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1.
The 3–4 year monitoring study showed that fluctuations in durian (Durio zibethintts Murray) leaf and soil nutrient element levels were closely related to seasonal changes in the crop phenology. The leaf sampling method was standardized taking the 5th and 6th mature green leaf from the shoot tip. The best sampling time was determined to be in November where the coefficient of variability for most nutrient elements were the lowest at or lower than 20%. Tentative standards for durian leaf nutrient elements were set up taking the 95% confidence interval of the means at this sampling stage. All the leaf macro elements, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), sulfur (S), and the micro elements, zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and iron (Fe) declined or were lower during fruit set and development from September to end of fruit harvest in January. Leaf N was also the lowest in July and leaf P at the tail end of harvest. Soil N, P, and the bases K, Ca, and Mg also exhibited similar trends, lower during fruit development especially in October‐November and were lower during active leaf flushing from March to May.  相似文献   

2.
Field experiments were conducted during 1994–1995 in seven apple (Malus spp.) orchards located in the southwest of Finland (the mainland and the Åland Islands). The cultivars were ‘Transparente Blanche’, ‘Samo’, ‘Melba’, ‘Raike’, ‘Red Atlas’, ‘Åkerö’, ‘Aroma’, and ‘Lobo’. Leaf samples from branches bearing fruits (BF) and not‐bearing fruits (BNF) were collected two times during the growing seasons. Fruit samples were picked about one week before commercial maturity. Macronutrient concentrations in fruits and leaves, fruit diameter and juice pH, titratable acidity (TA) and soluble solids concentrations (SSC) were determined. Leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were higher, but calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) were lower in BNF. Branch types (BF and BNF) were closely related in leaf N, P, and Ca, but not in leaf K and Mg at the first sampling time. Fruit N, P, K, and Mg were closely related to each other but not to fruit Ca. Mean fruit N and Ca and leaf P and Mg were low compared with the recommended levels. Relationships between fruit and leaf nutrient concentrations were found only in P and Mg. Fruit diameter increased and juice SSC decreased with increasing leaf N concentration. Fruit P declined with increasing fruit diameter and juice TA increased and SSC/TA decreased with increasing leaf P and Ca concentrations.  相似文献   

3.
Abstract

The youngest fully expanded mature leaf of each plant was sampled from a factorial N and K fertilization field trial on July 4, August 22, October 27 and December 4. Nutrient uptake was not very active during the late autumn and winter. On the first sampling date no differences in leaf N content were observed among the different fertilization treatments, probably because of a dilution effect. During the remainder of the growing season, N fertilization generally affected leaf nutrient values. The levels of all the nutrients tested decreased during the harvesting period, but, with the exception of N, remained within the Californian standards. Nitrogen content decreased during the harvesting season to levels of about 1 %, for both fertilized plants and unfertilized controls, indicating that either no uptake was taking place during the late harvesting period, or that all N was being transported to fruit. Leaf K levels should not be higher than about 1.65% at the beginning of the harvesting season, as leaf levels of 1.80% were associated with soil K levels of 80 ppm, which resulted in decreased yield and fruit size. There is no single time at which leaves should be sampled for diagnostic purposes, and different standards for leave analyses should be developed for different periods during the growing season.  相似文献   

4.
Abstract

A nutritional survey of 23 commercial peach orchards was carried out in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Areas (M.I.A.) of New South Wales during three growing seasons (1961–62, 1962–63 and 1963–64). Sampling sites were chosen to provide the widest possible coverage of peach orchards of above average productivity. Leaf and soil samples were taken from each site for chemical analysis.

The lighter textured (loamy sand) soils were found to have low reserves of N, P, Ca, Mg and K which could limit growth and yield. The heavier textured colluvial (sandy loam) and alluvial (clay loam) soils contained adequate reserves of most nutrients except N and P. Colluvial soils were particularly low in P. On all soils organic matter contents were very low, generally being below 1.0%.

