首页 | 本学科首页   官方微博 | 高级检索  
相似文献
 共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 46 毫秒
1.
During a 2-year period, bacterial fish pathogens were monitored on five rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), freshwater farms in Denmark. A total of 1206 fish were examined and 361 bacterial isolates were identified phenotypically. Enteric redmouth disease, furunculosis and rainbow trout fry syndrome/coldwater disease were recorded. Infections caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum occurred most frequently, but only one outbreak of enteric redmouth disease caused by Yersinia ruckeri serotype O1 and one of furunculosis caused by Aeromonas salmonicida were recorded during the monitoring period. Flavobacterium psychrophilum was isolated on all farms, both during disease outbreaks and from fish without any signs of disease. Serological investigations of F. psychrophilum showed that serotype Th was the dominant serotype found. The serotypes Th and Fd were involved in disease outbreaks of fry and larger fish. All isolates of F. psychrophilum showed proteolytic activities; however, a few isolates, belonging to serotype FpT did not degrade elastin and were not associated with mortality. Increasing resistance problems to oxytetracycline were demonstrated. More than half of the F. psychrophilum isolates showed resistance to oxolinic acid and oxytetracycline. No antibiotic resistant isolates were found among Y. ruckeri and A. salmonicida .  相似文献   

2.
Abstract. Eighty isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida , recovered from separate outbreaks of furunculosis in farmed and wild salmon in Scotland during 1988 and 1989, were examined for susceptibility to the β-lactam antibiotic amoxycillin. Susceptibility was determined in terms of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). All of the A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida isolates investigated were susceptible to amoxycillin, with MICs of 0.30–1.50mg1-1. All of the A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes isolates tested were resistant to amoxycillin, with MICs in excess of 500mgl-1. The A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes produced a β-lactamase enzyme with a pI of approximately 8.0. The enzyme was inducible and its production was unaffected by plasmid curing with ethidium bromide, suggesting that resistance was chromosomal rather than plasmid mediated.  相似文献   

3.
In this study, exotoxins produced by 62 Aeromonas salmonicida strains and the bacterium Haemophilus piscium were analysed. Enzymatic assays, zymograms and serological detection were used to monitor secretion by bacterial strains of the previously described exotoxins P1, GCAT and AsaP1 and also the extracellular P2 metallo-gelatinase and a serine caseinase, which is different from the P1 protease and has not yet been characterized. Based on the results, the strains were divided into five groups. One comprised the type strains for A. salmonicida ssp. masoucida, H. piscium and 36% of the atypical isolates, and another, a type strain for A. salmonicida ssp. smithia together with 14% of the atypical isolates. A second type strain of A. salmonicida ssp. smithia was grouped with 8% of the atypical isolates. The largest group contained the type strains for A. salmonicida ssp. achromogenes and 38% of the atypical isolates. The type strains for A. salmonicida ssp. salmonicida were in the last group with all the four typical strains and 4% of the atypical isolates. The combination of zymogram and serological detection used is recommended as the most reliable method for characterizing A. salmonicida strains according to their exotoxin secretion.  相似文献   

4.
To determine the dynamics of the transmission of Aeromonas salmonicida ssp. salmonicida infection, chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, were exposed to bacteria by cohabitation. The latent period (time between exposure and infectivity) was determined by exposing a group of chinook salmonid fingerlings to A. salmonicida by bath, then, at daily intervals, by holding five exposed (donor) fish with approximately 50 naive fish for 24 h. The latent period was 3 days post-infection and the time period between the initial exposure to bacteria and the beginning of bacterial shedding was 4.5 days for the same animals. The prevalence and intensity of infection in the donor fish, to which recipient fish were exposed, i.e. the level of exposure, was highly correlated with the development of disease in recipient (susceptible) chinook salmon (r2 = 0.57). An experiment was conducted to determine the daily progress of infection and development of a furunculosis epidemic among recipient fish by cohabiting a single exposed fish with 43 unexposed salmon. At daily intervals, all fish (in seven treatment tanks and one control tank daily) were sacrificed and tested for the presence of A. salmonicida in the kidney (n = 3520). Over 10 days, mean prevalence among recipient fish reached 75% and disease related mortality exceeded 50%. Bacterial concentrations in the water continued to increase over the duration of the experiment in concert with the number of infected animals present in the population.  相似文献   

5.
雌核发育彭泽鲫后代理论上应为全雌群体,前期研究发现实验室养殖彭泽鲫F1代(相比池塘养殖)和实验室高密度养殖F2代(1.28尾/L,相比低密度0.64尾/L)组中出现了高比例的雄鱼。之前研究认为Vtg B和ZP2基因是雌性特异性表达的基因,本试验对F1、F2代雌雄鱼Vtg B和ZP2表达及卵黄蛋白原含量差异进行研究,结果发现,实验室养殖F1代雄鱼性腺中Vtg B和ZP2的表达分别极显著和显著高于雌鱼(P0.01,P0.05);池塘养殖F1代雄鱼性腺中Vtg B和ZP2的表达分别极显著高于和低于雌鱼(P0.01);F2代低密度养殖组中雄鱼性腺中ZP2的表达极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01)。实验室养殖F1代雄鱼肝胰脏中Vtg B和ZP2的表达分别极显著高于和低于雌鱼(P0.01);池塘养殖F1代雄鱼肝胰脏Vtg B和ZP2的表达均极显著低于雌鱼(P0.01);F2代雄鱼肝胰脏中Vtg B和ZP2的表达极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01)。F1代实验室养殖雄鱼全鱼卵黄蛋白原含量极显著低于雌鱼(P0.01);F1代池塘养殖雄鱼性腺、肝胰脏中卵黄蛋白原含量分别极显著高于和低于雌鱼(P0.01);F2代雄鱼性腺、肝胰脏中卵黄蛋白原含量极显著高于雌鱼(P0.01)。本研究表明,彭泽鲫Vtg B和ZP2基因并非雌性特异性表达,且不同的养殖方式、密度影响雌雄鱼Vtg B和ZP2表达及卵黄蛋白原含量。  相似文献   

6.
Abstract. A bath challenge system was used to infect carp. Cyprinus carpio L., with Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. nova , the causative agent of carp cruthrodermatitis. Bath-challenged fish became infected with the bacterium exihibitinng typical signs of the disease, Carp that were sublethally bath exposed became infected and exhibited some skin lesions, but after one week, these quickly healed and the animals fully recovered from the infection, Naive fish that had not been previously exposed to the bacterium had mortalities of 100% when infected by the subcutaneous route and 40–60% by the bath route of infection. Carp that received sublethal infections were able to withstand subsequent lethal infection and recover regardless of the route of infection. Sublethally bath-exposed carp were protected from subsequently lethal challenges of A. salmonicida subsp. nova for at least 5 months.  相似文献   

7.
Abstract. Aeromonas salmonicida was studied at fish farms producing salmonid smolts in northern and central Finland from 1982 onwards. Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida has been causing epizootics in salmon, Salmo salar L., and trout, S. trutta L., at two coastal farms in northern Finland sinee 1986, involving 1–29% mortality in the fish-rearing units affceted. The disease causes more serious losses of sea trout yearlings and brood fish than of salmon. The achromogenic atypical A. salmonicida proved to be the most common bacterial disease in brown and sea trout at one farm in northern Finland throughout the period, causing constant heavy losses, mainly of fingerlings, especially in 1982–1986. It was found only occasionally in central Finland. Pigment-producing atypical A- salmonicida caused mortality among brown trout at one farm in northern Finland and one in central Finland.  相似文献   

8.
Recently, we examined the specific resistance of two carp lines (W and R8) and their hybrid, to experimental bath challenges with atypical Aeromonas salmonicida. These experiments indicated a genetic difference in resistance, the W carp being most susceptible. In the present study, fish of the same spawnings were grown in pond culture, to examine the correlation between disease resistance observed in the laboratory and survival rate in the field, as well as to examine the production potential of the hybrid. Hybrid advantage resulted in higher average weights at the field samplings. Correlation of the field survival rates with specific resistance to A. salmonicida was pronounced. Survival of the W carp after winter was much lower (47%) than survival of the R8 (93%) and hybrid carp (93%).  相似文献   

9.
Abstract. A bacterium resembling Aeromonas salmonicida and determined to be the aetiologic agent of a cutaneous ulcerative disease in goldfish Carassius auratus (L.) was further characterized in this study.
Forty-five isolates of the bacterium (43 from the United States and one each position (moles % guanine plus cytosine) and DNA homology. The bacteriological atypical A. salmonicida previously described. Several important biochemical characteristics distinguished the goldfish isolates from typical A. salmanicida , but the DNA binding experiments indicated a high degree of relatedness between the goldfish isolates and typical A. salmonicida strains.  相似文献   

