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1.
Sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) is a self-incompatible species. Determination of the S-genotypes of cherry cultivars is crucial for breeding and to select appropriate cultivars for cross-fertilisation and fruit set. In this study, we characterised the S-genotypes of 25 sweet cherry cultivars, some of which had being bred at the Research and Breeding Institute of Pomology (RBIP), Holovousy, Czech Republic, and others were European cultivars in the RBIP collection. S-genotyping was carried out by polymerase chain reaction using consensus primers for the S-RNase and SFB genes, and capillary electrophoresis. Nine different known S-haplotypes (S1, S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S9, S13, and S16) were identified and the cultivars were assigned to 12 incompatibility groups. One local cultivar, ‘Pta?ka z Plzně’, originated from a wild forest seedling and used as a pollinator, was assigned to Group 0 of universal donors. The pedigree of some cultivars was confirmed by their S-genotype. This study represents the ?rst comprehensive S-genotype screening of sweet cherry genetic resources in the Czech Republic and will be useful for the design of crossing programmes and orchard management of these sweet cherry cultivars.  相似文献   

2.
The European pear (Pyrus communis) carries the S-RNase-mediated gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system. The S-haplotype is conferred by an S-locus, which contains the style-specific expressed S-RNase, and the pollen-specific expressed F-box genes (SFB). Both the S-RNase and the SFB genes are multi-allelic and each is characteristic of one of the S-haplotypes. Therefore, they are ideal markers for molecular S-genotyping. In this work, for the first time, seven haplotype-specific SFBs were isolated from European pears. Particular primers for each of these SFBs were generated, thus providing an additional tool for S-genotyping of European pear cultivars.  相似文献   

3.
Determination of the genetic compatibility between self-incompatible cultivars is crucial in agriculture. The Rosaceae family carries the S-RNase-mediated gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system. Each haplotype is conferred by an S-locus. The S-locus contains two highly polymorphic genes, S-RNase and SFB, which are characteristic of each haplotype and therefore these genes are ideal markers for molecular S-genotyping. In this study 43 Japanese plum cultivars grown in Israel were S-genotyped based on their S-RNase gene sequences. Four alleles, Sb, Sc, Se and Sh are widespread and together are responsible for 87% of the S-haplotypes therefore many of the cultivar combinations are semi-compatible. In Israel semi-compatibility was shown to correlate with low yield. However, two cultivars, ‘Wickson’ SfSk and ‘Shiro’ SfSg carry rare S-haplotypes and, therefore, are fully compatible with most of the analyzed cultivars.  相似文献   

4.
Summary

Sweet cherry is self-incompatible due to having a gametophytic self-incompatibility system. S alleles in the style and pollen determine possible crossing relationships. Knowledge of the S allele constitution of cultivars is important for sweet cherry growers and breeders. Recently, molecular methods have been developed to distinguish between S alleles in sweet cherry.The S allele genotypes of 21 sweet cherry cultivars widely grown in Greece, including 19 not previously genotyped, were determined based on their S-RNase gene sequences using PCR analysis. Eight different S alleles in ten combinations were distinguished and two new S-genotypes (S1S13 and S4S30) were documented. Four alleles, S1, S3, S4, and S9 were widespread and together were responsible for 85% of the S-haplotypes. Therefore many of the cultivar combinations were semi-compatible. In Greece, semi-compatibility was shown to correlate with low yields. However, the cultivar ‘Hybrid Tragana Edessis x Unknown’ (S3S13) and the cultivar ‘Kapsiotika’ (S2S5) carry rare S-haplotypes and are therefore fully cross-compatible with most of the cultivars analysed.  相似文献   

5.
Summary

Japanese apricot (Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc.) originated in China with more than 500 cultivars. Most cultivars are self-incompatible. It is essential to identify S-genotypes for production and breeding. The S-genotypes of 17 Japanese apricot cultivars native to China were determined using the Prunus S-RNase consensus primer pair, Pru-C2 and PCE-R, which were designed from the second and third conserved regions of Prunus S-RNases, respectively. Eleven S-RNase alleles (S1 S2, S7, S12, S14, S15, S18, S20, S22, S23 and S26) and four new S-RNase alleles (S30, S31, S32 and S33) with GenBank Accession Numbers JN232975, JN232976, JN232977, JN232978 were identified. Furthermore, the S-genotypes of four Japanese apricot cultivars were confirmed by field-testing for cross-pollination. The results of this study enrich the information available on S-genotypes in Japanese apricot and provide a reasonable basis for the appropriate arrangement of pollination trees in orchard practice.  相似文献   

6.
Summary

This report demonstrates the diversity of S-haplotypes in Japanese plum by molecular cloning of genomic DNAs and cDNAs that encode S-RNases. Nine different DNA fragments, designated as Sa–Si, were obtained from 17 Japanese plum cultivars by PCR with an S-RNase gene-specific primer set, Pru-C2 and PCE-R. Eleven different S-haplotypes were found in these cultivars. The banding patterns obtained with another S-RNase gene-specific primer set, Pru-T2 and PCE-R, corresponded to the S-haplotypes predicted from the Pru-C2 and PCE-R primer set. Several cultivars had the same S-haplotypes. Partial genomic DNAs for eight S-RNase genes and cDNAs for two S-RNases were cloned and sequenced. Deduced amino acid sequences contained conserved regions among the rosaceous S-RNases. Comparisons of the sequences from cDNAs and genomic DNAs revealed the presence of two introns in the S-RNase genes of Japanese plum as in other Prunus S-RNase genes. Pollination incompatibility groups and self-compatibility in Japanese plum were discussed with reference to the S-haplotypes.  相似文献   

7.
In this study, the sexual incompatibility and S-allele diversity of 24 Turkish apricot cultivars, Paviot and Sak?t-1 as parents and 127 F1 progenies were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing techniques. Additionally, genetic diversity and relatedness among the 24 cultivars were determined using 18 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers from the genus Prunus. PCR for S_alleles identified nine different S-RNase alleles in the 24 apricot cultivars, namely Sc, S1, S2, S8, S9, S20, S24, S52, and S53. All primers amplified only one S_allele in the cultivars Adilcevaz-1, Adilcevaz-3, Ethembey, Pasamismisi, Canakkale, and Soganci. Most of the Turkish cultivars were self-incompatible. The Sc allele was present in only three cultivars (Canakkale, Ethembey, Imrahor) that are, therefore, self-compatible. The S_alleles of cultivars Paviot and Sak?t-1 displayed homology with the Sc, S2 and S20, and S52 alleles. In the 127 F1 genotypes, the two S_alleles of Paviot were inherited by roughly half of the offspring, while about 76% of the offspring inherited the S52 allele from Sak?t-1, and less than 24% inherited S20. The amplification using all SSR 18 primers was successful and produced 128 polymorphic alleles with an average of 7.11 alleles per locus. Among the apricot cultivars studied, expected heterozygosity (He) ranged from 0.33 to 0.72, observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.42 to 1.00, PIC values were between 0.28 and 0.89, and similarity rates were between 0.30 and 0.68. The cultivars Levent and Ozal were genetically closest (0.68) while cultivars Sak?t-3 and Soganc? were the most distinct (0.30).  相似文献   

8.
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9.
Since self-compatibility has become the primary objective of most almond breeding programmes, search for new self-compatibility sources has acquired a great importance in almond research. The local Spanish cultivar ‘Vivot’, identified as showing the genotype S23Sf, thus presumably self-compatible, was found to be unexpectedly self-incompatible in spite of the presence of the Sf allele, as also observed in other almond cultivars. However, not only the coding sequences of both the Sf-RNase and the SFBf of ‘Vivot’ and ‘Blanquerna’, a confirmed self-compatible cultivar, were identical, but also the 5′ regulatory sequence of the Sf-RNase of both. Thus, the reason for the different expression of the Sf is independent of the complete genetic identity found in the whole chromosome region bordering the S-locus in the almond cultivars sharing the Sf allele.  相似文献   

10.
Summary

Based on the cDNA sequences encoding sweet cherry self-incompatibility associated ribonucleases (S-RNases), a PCR-based S-allele typing system for sweet cherry cultivars has been recently developed. Using this technique, we determined S-genotypes of the three newly released Japanese cvs Kouka-Nishiki, Beni-Sayaka and Beni-Shuho and one British cv Merton Glory that was classified as a Universal Donor, which is able to be used as a pollen donor for all cultivars in pollen incompatibility groups I to XIII. Furthermore, we also determined the partial sequences of the S-RNase genes of ‘Rainier’ (S1S4)‘ and ‘Sato-Nishiki (S3S6)’,which leads to the development of a more reliable S-allele identification method of PCR-RFLP for sweet cherry cultivars. Total DNA isolated from leaves of the four cultivars along with those from ten cultivars with known S-genotypes were PCR amplified with two sets of primers that were designed from DNA sequences encoding the signal peptide (Pru-T2) and two conserved domains (Pru-C2 and Pru-C4R) of sweet cherry S-RNases. By comparing the size of PCR products on agarose gel, the 5-genotypes of ‘Kouka-Nishiki’, ‘Beni-Sayaka’, ‘Beni-Shuho’ and ‘Merton Glory’ were suggested to be S1S3, S1S6, S4S6, and S4S6, respectively. Two of these three S-genotypes (S1S6 and S4S6) were found for the first time. DNA sequencing of PCR products from S-alleles of ‘Rainier’ and ‘Sato-Nishiki’ revealed that Ban II, Nru I, Apa LI and Ava I sites, respectively, were unique in the S1-, S3-, S4- and S6- sequences flanked by Pru-T2 and Pru-C4R primers. RFLP analysis of the PCR products using these enzymes confirmed that S1-, S3-, S4- and S6-alleles of the four cultivars contained the respective restriction enzyme recognition sites.  相似文献   

11.
In Germany the sweet and sour cherry breeding is concentrated at the Julius Kühn-Institut in Dresden-Pillnitz. The main breeding goals are directed on sweet cherries for fresh market and sour cherries for processing. The selection of new cultivars is focused on fruit quality, high and stable fruit set and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress. In result of the breeding activities in sweet cherry four new cultivars, ‘Narana’, ‘Areko’, ‘Swing’, ‘Habunt’, were selected. ‘Narana’ is an early ripening cultivar with good fruit characteristics. ‘Areko’ ripens in the middle of the cherry season some days before cultivar ‘Kordia’ and has large, firm fruits. The both cultivars ‘Swing’ and ‘Habunt’ are self-compatible and more recommended for the use in house gardening. In sour cherry breeding four new cultivars, ‘Coralin’, ‘Spinell’, ‘Jachim’, ‘Boas’, were selected. The cultivar ‘Coralin’ shows good characteristics for processing and mechanical harvest and is tolerant to fungus diseases on leaves. With the large and tasty fruits, the cultivar ‘Spinell’ is mainly suitable for fresh consumption. The both other cultivars ‘Jachim’ and ‘Boas’ have a pillar growth habit.  相似文献   

12.
Summary

We have determined the S-RNase genotypes of 33 new apple cultivars and lineages produced in Japan, 44 unknown cultivars and two lineages, and 22 triploid progenies. We have speculated on the putative parentage of new cultivars and lineages based on their S-RNase genotypes and also identified mistaken parents. In the case of the triploid progenies, the breeding of new cultivars using a triploid paternal parent may pose problems due to its low pollen viability. Nevertheless, diploid and triploid progenies were obtained using a triploid maternal parent. We have compiled a database of 516 apple S-RNase genotypes, including those previously investigated, which included a survey system for cultivar combinations, showing those that were fully-incompatible, semi-compatible, or fully-compatible, together with information on the PCR-RFLP method used for the identification of S-RNase genotypes and S-RNase allele designation (available at http://www.agr.nagoya-u.ac.jp/~0hort/apple/).  相似文献   

13.
The sour cherry cv. ‘Kütahya’ is one of the most produced cultivars in Turkey. This study was conducted with cultivar ‘Kütahya’ cultivated on Prunus mahalep both 2010 and 2011 years. In this study, the effects of Bacillus mycoides T8 and Bacillus subtilis OSU-142 bacteria strains on yield, fruit properties and plant growth was aimed to investigate. Floral and foliar applications of T8, OSU-142 and T8+OSU-142 on sour cherry significantly increased the yield per tree, shoot length and leaf area, compared with the control. The highest shoot length was found in the T8+OSU-142 (51.74 cm) application while the least value was found in the control (46.71 cm). The yield increased from 8.229?kgtree?1 (in control) to 13.663 (T8 application) and to 11.660?kgtree?1 (T8+OSU-142 application) in average of two years. The results of the present study suggested that Bacillus T8 and Bacillus OSU-142, alone or in combination, have a great potential for the enhancement of yield and plant growth of sour cherry and therefore they have been suggested in growth promotion in sour cherry cultivation.  相似文献   

14.
Summary

Knowledge of the self-(in)compatibility trait in commercial apricot cultivars is of great importance for breeders and growers. Five commercial apricot cultivars, widely grown in Iran, were self- and cross-pollinated to determine their pollen and stylar compatibility. Fruit-set in the orchard and pollen tube growth in pistils, from flowers pollinated in the laboratory, were evaluated. In addition, specific primers previously designed to amplify fragments of the S alleles responsible for the incompatibility trait, were used to amplify DNA extracted from the five cultivars.All results agreed and confirmed that three out of the five cultivars studied were self-incompatible, two of which were cross-incompatible and therefore had the same genotype. The cultivars, ‘Ghorban-e-Marageh’ and ‘Ghermez-e-Shahroodi’ were self-compatible and, interestingly, shared a PCR band with all Spanish self-compatible apricot cultivars examined to date.  相似文献   

15.
Summary

The aim of our work was to measure sorption isotherms on freeze-dried and convectively-dried fruits (apple cv. Idared; sour cherry cv. English Morello; blackcurrant cv. Tiben), previously osmotically dehydrated in fructo-oligosaccharide solution, or concentrated apple juice. Isotherms were fitted using the Guggenheim-Anderson-de Boer Model. In none of the cases studied was isotherm non-continuity in the vicinity of the initial value of aw observed. All isotherms, classified as type III, demonstrated an increase in the equilibrium water content, along with an increase in water activity. A higher water content was observed in lyophilised material compared to material dried by convection. The water content in the monolayer (100 g?1 dry matter) ranged from 12.0 g for dried apple, to 17.0 g for dried sour cherry. These values can be considered as optimal in order to ensure safe storage conditions. The dried fruits should therefore be kept in a water activity range of 0.45 – 0.54 for lyophilised, and 0.46 – 0.63 for convectively-dried material.  相似文献   

16.
The reproductive mechanism of Kernel-apricot involves Gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) which is under S-allele control. It encodes a polymorphic pistil ribonuclease (S-RNase), which is multiallelic and ideal markers for S-genotypes characterisation. In this study, six S-RNase primers were used to identify theS-genotypes of 10 Kernel-apricot, including three self-design primers and three universal primers. Ten S-alleles were identified in 10 Kernel-apricot through sequencing and comparing in NCBI. Moreover, some Kernel-apricot S-genotypes were confirmed by experiment of fruit-setting ratio and pollen tube growth. In conclusion, S-genotypes information of Kernel-apricot will be helpful for breeders and growers to plan compatible hybridised combination for ensuring effective pollination and high fruit-setting ratio.  相似文献   

17.
Summary

We examined S-allele genotypes of ten apple cultivars and species to determine their possible usefulness as pollenizers for all apple cultivars. ‘Dolgo’ did not contain any known S-RNases encoded at the S-locus, suggesting its possible usefulness as a pollenizer for almost all apple cultivars. We also identified and confirmed the S-allele genotypes of 18 apple cultivars by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-digestion analysis. The S-genotype of ‘Kiou’ (S1S7), ‘Korei’ (S3S28), ‘Korin’ (S1S9), ‘Kotoku’ (S1S28), ‘Kyokkou (S7S25), ‘Lobo’ (S1S7), ’Mahe 7’ (S2S7), ‘Mellow’ (S2S3), ‘Takahara’ (S3S9) and ‘Warabi’ (S9S28) were confirmed by pollination results. These cultivars seemed not to have originated from the expected seed or pollen parents or, in the case of ‘Lobo’, might have been mislabelled. Finally, we identified the S-allele genotypes of ‘Prima’ (S2S10), ‘Querina’ (S3S9) and ‘Yoko’ × ‘Prima’ (S3S10), which are resistant to scab.  相似文献   

18.
Most Prunus fruit tree species exhibit a homomorphic gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) system, in which specificity of self/nonself-recognition is controlled by products encoded within the S locus. In the pollination event, a self-incompatibility (SI) reaction is triggered when the same “S allele” specificity is expressed in both the pollen and pistil. During the last two decades, much progress has been made in our understanding of the molecular basis of the gametophytic self-incompatibility system in Prunus. Identification of the pistil S and pollen S determinants led to the development of PCR-based S genotyping and marker-assisted selection for self-compatible (SC) individuals. Molecular and genetic analyses of Prunus SC S haplotypes and polyploid sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) reveal the possible existence of a distinct SI/SC recognition mechanism in the S-RNase-based GSI system of Prunus. This review summarizes the current molecular knowledge of the S-RNase-based GSI system in Prunus with reference to data collected for S-RNase-based GSI in other plants and its potential usefulness in SC breeding.  相似文献   

19.
Self-compatibility was assessed in 19 almond selections by genetic and physiological means, such as PCR with specific primers for the Sf allele, pollen tube growth, and fruit set after self-pollination and in bagged branches. Although all genotypes possessed the Sf allele and showed a similar pollen tube growth after self-pollination than after cross-pollination with cross-compatible pollen, fruit sets showed a different behaviour between years, ranging from 16.2 to 24.7%, as well as between treatments, with the highest after self-pollination. The differences between genotypes could be due to the genetic constitution of each genotype, where inbreeding may reduce set by the accumulation of deleterious genes in different members of a progeny. Flower morphology may also affect sets in bagged branches. Thus, in addition to bud density, flower sterility, pollination success and environmental conditions, other traits must be taken into account when evaluating yield in self-compatible almond cultivars, such as the inbreeding effect and the effective autonomous self-pollination.  相似文献   

20.
Growth and dormancy induction of seedlings or micropropagated plants of three Prunus species were studied under controlled environment conditions. All the species tested, P. cerasus L. and P. insititia L. (two cultivars each), and P. avium L. were insensitive to photoperiod at high temperature and maintained continuous growth in both 10 and 24-h photoperiods at 21 °C. At lower temperatures, however, growth was controlled by the interaction of photoperiod and temperature, the species and cultivars varying somewhat in their responses. At 9 °C growth cessation was induced regardless of day-length conditions in the plum rootstocks ‘St. Julien A’ and ‘Weito’ as well as in the sour cherry rootstock ‘Weiroot’, whereas in the sour cherry rootstock ‘Gisela 5’ growth cessation took place in short day (SD) only. At intermediate temperatures (12 and 15 °C) growth cessation occurred in SD only in both sour cherry cultivars. In P. avium seedlings on the other hand, growth cessation in SD was only induced at 9 °C, continuous but reduced growth taking place also in SD at all higher temperatures. Growth rates increased progressively with increasing temperature under long day (LD) conditions in all species, and this was associated with increased internode length in LD compared with SD conditions. Production of new leaves was unaffected by photoperiod at high temperature, but was higher in LD than in SD at lower temperatures. After growth cessation at low temperature the plants developed winter buds and became dormant also in LD conditions. These results demonstrate that, like several species of the Pomoidae subfamily of the Rosaceae, these Prunus species are insensitive to short photoperiods at relatively high temperatures. However, the photoperiodic response of the Prunus species is highly temperature dependent, and the transition temperatures for shifts in the photoperiodic response mode vary among the species.  相似文献   

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