种,此时气温等气象因子稳定,花期基本不受天气微小变化影响,开花时间亦相对稳定。 相似文献
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遮荫和光照对缺苞箭竹发育的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
据观察,缺苞箭竹通常在迹地和疏林地比郁闭度大的林地衰老快、开花多,说明缺苞箭竹发育与林地遮荫度有关,为了证实这一现象,在全光照(sun)、林地部分遮荫(约为全光照下光量的50％)和深度遮荫(约为全光照下光量的2％)的条件下,分植零星开花竹丛,观察其发育变化。结果表明:在深度遮荫的条件下,原有的花穗不开放,花芽不继续发育,未花枝也不继续发育成花枝,竹丛中也不再出现新的开花植株,而未花竹和发笋量则逐年增加;在全光照和部分遮荫的条件下,原有的花穗很快开放,特别是全光照条件下,花茅和未花枝继续发育成花穗和花芽的速度更快,而且新的开花植株逐年增加,未花植株和发笋量逐年减少。结果也表明:光照时间和光照强度是控制缺苞箭竹开花的最明显的气象因子。 相似文献
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Our study focuses on predicting the ultimate short-term load carrying capacity of timber-to-timber connections with dowel-type fasteners. The wide range of possible configurations in practice makes the resolution of these values by tests unrealistic. Moreover, different current regulations do not consider some specific failure mechanisms. In many countries, the reduction of resistance involved by this phenomenon is taken into account by considering an effective number of dowels (nef) smaller than the actual number of dowels (n) in the connection. However, these different regulations disagree on the values of nef and on other points (spacing, partial coefficient of security, formulas). These discrepancies in design rules invite the fundamental research on this topic and, therefore, new methods are sought in order to estimate the load carrying capacities of the connections. In the light of these, our approach consists of predicting the load carrying capacity with the neural network numerical tool. The results obtained by this analysis tool are satisfactory, although the model remains complex. Subsequently, we focus on the simplification of this numerical model with classical regression techniques in order to implement it in a design code. 相似文献
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Ophiostoma species were isolated from bark beetles and Abies mariesii, A. veitchii and A. homolepis attacked by the beetles in Nikko, Tochigi, central Honshu, Japan. One to two Ophiostoma species were frequently isolated from each species of bark beetle. Ophiostoma subalpinum was the most common associate of Cryphalus montanus. Ophiostoma sp. B as well as O. subalpinum was a common fungus associated with Polygraphus proximus. Ophiostoma europhioides was isolated from Dryocoetes hectographus and D. autographus as one of the common associates. Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S were frequently isolated from D. autographus and D. striatus, respectively. These fungi seem to have specific relationships with particular bark beetles. Ophiostoma sp. B, Ophiostoma sp. J and Ophiostoma sp. S have unique morphological characteristics and appear to be new species. Five trees of A. veitchii, approximately 43 years old, were inoculated with five Ophiostoma species to assess the relative virulence of the fungi. Ophiostoma subalpinum, Ophiostoma sp. B, and O. europhioides had relatively higher virulence than the other species studied. 相似文献
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Parasitic Hymenoptera from the suprafamily Ichneumonoidea attacking the horse chestnut leafminer Cameraria ohridella Deschka & Dimic (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) were studied in southwest Slovakia during 2000 and 2001. The search for such species resulted in the determination of eight ichneumonid species, Gelis agilis (Fabricius), Itoplectis alternans (Gravenhorst), I. clavicornis (Thompson), I. maculator (Fabricius), Scambus annulatus (Kiss), S. brevicornis (Gravenhorst), Zatypota percontatoria (Müller), Adelognathus sp. and a braconid Colastes braconius Haliday. The most abundant species was S. annulatus. All these species recorded are polyphagous and often facultative hyperparasitoids, except C. braconius, which departs from this norm in not being hyperparasitic. The presence of more diversified native parasitoids and hyperparasitoids from the Ichneumonoidea predicate a slow successive adaptation of the parasitoid fauna to the invasive host, Cameraria ohridella. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E. C. Lefroy P. R. Dann J. H. Wildin R. N. Wesley-Smith A. A. McGowan 《Agroforestry Systems》1992,20(1-2):117-139
Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline. 相似文献
