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1.
选用假单胞菌Nwu1-mu对陕北地区石油污染土壤进行生物修复。通过检测修复过程中土壤样品的菌体生长数量、脱氢酶活性、表面张力和石油烃及其组分降解率综合考察了菌株对石油烃类物质的降解作用。结果表明,在不添加营养物质的前提下假单胞菌Nwu1-mu在60d内对石油污染土壤中的石油烃类物质降解率达到了86.5%,尤其对石油烃中的C24～C28和〉C28组分有突出的降解效果;菌株产脱氢酶和表面活性剂显示出了良好的性能,在石油烃类物质的降解过程中均起着关键的促进作用。假单胞菌Nwu1-mu显示出的强大的生物修复潜力及其不依赖于外来营养源的特性,为黄土高原的土壤生态环境修复提供了新的解决思路。 相似文献
2.
表面活性剂分为化学表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂两大类,非离子表面活性剂和生物表面活性剂作为新型反刍动物饲料添加剂,可通过改变瘤胃液乳化特性、瘤胃微生物种群数量、分泌酶活性、酶吸附能力和瘤胃发酵模式,来增强瘤胃微生物对粗饲料的降解能力,进而提高反刍动物生产性能。综述提出了表面活性剂在反刍动物瘤胃营养调控领域的研究重点。 相似文献
3.
生物表面活性剂产生菌的分离培养及其产物特性研究 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
从加油站受石油污染的土壤中分离到1株高效产生物表面活性剂的菌株,经鉴定为气生单孢菌(Aeromonas sp.)。并对其发酵液表面活性剂性能及稳定性进行分析,最佳条件下发酵液的表面张力可由70.2 mN/m 降至28.9 mN/m,对温度、pH、矿化度有较好的稳定性,维持85 %以上油水乳化液稳定时间达到350 h。对其发酵条件进行了优化,确定表面活性剂产生最适C源为2 %甘油,以硝酸盐和铵盐作为N源对表面活性剂产生无影响。对其产生物表面活性剂进行提纯,经TLC分析初步确定该表面活性剂为糖脂类化合物。 相似文献
4.
阐述了植物和微生物降解环境中石油污染物及PAHs的重要作用和最新进展。国内外大量实验室研究表明,不同植物和微生物(细菌、真菌和放线菌)联合修复石油污染土壤均得到了较为理想的效果,在某种程度上微生物菌群要优于单一菌株;土壤中植物根系与微生物形成根际效应对污染物的降解起到了促进作用;生物表面活性剂较合成表面活性剂具有更好的生态适宜性和石油污染土壤修复能力;土壤中多组分污染物共同修复虽处于起步阶段,其作用机理也有待进一步研究,但是,发展前景值得期待。目前该领域的研究仍存在一些问题有待解决:植物–微生物菌群降解石油污染物过程中,微生物菌群间协同和竞争机制及试验结果的可重复性尚需证实;实验室研究与大田环境条件的差异,使得目前的研究成果尚需田间试验的验证和支持;根据土壤类型和气候特点,研究极端(高含盐量;氮、磷等营养元素缺乏;低温)条件下的石油高效降解菌株/群,制备有效的便于大田应用的固体菌肥意义重大;同时在确定石油污染物对环境致害的限值的基础上,建立石油污染土壤评价体系也势在必行。 相似文献
5.
一株石油降解菌产表面活性剂条件的优化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用Minitab软件,采用Plackett-Burman设计、选择了温度、转速、pH、加油量、时间5个因素对一株石油降解菌CT-6(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)产表面活性剂的条件进行了优化.结果表明:当温度为35℃、加油量为4％、pH为8.0、转速为213 r/rain、培养时间为152 h时,产生的表面活性剂排油效果最好,排油圈达6.4 cm,乳化性能达92％,细胞表面疏水性达41％,比优化前分别提高了35.9％、29.6％、64％. 相似文献
6.
稠油降解菌的筛选及其对胶质和沥青质生物降解 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：7
以稠油为唯一碳源,从辽河油田石油污染土壤、渣油中,经富集培养,分离筛选出细菌菌株11株、真菌23株和放线菌10株。将在含油培养基上长势良好的菌株进行室内摇瓶实验,发现真菌的降解效果好于细菌,F2006的降解效果最好,14d去除率达到39.8%。在胶质和沥青质污染土壤中,观察真菌F4、F2008、F9902、F2006、F2017、F6和F9904在14d、28d和42d对胶质和沥青质的去除率,测试结果表明,菌株F2006和F2008降解效果较好,在42d时去除率分别达到55.73%和57.62%。两次实验说明,菌株F2006为降解胶质和沥青质的优势菌株,在生物修复中具有较好的应用前景。 相似文献
7.
生物表面活性剂是由微生物产生的具有高表面活性的生物分子,相对于化学合成的表面活性剂,生物表面活性剂对生态系统的毒性较低,且可生物降解。因此,其在工业生产上有潜在的广泛应用价值,人们关于其合成方面的研究逐年增多。但是,由于其是次生代谢产物,传统方法主要是进行高效菌株的筛选,以及研究不同发酵条件对其产量的影响。近年来,由于基因工程技术的广泛应用,分子生物学、遗传学和酶学等方面的方法被人们运用于生物表面活性剂合成过程的研究,人们了解了催化生物表面活性剂合成的各种关键酶、调控基因的操纵元结构、合成中底物变化的过程等,从而对其生物合成的过程有了更进一步了解。 相似文献
8.
从广州某炼油厂附近石油污染的土壤中筛选出一株可高效产表面活性剂的原油降解菌株MZ01,结合菌株形态观察、革兰氏染色和16SrDNA序列同源性进行分析鉴定其属于假单胞菌属（Pseudomonassp．MZ01）,该菌9d对原油的降解率达54．7％。通过正交实验优化其产表面活性剂的环境因子并进行发酵培养,结果表明,MZ01最佳发酵条件为：酵母膏（3g·L^-1）作为氮源,玉米油（2g·L^-1）作为碳源,温度为25℃,pH值为9．0和含盐量为5％。该条件下3d的发酵产物经提纯后得到表面活性剂产量为2．27g·L^-1,测得该产物CMC值为0．1g·L^-1,可将水的表面张力从初始的72mN·m^-1降至30mN·m^-1。 相似文献
9.
堆肥法处理含油污泥的研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过添加稻草和有机肥对含油污泥进行了115 d的堆肥处理,动态监测了堆制过程中总石油烃含量、温度、C/N/P比例及功能微生物数量变化,测定了堆制前后石油组分和生物毒性,探讨了堆肥法处理降解油泥的效果。结果表明,堆肥处理后油泥中的总石油烃含量从123±1 g kg-1降低至71.7±0.7 g kg-1,降解率达42%,是未堆肥对照处理的2.5倍;堆体在第21天达到最高温度50℃;堆肥处理的C/N/P比例变化呈现下降趋势;堆肥过程中油泥中烃降解菌和芳烃降解菌与堆制前比较增加了近2个数量级。此外,含油污泥经堆肥法处理后生物毒性降低,EC50从1.77±0.28 mg m l-1提高至2.76±0.38 mg m l-1。 相似文献
10.
生物表面活性剂产生菌的筛选及其发酵条件的初步优化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以石油为 C 源,经过富集培养从石油污染土壤中筛选出 15 株具有较强产生物表面活性剂能力的菌株.其中菌株 BS-5 产生物表面活性剂的能力最强,该菌发酵液的表面张力可达 27.3 mN/m(空白发酵液表面张力为 54.5 mN/m).通过红外光谱分析发现该菌产生的生物表面活性剂为糖脂类物质.另外,通过正交试验对该菌的培养基条件进行初步优化,结果以植物油 10 g/L、MgSO4 0.2 g/L、K2HPO4 1.0 g/L、KH2PO4 1.0 g/L、蛋白胨 1.0 g/L、FeSO4 0.05 g/L、CaCl2 0.02 g/L、初始 pH 值 7.5 为最佳.通过16S rDNA 测序结果表明该菌为铜绿假单胞菌 (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). 相似文献
11.
Bello XV Devesa-Rey R Cruz JM Moldes AB 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2012,60(5):1258-1265
Many studies have investigated the effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on the surface-active properties of various surfactants, although in most cases the variables have been studied separately, without considering the effects of any interactions between them. In the present study, a Box-Behnken factorial design was applied to study the effects of pH, temperature, and salinity on the surface-active properties of a biosurfactant produced by Lactobacillus pentosus. The data obtained enabled development of a second-order model describing the interrelationships between operational and experimental variables, by equations including linear, interaction, and quadratic terms. The variable that had the greatest effect on the surface-active properties of the biosurfactant was pH. Moreover, at pH 3-5.5, decreases in salinity and temperature acted synergistically, reducing the surface tension of the biosurfactant; at pH 8, the same effect was observed with increasing salinity and temperature. 相似文献
12.
Numerous studies have been devoted to the physical-chemical weathering processes leading to the creation of unique soil formations having their own history that induce soil-biotic diversity. However, the extent to which unique geomorphic formations influence soil biotic seasonal variation is not clear. Our aim was to define seasonal variations of soil biota in soils of different-aged terraces of the Makhtesh Ramon anticline erosional cirque in southern Israel. The strong effect of Makhtesh Ramon (Ramon Crater) erosional fluvial terrace age initiated by climatic changes during the Late Pleistocene–Early Holocene period on seasonal variations in both soil properties and the abundance and composition of soil biota were demonstrated. However, age dependence was not constant and values for observed soil properties and microbial activity were negligible between younger and older terraces for certain seasons, while free-living nematodes along with bacteria-feeding group were strongly dependent on the geomorphic features of the ages throughout the study period. 相似文献
13.
印度热带森林干旱扰动土壤的微生物碳, 氮, 磷的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Variations in microbial biomass C (MB-C),N (MB-N) and P (MB-P) along a gradient of different dominant vegeta- tion covers (natural forest,mixed deciduous forest,disturbed savanna and grassland ecosystems) in dry tropical soils of Vindhyan Plateau,India were studied from January 2005 to December 2005.The water holding capacity,organic C,total N,total P and soil moisture content were comparatively higher in forest soils than in the savanna and grassland sites.Across different study sites the mean annual MB-C,MB-N and MB-P at 0-15 cm soil depth varied from 312.05 ± 4.22 to 653.40 ± 3.17,32.16 ± 6.25 to 75.66 ± 7.21 and 18.94 ± 2.94 to 30.83 ± 23.08 μg g ?1 dry soil,respectively.At all the investigated sites,the maximum MB-C,MB-N and MB-P occurred during the dry period (summer season) and the minimum in wet period (rainy season).In the present study,soil MB-C,MB-N and MB-P were higher at the forest sites compared to savanna and grassland sites.The differences in MB-C,MB-N and MB-P were significant (P 0.001) among sites and seasons.The MB-C (P 0.0001),MB-N (P 0.001) and MB-P (P 0.0001) were positively correlated with organic C,while the relationship between soil moisture and MB-C,MB-N and MB-P (P 0.001,P 0.01 and P 0.0001,respectively) was negative.The decreasing order of MB-C,MB-N and MB-P along study ecosystems was natural forest mixed deciduous forest savanna grassland.The results suggested that deforestation and land use practices (conversion of forest into savanna and grassland) caused the alterations in soil properties,which as a consequence,led to reduction in soil nutrients and MB-C,MB-N and MB-P in the soil of disturbed sites (grassland and savanna) compared to undisturbed forest ecosystems. 相似文献
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The effects of hydrogen temperature and agitation rate on the formation of total conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) and CLA isomers were studied during hydrogenation with a selective Ni catalyst. The CLA isomers were identified by using a 100-m cyano-capillary column gas chromatograph and a silver ion-impregnated HPLC. Reaction temperature and agitation rate greatly affected the quantities of total CLA and individual CLA isomers, and the time to reach the maximum quantity of CLA in the partially hydrogenated soybean oil. As the hydrogenation temperature increased, the maximum quantity of CLA in soybean oil increased, but the time to reach the maximum CLA content decreased. By increasing the hydrogenation temperature from 170 to 210 degrees C, the quantity of CLA obtained was about 2.6 times higher. As the agitation rate decreased, the CLA formation in soybean oil increased, and the time to reach the maximum CLA content also increased. The maximum CLA contents in soybean oil obtained during hydrogenation at 210 degrees C with agitation rates of 300, 500, and 700 rpm were 162.82, 108.62, and 66.15 mg total CLA/g oil, respectively. The present data showed that it is possible to produce high-CLA-content soybean oil without major modification of fatty acid composition by short-time (10 min) selective hydrogenation under high temperature and low agitation rate conditions. 相似文献
16.
棉籽油制备生物柴油的生物降解性能 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
以棉籽油甲酯、乙酯生物柴油及其与石化柴油形成的调和油为研究对象,采用改进的Sturm试验方法,考察了生物柴油及其调和油的生物降解特点。研究表明：在有氧的水环境中生物降解28 d,棉籽乙酯生物柴油与甲酯生物柴油生物降解率分别达99.7%和99.1%;对甲酯生物柴油而言,生物柴油体积分数为50%和20%的调和油的28 d生物降解率分别为93.8%和80.8%,而乙酯生物柴油体积分数为50%和20%的调和油的28 d生物降解率分别95.7%和81.9%,但在相同条件下,0#柴油生物降解率仅49.9%;生物柴油在调和油中体积比越大,调和油的生物降解速度越快,生物柴油对石化柴油的生物降解具有促进作用。该文对认识棉籽油生物柴油在环境中的消解规律,控制环境污染具有一定的意义。 相似文献
17.
氮、磷、钾、硼肥对甘蓝型油菜籽品质的影响 总被引：12，自引：2，他引：10
以多个正在大面积应用的甘蓝型油菜品种为研究对象,在长江流域冬油菜主产区的10个省（市）布置氮、磷、钾和硼肥田间肥效试验共284组,通过多点试验分别探讨当前生产条件下施用氮、磷、钾、硼肥对双低和双高甘蓝型油菜籽含油量、蛋白质、芥酸、硫甙的影响。结果表明,双低油菜籽平均含油量为41.66%,双高油菜含油量明显低于双低油菜,仅为38.92%。氮、磷、钾和硼肥施用对油菜籽的品质效应在不同试验点表现不尽相同,其总体趋势是:在磷、钾、硼肥基础上施用氮肥提高籽粒蛋白质含量而降低油分含量,且随氮肥用量的增加效果更明显,施氮对双高油菜油分及蛋白质含量的影响程度大于双低油菜;施磷、钾或硼肥有提高油菜籽含油量而降低蛋白质含量的趋势;施肥对油菜籽硫甙和芥酸含量有一定影响,但对品质影响不大。油菜籽含油量与收获指数、千粒重显著正相关,与蛋白质含量呈负相关。研究结果显示,在施氮的基础上配合施用磷、钾和硼肥能减少因施氮引起的油分损失。 相似文献