10.
Abstract. Antibiotic sensitivity patterns of 304 isolates of Aeromonas salmonicida from 229 outbreaks of furunculosis among salmon in Scotland between 1988 and 1990 were investigated. Fifty-five per cent were resistant to oxytetracycline and 37% resistant to oxolinic acid. Multiple resistance was common (52%) and 18 out of 19 antibiograms which were found in the first year recurred in the succeeding year. More than a quarter of the outbreaks were associated with two or more A. salmonicida variants distinguishable by their antibiotic sensitivity patterns. The implications of these findings in the control of furunculosis are considered.  相似文献   

11.
Abstract. Strains of Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida , the agent of furunculosis disease of salmonid fish, have fairly uniform plasmid patterns. Of 35 strains examined by agarose gel electrophoresis, 28 had a pattern consisting of four small plasmids (4.2, 3.6, 3.5, 3.3 Mda) and a larger plasmid. The larger plasmid was most often 50–56 Mda, but it was larger in some strains. In the remaining seven strains, the same general profile was seen, but one of the small plasmids was missing. An additional plasmid was present in six strains. The pattern seen in 30 strains collected from Ontario fish over an 8-year period did not differ significantly from five reference isolates from other locations. Plasmid profiles of A. salmonicida strains appear too uniform to provide a useful epidemiological tool. The non-pigmented. atypical strains of A. salmonicida subsp. achromogenes and A. salmonicida subsp. masoucida, A. media , and brown-pigmented strains of A. hydrophila had different plasmid DNA profiles, which were distinct from those of typical isolates of A. salmonicida subsp. salmonicida . Antibiotic susceptibility patterns, determined by the agar dilution method, were uniform for most typical strains. A non-transferable resistance to tetracyclmes was found in two Ontario isolates, but antibiotic resistance was relatively uncommon among the Ontario isolates.  相似文献   

12.
Abstract. The spread of goldfish ulcer disease (GUD) from Victoria to New South Wales, Australia, and the first isolation of Aeromonas salmonicida from wild goldfish are reported. Cultural, biochemical and protein SDS-PAGE characteristics of these recent isolates are compared with those of existing Australian isolates, with strains recovered from goldfish in Italy and the USA (atypical strains) and with strain ATCC 14174 (typical strain). The Australian isolates were identical and closely resembled the exotic atypical strains. Although there were several biochemical differences between the atypical isolates and the typical ATCC 14174 strain, the results of SDS-PAGE confirmed that these strains were closely related. The homology of the Australian and overseas strains recovered from goldfish supports the common view that A. salmonicida was introduced first into Australia with diseased goldfish in 1974. The three widely separated outbreaks of GUD reported here confirm that an atypical strain of A. salmonicida is now endemic in Australia.  相似文献   

13.
Vaccination of sea-ranched Atlantic salmon was conducted in order to investigate if immuno-prophylactic measures could improve their survival. Fish were either vaccinated by bath or injection. A total of 66 000 fish were reared in fresh water at a hatchery on the island of Bornholm and at the presmolt stage were separated in three groups each comprising of 22 000 fish. One group was vaccinated intraperitoneally with a polyvalent vaccine (containing killed Vibrio anguillarum serotype O1 and O2, Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonas salmonicida ). A second group was bath vaccinated with the corresponding vaccine-components and the third group was used as a non-vaccinated control. One month after vaccination these groups were allocated to three separate net-pens located 500 m from the coastline of the island. After 4 months in the net-pens, 1000 fish from each cage were tagged with Carlin-tags below the dorsal fin. The fish were then released for a migration period in the Baltic Sea. Following a sea period of 40 months (45 months post-vaccination), the recapture rates of the groups were calculated from the returned tags from fishermen. Recapture of the injection vaccinated group was significantly higher (25%) compared with the bath vaccinated fish (14.7%) and the control group (16.8%).  相似文献   

14.
To further characterize the putative role of constitutive and inducible plasma proteins in innate resistance to furunculosis, the present authors compared the alterations in profiles of plasma proteins in resistant and susceptible salmonids, i.e. rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), and brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), respectively. Rainbow trout were injected with prednisolone acetate and exposed to higher water temperature (18 °C versus 10 °C), or injected with purified lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from a virulent strain of Aeromonas salmonicida , and plasma components were examined by two-dimensional polyacrylamide electrophoresis . Two days after A. salmonicida LPS exposure, rainbow trout had a four- to five-fold increase in concentrations of plasma proteins composed of p48, p19 and p16 subunits, and a significant decrease in a 100-kDa protein group. Consistent elevation or depletion of proteins corresponding to previously reported rainbow trout A. salmonicida LPS-binding pentraxins and lectins in plasma were not observed. Brook trout exposed to A. salmonicida LPS did not have any consistent plasma protein changes. There were no significant alterations in major plasma proteins following temperature shock and prednisolone acetate administration in rainbow trout plasma. These studies demonstrate that rainbow trout with LPS-induced sterile inflammation have few alterations in major plasma proteins or LPS-binding proteins, and do not exhibit the spectrum of acute phase changes induced by inflammation in mammals.  相似文献   

15.
Abstract. The feasibility of including individual records on correlated traits in a family selection programme which aims to increase resistance to furunculosis in Atlantic salmon was studied; markers were selected because of their potential role in the pathogenesis of the disease. Fibrinogen and α2-antiplasmin both show genetic variation; both are correlated with survival after challenge with Aeromonas salmonicida , the correlation being 0·44 and 0·37 ( P < 0·05), respectively, and it is possible to measure both on a large scale at low costs. Contrary to α2-antiplasmin, fibrinogen was negatively correlated with survival due to furunculosis within the 10 most resistant families and within the 10 most susceptible families in contrast to an overall positive correlation. This inconsistency could be attributable to the presence of different allelic phases in different families, and of major linked loci influencing survival and fibrinogen levels. Thus, only α2-antiplasmin fulfils the requirements for a marker trait for resistance to the disease suitable for individual selection at the population level, whereas the use of fibrinogen would be restricted to within family selection. The full statistical model explained 51% of the variation in resistance to furunculosis, and α2-antiplasmin contributed 15% to this variation when considered as a separate entity. Thus, the additional gain from including individual records on α2-antiplasmin in a family selection programme could be significant.  相似文献   

16.
Three groups of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., were exposed to live, colony-forming, radiolabelled Aeromonas salmonicida bacteria in a bath challenge: (1) fish with artificial wounds; (2) fish with a reduced epidermal mucus layer caused by removal of the mucus layer on two occasions by a swabbing procedure; and (3) a control group of untreated fish. Fish were killed 2, 6 and 24 h after challenge, and radioactivity (cpm g–1) was measured in the blood, mucus, skin, wound area, gills, anterior kidney, posterior kidney, spleen, midgut and hindgut. The highest levels of radioactivity were measured in the wound areas and in the gills. There was a significant positive correlation between the levels of radioactivity in the gills and blood, and between the mucus and skin at 2 h post-challenge. Two hours after the bath challenge, live A. salmonicida bacteria were found in the blood of fish in the 'swabbed' and 'artificial wound' groups, and not in the control group. Twenty-four hours after the bath challenge, the kidney of fish from all groups contained viable bacteria, whereas the blood was negative.  相似文献   

17.
Two series of experimental challenge trials were performed for evaluation of multivalent oil‐adjuvanted vaccines with and without an infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV) antigen component. In both the trial series, Atlantic salmon were hatched, reared, vaccinated and subjected to temperature and light manipulation to induce smoltification. When ready for sea the fish were transported to the VESO Vikan experimental laboratory for bath or cohabitant challenge with IPNV. In the first series, four vaccination and bath challenge trials involving 2‐year classes of experimental fish were conducted. In the second series, three groups of eyed eggs of Atlantic salmon allegedly differing in their innate resistance to IPNV were used (Storset, Strand, Wetten, Kjøglum & Ramstad 2007). Hatching, rearing and smoltification were synchronized for each group, and fish from each genetic group were randomly allocated IPN vaccine, reference vaccine or saline before being placed into parallel tanks for bath or cohabitant challenge. In the first series of trials, IPN‐specific mortality commenced on day 10–12 after bath challenge. Replicates showed similar results. In trials 1 and 2 belonging to the same experimental fish year class, the average cumulative control mortality reached 60.6% and 79.5%, respectively, whereas in trials 3 and 4 belonging to the following year class the control mortality was consistently below 50%. In the second series of trials, the experimental fish originating from allegedly IPN susceptible parents consistently showed the highest cumulative mortality among the unvaccinated controls (>75%) whereas smolts derived from allegedly IPNV resistant parents showed only 26–35% control mortality. The IPN‐vaccinated fish experienced significantly improved survival vs. the fish immunized with reference vaccine, with RPS values above 75% in the IPN susceptible strain. In the IPN resistant strain, the protection outcomes were variable and in part non‐significant. The outcome of both the trial series suggests that control mortalities above 50% are necessary to reliably demonstrate specific protection with IPN vaccines.  相似文献   

18.
The severity of gill damage (percentage of gill lamellae with lytic lesions) was determined in juveniles from 10 USDA 103 line channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus full‐sib families, 10 channel catfish×blue catfish I. furcatus backcross hybrid (7/8 channel catfish, 1/8 blue catfish) full‐sib families and a mixed‐family group of blue catfish placed in a commercial catfish pond experiencing proliferative gill disease (PGD)‐related fish mortalities. An initial challenge was conducted with all families, and a second challenge was conducted using the two most susceptible (most gill damage) channel catfish and backcross hybrid families and the two most resistant (least gill damage) channel catfish and backcross hybrid families. In the initial challenge, percentage gill damage was not different between channel catfish (12.3%) and backcross hybrids (11.6%), but was lower in blue catfish (0.2%). Mean percentage gill damage in the second challenge was not different among resistant backcross hybrid families (6.9%), resistant channel catfish families (7.6%) and blue catfish (4.8%), but was higher in susceptible backcross hybrid and channel catfish families (19.0% and 11.9% respectively). The correlation among family means for gill damage from challenge 1 and challenge 2 was r=0.87. Consistent differences between channel catfish and blue catfish and between resistant and susceptible families within genetic groups for gill damage after PGD challenge suggest that there is a genetic component for resistance to PGD and that improving PGD resistance through selection may be possible.  相似文献   

19.
Genetic variation in susceptibility of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., to furunculosis, bacterial kidney disease (BKD) and cold water vibriosis was studied by challenge testing one-year-old fingerlings. Fish from 81 full-sib families within 32 sire progeny groups were infected with Aeromonas salmonicida, Renibacterium salmoninarum and Vibrio salmonicida. Estimated heritabilities were relatively low, being highest for BKD (h2= 0.23) and lowest for cold water vibriosis (h2= 0.13). Genetic correlations between the ability to survive the diseases were all positive, but the magnitude of the genetic correlation between furunculosis and BKD may be biased upwards because some of the dead BKD fish were also infected with furunculosis. The application of selection to develop resistant populations of Atlantic salmon is advocated. Challenge testing seems to be a feasible method, with relatively low costs and easy management. The future response to selection will depend on the relationships between results from a challenge test and mortalities under farming conditions and between disease resistance and other traits in the breeding goal.  相似文献   

20.
采用重测序方法,利用牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)野生个体,扩增了牙鲆丝氨酸蛋白酶(Serine protease) I-1基因的编码区(CDS)和2605 bp的启动子序列。在牙鲆丝氨酸蛋白酶I-1基因(PoSP I-1)编码区中筛选出9个单核苷酸多态性位点(SNPs),同时在其启动子区筛选出28个SNP位点。对感染鳗弧菌的抗病牙鲆和易感牙鲆进行了部分SNP位点的分型,通过分析CDS中SNP位点的分布情况,发现SNP365A/G位点在抗病个体中的AG基因型的基因频率是60%,高于易感个体的40% (P=0.01)。qRT-PCR结果显示,易感个体在细菌感染后,PoSP I-1相对表达量相比对照组呈下降趋势。在抗病个体中,PoSP I-1相对表达量相比对照组呈上升趋势,且高于易感个体。结果表明,丝氨酸蛋白酶基因在牙鲆抗鳗弧菌感染中发挥重要作用,该基因的SNP365A/G位点是与牙鲆鳗弧菌感染相关的候选位点,该位点可作为牙鲆抗鳗弧菌选择育种的潜在标记。  相似文献   

设为首页 | 免责声明 | 关于勤云 | 加入收藏

Copyright©北京勤云科技发展有限公司  京ICP备09084417号