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1.
There exist capabilities for analyzing the behavior of surface flow and the ultimate distribution of infiltrated water in furrow irrigation. The corresponding synthesis, i.e., the selection of appropriate combinations of inflow rates, cutoff times and length of furrow — design and management, currently not so well established, is treated herein. A design-management nomograph is proposed for free draining graded furrows. This is a plot of efficiency, time of cutoff and uniformity coefficient contours each given on a length-flow rate space adjacent to one another, for a furrow with given infiltration characteristics, flow geometry, slope, roughness and required depth of application. The nomograph can be used to determine the combinations of length, time of cutoff and flow rate that would yield in optimum combination of efficiency and uniformity. 相似文献
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Commercial performance evaluations of surface irrigation are commonly conducted using infiltration functions obtained at a
single inflow rate. However, evaluations of alternative irrigation management (e.g. flow rate, cut-off strategy) and design
(e.g. field length) options using simulation models often rely on this single measured infiltration function, raising concerns
over the accuracy of the predicted performance improvements. Measured field data obtained from 12 combinations of inflow rate
and slope over two irrigations were used to investigate the accuracy of simulated surface irrigation performance due to changes
in the infiltration. