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1.
Organic farming system of winter wheat was investigated in Solvakia over three years, 1995–1997. The system was carried out
on a small scale (four plots of 50 m2). Neither pesticides nor inorganic fertilisers were applied. Effect of two treatments, ploughing and previous crop, on the
community of pests and natural enemies was surveyed. There were two types of ploughing (shallow and deep) made in autumn before
sowing. As previous crops, silage-maize and alfalfa were used each season. The effect of all factors was analysed by multivariate
method, redundancy analysis (RDA) and Monte Carlo permutation to assess statistical significance. During three years, 37 taxons
of pests and 27 taxons of natural enemies were recorded. The results of RDA showed that the community of insects (pests and
natural enemies) was mainly influenced by temporal variation. The highest abundance of all insects was observed in 1996. The
effect of the two treatments on the community of pests and natural enemies was less obvious. Pests were found to be significantly
more influenced by ploughingthan by previous crop. Most of pests occurred more abundantly on plots with shallow ploughing
and on plots after maize. Abundance of natural enemies were, however, significantly affected by previous crop. Majority of
them were more abundant on plots after maize than after alfalfa. Ploughing had only marginally significant effect on natural
enemies that were more abundant on shallow ploughed plots. Both ploughing and previous crop had only negligible effect on
species diversity of natural enemies. 相似文献
2.
Organic farming system of winter wheat was investigated in Solvakia over three years, 1995–1997. The system was carried out on a small scale (four plots of 50 m2). Neither pesticides nor inorganic fertilisers were applied. Effect of two treatments, ploughing and previous crop, on the community of pests and natural enemies was surveyed. There were two types of ploughing (shallow and deep) made in autumn before sowing. As previous crops, silage-maize and alfalfa were used each season. The effect of all factors was analysed by multivariate method, redundancy analysis (RDA) and Monte Carlo permutation to assess statistical significance. During three years, 37 taxons of pests and 27 taxons of natural enemies were recorded. The results of RDA showed that the community of insects (pests and natural enemies) was mainly influenced by temporal variation. The highest abundance of all insects was observed in 1996. The effect of the two treatments on the community of pests and natural enemies was less obvious. Pests were found to be significantly more influenced by ploughingthan by previous crop. Most of pests occurred more abundantly on plots with shallow ploughing and on plots after maize. Abundance of natural enemies were, however, significantly affected by previous crop. Majority of them were more abundant on plots after maize than after alfalfa. Ploughing had only marginally significant effect on natural enemies that were more abundant on shallow ploughed plots. Both ploughing and previous crop had only negligible effect on species diversity of natural enemies. 相似文献
3.
Ernesto Gianoli Isaías Ramos Armando Alfaro-Tapia Yolvi Valdéz Erik R. Echegaray Erick Yábar 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):283-289
Abstract In the Urubamba Valley, Peruvian Andes, we evaluated the abundance of insect pests and natural enemies in experimental plots where maize was grown either as monoculture, intercropped with beans, or intercropped with beans plus associated weeds. We also assessed the consequences of the cropping system for maize yield. The main insect pests recorded were Diabrotica spp. (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), Carpophilus sp. (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and Pagiocerus frontalis (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), and their overall abundance did not differ among crop diversity treatments. However, there was a significant adverse effect of crop diversity on the maximum abundance of both Carpophilus and Pagiocerus. The main beneficial arthropods were Paratriphleps sp. (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae), ladybirds and spiders, and their density did not differ among treatments. Maize yield did not decrease with increasing plant diversity. The reported benefits of intercropping, together with the associated efficiency in land use, make this traditional agricultural practice a valuable alternative to the use of pesticides, particularly for resource-poor Andean farmers. 相似文献
4.
Radek Michalko 《国际虫害防治杂志》2020,66(2):173-181
AbstractThe management practices in agroecosystems can alter the community structure of pests’ natural enemies, which can consequently disturb their biocontrol function. Here, we investigated how organic or conventional farming influence the community structure of arthropod predators (spiders, coccinelids, anthocorids, ants) in orchards. The three conventional orchards studied were plum tree monocultures where mainly fungicides were applied. The three organic orchards studied were dominated by plum trees with admixture of apple trees and no agrochemical was applied. We found that management significantly affected only spiders that were less abundant in the conventional orchards than in the organic orchards. In addition, the conventional management resulted in reduced species density and altered the community composition of spiders. The conventional management reduced the functional dispersion of spider body size, which may narrow the size-spectrum of pests that could be reduced by spiders. The conventional management also reduced abundances of foliage hunters and space-web spiders. Since these spiders are effective against various insect pests, the conventional management of applying fungicides might result in increased crop damage via increased insect pests. 相似文献
5.
R. J. Hillocks 《Integrated Pest Management Reviews》1998,3(3):155-167
Weed control is one of the most important crop protection activities undertaken in both intensive and low-input farming systems. However, even under intensive systems, crop protection which is less dependent on pesticides may require that weeds be managed to obtain a balance between crop and non-crop vegetation to encourage an increase in natural enemies of crop pests. In the low-input farming systems which sustain much of the rural population of Africa, weed control is usually done by hand and clean weeding is often beyond the labour resources of the farming family. The vegetational diversity of peasant agriculture in Africa to which weeds make their contribution, helps to decrease the risk of disease and pest epidemics. In addition to the pest control benefits of a diverse agroecosystem, weeds contribute to the resource base of the rural community, providing a source of secondary foods, medicines and insecticides. Weed control within an integrated crop protection system appropriate to the needs of the resource-poor farmer, requires that weeds are managed in such a way that their biodiversity is maintained and the more useful species retained within the field or field margin. Those weeds with high food potential or which have pesticidal or medicinal properties might be deliberately encouraged within the crop or field margins. Certain weed species may harbour important pests or diseases of local crops and therefore should be selectively removed. The paper reviews and discusses the literature on the beneficial and deleterious effects of weeds and argues for a weed management strategy which balances the effects of weed competition on crop production with the ethnobotanical and pest control attributes of individual weed species and weed communities. 相似文献
6.
7.
Field trials were conducted in spring wheat to observe effects of jasmonic acid (JA) on aphids, thrips and wheat blossom midge (WBM). Two spring wheat varieties (Triso and Kadrilj) were sprayed twice, with two concentrations of JA plus control. Wheat pests and associated natural enemies (Coccinellidae, Empididae and Aphelinidae) were surveyed by direct count and sweep net methods. Thrips larvae and adults and WBM larvae were estimated by dissecting wheat ears. Wheat midge larvae were monitored using white traps in treated and untreated plots. At the end of season, wheat yield was assessed in treated and control plots. There was a significant difference in the number of insect pests and their natural enemies between treatments in both varieties. Plants in control plots had higher numbers of aphids, thrips and midges than in treated plots. There were more aphids, thrips and midges on the variety ??Triso?? than on ??Kadrilj??. JA application enhanced wheat yield in treated plots compared to control plots. The results indicated that JA mediated induction of plant defense in wheat plants can improve resistance against insect herbivores. JA could be used to develop environmentally sound crop management with reduced insecticide applications. 相似文献
8.
David Rosen 《Phytoparasitica》1973,1(1):47-54
Armored scale insects (Homoptera: Diaspididae) are among the most important pests in agriculture. For various reasons, they are considered promising targets for biological control projects. Ectoparasites of the genusAphytis (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) are usually their most effective natural enemies. Lack of success in biological control was sometimes associated with overemphasis on predators or endoparasites. The value of biosystematic research cannot be overemphasized. Surveys should be conducted both before and after colonization of natural enemies. Population trends can be followed by successive sampling. Twigs of uniform age and size usually provide adequate sampling units for armored scale insects; predators can be counted by direct observation; parasite abundance is best determined by dissection of host samples. Life tables can be constructed from such data. Importation of exotic natural enemies is preferred to the various methods of manipulation. Basic ecological studies should never delay actual importation. Multiple introductions of natural enemies are strongly recommended. The search for natural enemies should cover the entire range of distribution of the pest. Experimental exclusion methods are recommended for evaluation of the efficacy of natural enemies of armored scale insects. Field plots should be representative of typical bioclimatic areas, and should be entirely free from detrimental effects of abnormal conditions, dust or non-selective pesticides. Methods of augmentation or conservation of natural enemies should be carefully evaluated in field tests before they are adopted as routine practices. The effect of commercial pesticides on natural enemies can be determined in laboratory and field trials. Effective integrated control can be achieved by judicious use of relatively selective pesticides, in the least disruptive modes of application, in combination with a vigorous program of biological control. 相似文献
9.
宁夏麦蚜天敌多样性及种间关系 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
麦蚜是宁夏小麦的主要害虫,为了实现自然天敌对麦蚜的有效控制,采用网捕法和陷阱法等采集手段,通过3年田间调查,共鉴定麦蚜天敌97种,包括寄生性天敌16种和捕食性天敌81种。将麦蚜天敌划分为单食性天敌、寡食性天敌、多食性天敌及杂食性天敌共4类功能团进行分析,结果表明,不同天敌功能团对麦蚜种群的影响存在显著的交互作用;寄生性天敌中蚜茧蜂属的燕麦蚜茧蜂与烟蚜茧蜂是优势种;捕食性天敌种类较为复杂,不同地区麦蚜天敌组成存在显著性差异,复杂的农业景观能够维持更高的天敌多样性。表明在农业生态系统中建立和恢复非作物生境能够明显提高天敌种群数量,进而提高其生物防治作用。 相似文献
10.
P. C. Matteson 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(4):372-380
Abstract Major insect pests and their natural enemies were sampled on cowpea in monocrop and cereal intercrop plots in southern and northern Nigeria. Populations of flower thrips, Megalurothrips sjostedti (Trybom), were reduced by 42% and predators, mostly Orius spp. (Anthocoridae), by 23% on cowpea in maize intercrop plots at Ofiki in the south. Infestation by pyralid pod borer, Maruca testulalis Geyer, was unaffected by cropping system. The results suggest that tasselling maize attracts flower‐eating beetles (Meloidae) to intercrop plots, and that pod‐sucking Hemiptera were increased by cereal intercrops at Yankara in the north. Three u.l.v. applications of permethrin at 150 g a.i./ha to monocrop cowpea reduced pest populations by 50 to 85% in the south and increased yield sevenfold. However, the sprayed crop in the north was lost due to a heavy infestation of pod‐sucking bug, Clavigralla tomentosicollis Stål, and outbreaks of Aphis craccivora Koch on sprayed plots in both localities suggested damage to natural enemies. It is concluded that the pest management potential of intercropping is variable and dependent on environmental factors, but it is recommended that intercropping be used in integrated pest management systems with the progressive decrease in insecticide use. 相似文献
11.
空间分布格局是昆虫种群的重要属性。沙冬青是我国重点保护的珍稀濒危植物,豆荚螟是为害沙冬青种子的主要害虫,研究种子害虫及其天敌的区域性空间分布格局是害虫宏观管理的前提和基础。地统计学是深入研究昆虫种群空间格局的有效方法。2018年5月-6月,选择宁夏灵武白芨滩国家级自然保护区内沙冬青分布片区,采用地统计学方法,分析了沙冬青种子害虫豆荚螟幼虫及其天敌的空间分布格局。结果显示沙冬青有虫株率为100%,豆荚受害率为23.02%,豆粒受害率为14.11%;沙冬青豆荚螟幼虫的密度为(0.296 9±0.002 0)头/荚,寄生性天敌密度为(0.012 0±0.000 2)头/荚。分别采用不同的理论模型来拟合豆荚螟幼虫及其天敌的空间半变异函数曲线,其全方向半变异函数曲线最优模型分别为高斯模型和球面模型,空间格局均呈聚集分布;害虫和天敌存在一定空间相关性,空间依赖范围分别为88.61～434.05 m和159.05～426.88 m。用Kriging空间插值法对害虫和天敌的空间分布进行模拟,结果呈斑块状分布,二者存在空间依赖性和互补性。天敌对害虫有一定的空间跟随效应和控制效应。 相似文献
12.
由于农业集约化生产引起的非作物生境减少和农业化学品的过量使用减弱了农田生态系统中害虫天敌的自然控制作用。合理而有效地利用显花植物可以为害虫天敌提供食物来源和庇护场所,从而能有效地提高天敌对害虫的自然控制能力、减少化学农药的使用量。本文综述了显花植物对天敌种群的促进作用及其在果园、蔬菜和粮食作物等害虫防治中应用的最新进展,同时对进一步利用显花植物提高农业生态系统稳定性的发展方向进行了讨论。 相似文献
13.
棉区夏玉米田害虫及天敌群落结构 总被引：14，自引：1，他引：13
1997年7月8日至8月29日系统调查了夏玉米田主要害虫及天敌的种群数量动态,并利用相对多度、丰富度、优势度、生态优势度、多样性指数和均匀度分析了其群落结构和动态。结果表明：（1）在棉区夏玉米田共有害虫和天敌59种,其中害虫24种,天敌35种。（2）截形叶螨为优势种,其优势度指数为0.6459-0.9924。（3）8月中旬以后群落多样性指数（H′）和均匀度（J）较大,分别为0.7327-0.9378和0.5242-0.6986;但此期以前,H′与J均较小,应注意防治。（4）害虫及天敌在时间上的同步性和在空间上的同域性均强,为保护利用自然天敌控害提供了依据。最后分析提出了以保护利用天敌为主的综合防治策略和措施。 相似文献
14.
不同稻田生态系统中稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱及其天敌密度的差异 总被引：6，自引：5，他引：1
研究了施用化学农药防治害虫的常规管理稻田和充分发挥天敌自然控害作用为主要防治害虫措施的稻田生态系统内稻纵卷叶螟、稻飞虱及其天敌的发生消长动态,以明确不同稻田生态系统对稻区内主要害虫及其天敌的影响.结果显示,生态调控区稻田内稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱最大高峰期虫量仅分别为常规管理区的0.51倍和0.63倍;生态调控区稻周植被上稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱发生数量几乎为0,而常规管理区最大高峰期虫量分别达到 23.61头/10网和82.03头/10网.生态调控措施还可以显著增加天敌数量,生态调控区稻田内最大高峰期天敌数量为常规管理区的3.72倍,其稻周杂草上最大高峰期天敌数量为常规管理区的5倍以上;同时,天敌与稻纵卷叶螟和稻飞虱发生高峰期吻合度远高于常规管理区.说明生态调控措施能充分发挥稻田及周边非稻田生境的保益控害功能. 相似文献
15.
Thomas Lopes Séverin Hatt Qinxuan Xu Julian Chen Yong Liu Frédéric Francis 《Pest management science》2016,72(12):2193-2202
Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the most cultivated crops in temperate climates. As its pests are mainly controlled with insecticides that are harmful to the environment and human health, alternative practices such as intercropping have been studied for their potential to promote biological control. Based on the published literature, this study aimed to review the effect of wheat‐based intercropping systems on insect pests and their natural enemies. Fifty original research papers were obtained from a systematic search of the peer‐reviewed literature. Results from a vote‐counting analysis indicated that, in the majority of studies, pest abundance was significantly reduced in intercropping systems compared with pure stands. However, the occurrence of their natural enemies as well as predation and parasitism rates were not significantly increased. The country where the studies took place, the type of intercropping and the crop that was studied in the association had significant effects on these results. These findings show that intercropping is a viable practice to reduce insecticide use in wheat production systems. Nevertheless, other practices could be combined with intercropping to favour natural enemies and enhance pest control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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17.
气候变暖对农业害虫及其天敌的影响 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
全球气候的持续变暖引起了人类的高度关注。农业害虫是关系到农业生产顺利进行的一个特殊的昆虫类群,已经受到温度升高的影响。本文从气候变暖对农业害虫的发生、为害以及与天敌间关系的影响等三方面进行了综述。温度升高导致农业害虫的发生区域扩张,发生期提前和延长,高温适生种群发生量增大;农业害虫的为害时期改变,为害程度加重,为害物种之间产生新的竞争关系;农业害虫与寄主植物、天敌之间的同步性发生改变,继而影响到农业害虫的生物防治。本文最后对当前的研究工作进行了评述,就气候变暖形势下农业害虫的防治提出建议。 相似文献
18.
Ground beetles (Coleoptera, Carabidae) occur in all temperate agroecosystems, and have been implicated as predators of many pests, including aphids, lepidopterous larvae, and slugs. Most are polyphagous, and some are primarily spermophagous. The species assemblage present in any particular crop is determined by multiple factors, but usually comprises a limited number of abundantly active species, which may be common to many crop types. Abiotic soil factors, especially soil type and moisture status are important in determining the species present. Crop type affects the carabid assemblage indirectly through cultivation practices and microclimatic changes. Any soil cultivation affects the carabid assemblage, but studies comparing ploughing with reduced tillage have shown varying results, according to local conditions. Pesticides, especially insecticides have a localised and short-term effect, as many carabids rapidly re-invade sprayed crops. The long-term effect of pesticide usage at a landscape scale is, however, more difficult to predict, and may have contributed to the observed decline in carabid diversity in the wider countryside. Whilst fertiliser application is generally beneficial to carabids, comparisons of conventional and organic farming systems suggest that localised short-term variations in species abundances are more important than the overall farming system used. Non-crop habitats are very important to Carabidae, as many use adjacent hedges and field margins for shelter, breeding or dispersal. But other features such as roads may act as barriers to dispersal. It is concluded that further measures need to be taken if Carabidae are to realise their potential in integrated pest management systems. 相似文献
19.
Replicated field plot trials were carried out to evaluate the role of fish as biocontrol agents of insect pests of rice in the Philippines. Evidence from suction sampling, examination of fish gut contents, and rice plant damage assessment strongly suggest that Common Carp Cyprinus carpio (L.) and Nile Tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) do significantly reduce the densities of stemboring moths and chironomid midges, while the abundance levels of other arthropods are not significantly affected. This impact by fish often was more important in the wet season when heavy rains and wind likely caused the arthropods to become dislodged from the plant and fall onto the water. Predation by fish was particularly evident during the first 45 days of the crop during the wet season when adult chironomid midge abundance was high. The fish gut content analysis revealed that all insect guilds are represented in the diet of both of the fish species regardless of whether the life-cycle of the arthropod prey is aquatic, semi-terrestrial, or terrestrial. Thus, fish in rice fields are part of the assemblage of natural enemies of rice pests. While fish alone cannot completely suppress rice pest populations below the economic threshold, their significant contribution should not be overlooked. 相似文献
20.
保护利用蜘蛛防治水稻害虫的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
水稻是湖南省的主要粮食,每年要用大量化学农药防治害虫。因此,作者在1975～1981年间,于长沙、湘阴等地进行了稻田蜘蛛保护和利用的室内外研究。结果证明,湖南省稻田蜘蛛资源丰富,并有良好的治虫效果。稻褐飞虱是它们的主要食物。通过保护,蜘蛛数量逐年增加,也保护了其它天敌,发挥了多种天敌联合治虫的作用,为综合防治提供了新内容,降低了农药用量,人畜安全,增产增收。 相似文献