Leaf N, P, K and B contents decreased during the growing season from October to April. In contrast, leaf Ca, Mg, Na and Cl contents increased over the same period. Since there was a tendency for the leaf N and P contents to decrease slightly during January, this month is suggested as being the most suitable for the collection of leaf samples for diagnostic purposes. Despite the low reserves of some nutrients as indicated by soil analysis, generally satisfactory levels of leaf N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, B, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn were found.  相似文献   

5.
Abstract

Differences in elemental content of pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wang.) K. Koch] leaves among cultivars were found for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn and Zn. Of the 7 elements studied, only leaf K indicated a date by cultivar interaction. Differences in leaf K among cultivars became greater as the season progressed. Increasing rate of application of N‐P‐K fertilizer increased leaf N, Ca, Mn, and Al, but had very little or erratic effect on leaf P, K, Fe, B, Cu, Zn, and Sr. There were very few consistent significant fertilizer rate by date interactions for the 13 elements tested. Seasonal trends for element leaf contents from mid‐May through October were generally downward for N, upward for Ca, Mn, Fe, B, Cu, Al, and Ba and changed very little for Mg, Zn, and Sr. Leaf P and K responses to sampling date varied with year. Large year to year variations in leaf trends over dates suggests difficulty in selecting a period for leaf sampling where little change in leaf levels consistently occurs.  相似文献   

6.
The main objective of this work was to evaluate if inflorescence analysis could be considered as an alternative to foliar diagnosis in determining the nutritional status of the olive orchards. Olive leaves from ‘Arbequina’ and ‘Chetoui’ cultivars in irrigated and rained systems were sampled within 8 phenological growth stages (dormant inflorescence bud, cluster development, petals whitening, fruit set, fruit development, stone hardening, fruit color break, and fruit ripening) from different sites of Tunisia during 2006 and 2007. Inflorescence samples were taken at petal whitening stage. Results showed that when ignoring the site of experimentation, some significant correlations were obtained between leaves and inflorescence during both years for ‘Arbequina’, at the stone hardening stage: standard date for leaf sampling, for nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn). Further work is required to assess the possibility of using inflorescence analysis to diagnose the nutritional status of olive trees.  相似文献   

7.
The present study aimed to compare the woody plant species richness and cover (%) of five abandoned olive groves and five maquis ecosystems in central Greece and to describe the relationship between woody plant species richness and a set of environmental variables [soil pH, nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and organic matter; air temperature and humidity; altitude; slope; type of ecosystem; and presence of leaf litter]. Although woody plants are abundant in the abandoned olive groves, the number of species and amount of cover (%) are significantly greater in maquis. According to principal component analysis, woody plant species richness was positively correlated with soil organic matter, plant litter, and soil P and K in maquis. Also, woody plant species richness was positively correlated with slope in the abandoned olive groves. Olive grove ecosystems abandoned for at least 12 years have developed species compositions similar to the corresponding features of neighboring maquis, although the number of species and amount of cover (%) are significantly greater in maquis.  相似文献   

8.
An experiment was conducted over 12 months using field-grown olive trees (Olea europaea) to assess the combined effect of soil water availability and fruit number on seasonal changes in leaf nitrogen (N) concentration. Three irrigation regimes were established and three trees per irrigation treatment were thinned to reduce their yield to about half that of unthinned trees. The N concentration of fully-expanded leaves from either the current-year growth or one-year old part of fruiting shoots was determined every two months. Nitrogen concentration was higher in current-year leaves than in one-year old ones at most sampling dates. Maximum values of leaf N were measured in spring, minimum values in August. Leaf N concentrations were positively correlated with leaf water potential during fruit development. This relationship was weak at the onset of rapid oil accumulation in August and became more evident at harvest. There was no correlation between leaf N and crop level.  相似文献   

9.
ABSTRACT

Variation in leaf nutrient composition with leaf age and position of leaflets was assessed for ‘Calcuttia’ and ‘Dehradun’ litchi cultivars under loam to sandy loam soils of north India. Leaf samples were collected from first to sixth pair of leaflets starting from the apex of terminal shoots to downward positions during December to May at monthly intervals at two locations for three successive years. The leaves were analyzed for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn concentrations. In both litchi cultivars, leaf N, P, Zn and Cu contents remained more in young leaves; whereas, leaf Ca, Mg, Mn and Fe contents were observed higher in older leaves. Leaf K concentration exhibited inconsistent patterns; however, leaf K concentration in pair of leaflets on the shoot declined basipetal, being maximum in upper pair of leaflets and minimum in lower pair of leaflets. Levels of macro and micronutrients exhibited a degree of stability at second and third pair of leaflets when sampled during February–March. Leaf compositions differed significantly during active vegetative growth, flowering, and fruit development. The results revealed that 4–5 months old leaves from autumn flush at second and third pair of leaflets from the apex of terminal litchi shoots at the advent of panicle initiation (February–March) should be collected to assess the nutritional concentrations of litchi orchards under North India conditions.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract

White yam (Dioscorea rotundata cv. Olonko) was grown consecutively for three growing seasons, i.e. from February to October of 1975, 1976 and 1977, and treated with six levels of nitrogen, viz: 0, 40, 60, 120, 160 and 200 kg N/ha in the field. Leaf samples were taken at four stages of growth as follows: vegetative, tuber formation, tuber development and tuber maturation, and analyzed for NO3‐N, P, K, Ca and Mg.

Increasing nitrogen fertilization consistently increased leaf‐NO3‐N, particularly at the vegetative stages of growth, while no consistent trend was established for leaf‐P. Leaf‐K was increased at low rate of nitrogen fertilization during tuber formation and maturation whereas leaf‐Ca increased only at tuber maturation in the presence of higher rates of nitrogen fertilization. There was a marked increase in leaf‐Mg at all stages of growth when N treatment was increased to 200 kg N/ha. A positive correlation (r = 0.84???) was obtained for leaf‐K at the vegetative growth stage with tuber yield, while leaf‐Mg was positively correlated with tuber yield at vegetative (r = 0.46?), tuber formation (r = 0.50?) and tuber development (r = 0.67??) stages. All other elements were negatively correlated with yield at all stages of growth. Tuber yield was highest at the 200 kg N/ha treatment.  相似文献   

11.
Leaf and soil samples were taken and analyzed from two mature biological olive groves (Olea europaea L., cv. ‘Chondrolia Chalkidikis’), in Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Northern Greece, in order to determine the correlations between soil exchangeable cations and foliar calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and potassium (K) concentrations, and the interrelations among leaf nutrients. Τhe nutritional requirements of trees for both biological groves were exclusively based on patent kali supply and nutrient recycling (via pruning material and weed cut recycling). Foliar K, Ca and Mg were positively correlated with soil exchangeable K, Ca and Mg, in the 40–60 cm layer, then in the 20–40 cm layer. Synergistic uptake mechanisms among Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+ probably exist. Leaf N was negatively correlated with foliar K, and positively with leaf Ca, Mg and manganese (Mn). Foliar P was negatively correlated with leaf Ca, Mg and Mn, while foliar Ca was positively correlated with leaf Mg and Mn. Foliar Mg was positively related with leaf Mn. High phosphorus (P) may decrease leaf Ca, Mg and Mn. Enhanced Ca may increase leaf Mg and Mn, while high Mg may also enhance foliar Mn. Finally, based on the determination of foliar nutrient concentrations, the nutritional requirements of olive trees in Ca, Mg, K, P, Fe, Zn were sufficiently (or over-sufficiently) satisfied. However, additional organic fertilization is needed, in order to achieve optimum levels of N, B and Mn (since their foliar concentrations were slightly insufficient). The correlations between leaf and soil exchangeable Ca, Mg and K, as well as among foliar nutrients should be taken into consideration, in order to achieve successful organic fertilization for mature biological olive groves, and to avoid nutritional imbalances and disorders.  相似文献   

12.
为阐明不同天然林叶片C、N、P化学计量特征及季节变化规律,了解植物对环境的适应策略,以陕西省子午岭林区桥山林场的油松和辽东栎天然次生林为研究对象,对其生长季内不同月份叶片的C、N、P含量及其计量比进行了分析。结果表明:(1)油松叶片C、N、P含量及其计量比分别为48.06%,1.15%,0.11%和42.58,473.22,11.02,辽东栎叶片C、N、P含量及其计量比分别为43.16%,2.10%,0.19%和25.47,380.18,14.49;两树种叶片各指标季节间变异系数表现为C含量最小,P含量最大。(2)两树种叶片C、N、P含量及其计量比在整个生长季内的变化规律不一致,油松叶片C含量在4—6月显著下降,之后保持平稳状态,8月后显著上升,至10月基本与4月持平;而辽东栎叶片C含量在整个生长季内变化不明显。油松叶片N含量在6月前较稳定,6—8月显著下降,随后显著上升,至10月基本与6月持平;辽东栎叶片N含量在4—6月显著下降,随后保持稳定,8月后再次显著下降,并在10月达到最低值。油松叶片P含量在8月前变化不明显,8月后显著上升,并在10月达到最高值;辽东栎叶片P含量在4月到6月显著下降,随后基本不变。两树种C∶N和C∶P的变化与N、P浓度相反;油松叶片N∶P在4—6月显著下降,6—8月显著上升,8—10月再次显著下降,辽东栎叶片N∶P在6月前显著上升并达到最高值,6—10月显著下降。(3)叶片C含量和C∶N主要受树种的影响,其他各指标受树种与月份交互作用的影响最大。(4)油松叶片C含量显著高于辽东栎,N含量显著低于辽东栎,因此,C∶N显著高于辽东栎,而辽东栎叶片的N∶P显著高于油松,但P含量和C∶P在两者之间无显著性差异。除叶片C含量外,各指标季节间变异系数均表现为油松小于辽东栎。研究结果丰富了天然林生态化学计量学的研究,同时也为黄土丘陵沟壑区的森林恢复与管理工作提供了一定的理论依据。  相似文献   

13.
Leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), iron (Fe), and manganese (Mn) in ‘Sterling’ muscadine grapes (Vitis rotundifolia Michaux) grown for two years in sand culture were not influenced by different N‐fertilizer sources. Leaf zinc (Zn) and copper (Cu) were higher with ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3)than ammonium sulfate [(NH4)2SO4]. Shoot growth was greatest with NH4NO3. Leaf Ca, Mg, Mn, and Cu content decreased and leaf N increased as N‐fertilizer rates were raised. Plant growth was positively correlated with leaf N, but was negatively correlated with leaf Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, and Mn content. Percent Mg in the leaves was reduced when N levels, regardless of N source, were raised from the low (1.8 mM) to the middle (5.4 mM) rate. High leaf‐N levels were correlated with lower Ca and Mg in the leaves, indicating a relationship between N fertilization and the late‐season Mg deficiency often observed in muscadine grapes.  相似文献   

14.
Abstract

Leaf analysis is a tool for effective fertilizer recommendations in fruit trees. To achieve this goal, a suitable leaf sampling method is a very important step. This study aimed to investigate suitable leaf position and leaf age to establish standardized leaf sampling method, which can collect representative leaf sample for leaf nutrient analysis in rose apple cultivar Tubtimjan. The experiment consisted of 3 leaf positions (1st, 2nd, and 3rd leaf position) from the growing tip and 1-8?months leaf age. The results indicated that the suitable leaf position to be the index leaves were 2nd and 3rd leaf position with 6–7?months old leaf age due to minimum variation of the leaf nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) concentrations. Moreover, the concentrations of N, P, and K tended to decrease, whereas, Ca, Mg, Fe, Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations tended to increase as leaf age increased.  相似文献   

15.
Leaves of olive (Olea europaea var. minor rotunda) were collected from mature non-irrigated trees in an “off” year, at monthly intervals, from May 2015 to April 2016. Leaf concentrations of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn) and boron (B) were determined. Seasonal fluctuation curves were developed for each nutrient, in order to use them for interpretation of leaf analysis. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg showed significant fluctuation throughout the year, while B, Fe, Mn and Zn showed less intense changes. Nutrient accumulation varied according to tree vegetative growth and weather conditions.  相似文献   

16.
Abstract

The effects of increasing levels of NaCl in the irrigation water on the foliar content of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, and Mn of six citrus seedling varieties were studied. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions in a factorial design. Treatments consisted of addition of irrigation waters containing 1.5, 10, 20, and 40 me NaCl/l. Increasing salinity significantly decreased K and Mn contents and increased those of N and Mg. Leaf content of P, Ca, and Fe was not affected. Results also showed that seedling variety and sampling data had a significant effect on the mineral composition of the leaf.  相似文献   

17.
亚热带红壤侵蚀区马尾松针叶生态化学计量特征   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
张欣影  宁秋蕊    李守中    姜良超    刘溶  张昊泽  陶晶晶 《水土保持研究》2017,24(2):156-161
为了解亚热带红壤侵蚀区马尾松（Pinus massoniana）针叶碳（C）、氮（N）、磷（P）化学计量特征,在长汀河田地区选取12个样点并采集四个叶龄阶段的马尾松针叶作为研究对象,测定其C,N,P含量并分析C:N:P化学计量特征。结果表明:（1）叶片中C,N,P的变化范围分别为（482.15±9.35）~（512.7±6.56）mg/g,（7.35±0.75）~（10.49±1.34）mg/g,（0.21±0.04）~（0.71±0.21）mg/g。不同叶龄阶段的C,N,P含量有显著差异。C随叶龄增长整体含量增长幅度较小,变异系数仅为2.8%;N,P绝对含量较低,在叶片生长后期含量显著下降（p < 0.05）。（2）C:N:P计量比变化与叶龄有关。N/P变化范围为（15.42±3.08）~（36.43±8.08）,N/P随叶龄增加而逐渐增大,说明该地区马尾松养分限制因素的变化与叶龄有显著关系,随叶龄的增长受P限制表现更为突出。（3）马尾松针叶N,P含量有极显著正相关关系,C,P含量存在显著负相关关系,N,P元素间协同变化显著。本研究初步阐明了马尾松针叶不同叶龄阶段C,N,P化学计量特征及其变化规律,为深刻了解亚热带红壤侵蚀区先锋树种马尾松的养分利用特征和机制提供理论基础。  相似文献   

18.
Abstract

The chemical diagnosis of nutritional status of Bael (Aegle marmelos Correa) tree by leaf analysis was done to study the effect of leaf age and leaf position on foliar nutrient composition of Bael. The results showed that leaf age has significant influence on leaf mineral content, whereas the position of leaf on shoot did not have any significant effect. Interactions between leaf age and position were found to be significant for nitrogen, boron and iron content. In general, stability in level of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) contents was observed in November–December (6‐ to 7‐month‐old leaves) and calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) showed their stability in 2‐to 3‐month‐old leaves (July–August). The contents of boron (B), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) were found stabilized in September–October (3‐ to 4‐month‐old leaves), indicating their suitability for sampling in Bael.  相似文献   

19.
A trial was conducted during two years (2000/01 and 2001/02) on two sites using ‘Shambar’ grapefruit trees grafted to five rootstocks. The sites were located on the Greek island of Kos to evaluate the effect of rootstock and location on fruit production and leaf mineral composition of ‘Shambar’ grapefruit. Results indicated that yields were higher in 2001/02 than in 2000/01 and these differences were greater at site 2. Leaf nitrogen (N), potassium (K), zinc (Zn), and to some degree phosphorus (P) content was slightly deficient to deficient for the majority of the samples taken. Calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) levels ranged from normal to high. The copper (Cu) and iron (Fe) leaf contents and the manganese (Mn) content of most samples were in the optimum range. The interactions between rootstock, site, and year upon yield and nutrient content were statistically significant. There were also significant correlation coefficients between yield and nutrient content as well as among the nutrients.  相似文献   

20.
Growth and biochemical parameters of leaves, flower buds and flowers of olive (Olea europaea L. cv. Chemlali) treated by foliar biofertilization (T0: untreated trees; T1: rich in nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K); T2: rich in calcium (Ca); T3: application of T1 and T2) were analyzed during the flowering stage. The results showed that T1 resulted in higher contents of leaf N, K, and Na. T1 and T3 resulted in an increase of pigment concentration in leaves. All foliar treatments affected negatively the contents of total polyphenols and orthodiphenols in leaves and flower buds. Lower amounts of individual phenolic compounds were detected in the leaves under all foliar bio-fertilizations and in flower buds of olive trees sprayed with T2 and T3. This decrease is explained by the lower enzymatic activity of l-phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. In flowers, T1 exhibits the highest levels of total polyphenols, o-diphenols, and individual phenolic compounds compared to T0.  相似文献   

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