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Pavela R 《Fitoterapia》2004,75(7-8):745-749
The methanol extracts of eight species of medicinal plants were tested for insecticidal activity in third instar larvae of Egyptian cottonworm (Spodoptera littoralis). All extracts showed a certain degree of larval toxicity. The extracts of Ocimum basilicum, Origanum majorana and Salvia officinalis appeared to be highly toxic. The extracts significantly affected the growth indexes [relative growth rate (RGR), efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI), efficiency of conversion of digested food (ECD)]. 相似文献
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Yu Mei Zhang Ning Hua Tan Guang Zhi Zeng Abiodun Humphrey Adebayo Chang Jiu Ji 《Fitoterapia》2009,80(6):361-363
A new norlignan, (2R,3R,4S,5S)-2,4-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)-3,5-dihydroxy-tetrahydropyran (1), together with 9 known compounds were isolated from the branches and leaves of Taxodium ascendens. Their structures were mainly determined on the basis of MS, IR, 1D and 2D NMR spectral evidences. Methanol extract showed inhibitory activity on carbonic anhydrase II with an IC50 value of 4.27 µg/ml, acetone extract and methanol extract inhibited activity of cathepsin B with IC50 values of 2.12 and 3.71 µg/ml, respectively. 相似文献
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
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Effects of soil water availability on seedling growth, dry matter production and allocation were determined for Gympie (humid coastal) and Hungry Hills (dry inland) provenances of Eucalyptus cloeziana F. Muell. and for E. argophloia Blakely (dry inland) species. Seven-month-old seedlings were subjected to well-watered (100% field capacity, FC), moderate (70% FC) and severe (50% FC) soil water regimes in a glasshouse environment for 14 wk. There were significant differences in seedling growth, biomass production and allocation patterns between species. E. argophloia produced twice as much biomass at 100% FC, and more than three times as much at 70% and 50% FC than did either E. cloeziana provenance. Although the humid provenance of E. cloeziana had a greater leaf area at 100% FC conditions than did the dry provenance, total biomass production did not differ significantly. Both E. cloeziana provenances were highly sensitive to water deficits. E. argophloia allocated 10% more biomass to roots than did E. cloeziana. Allometric analyses indicated that relative biomass allocation patterns were significantly affected by genotype but not by soil water availability. These results have implications for taxon selection for cultivation in humid and subhumid regions. 相似文献
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The aim of this study was to quantify the effects of different soil scarification methods on tree growth. Soil scarification influenced stem volume and stem biomass yield of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) in a 17-year-old field trial in boreal Sweden. Soil scarification (disc trenching, mounding and ploughing) resulted in an average stem volume yield of 3.1 and 34.2 m3 ha–1 on the poor and intermediate sites, respectively, while corresponding values for no soil scarification were 0.9 and 16.7 m3 ha–1. In comparison to no scarification, ploughing increased volume yields by 500% on the poor site and by 200% on the intermediate sites. The ranking according to stem volume yield was ploughing > disc trenching = mounding no soil scarification. Averaged over the two sites, the mean annual increment of stem biomass was 219% and 145% higher (in d.w., 0.26 kg and 0.34 kg per sample tree) after ploughing compared with no soil scarification, for the average and dominant sample trees, respectively. Although not significant, the increased growth rate after soil scarification decreased the average stem basic wood density of the sample trees with 1.6% and 5.3%, at the poor and intermediate sites, respectively. In conclusion, soil scarification significantly increased the 17-year stem volume yield compared with no scarification. The results also indicate that the difference in stem biomass yield between ploughing and the other methods, especially no soil scarification, will increase even more in the near future. 相似文献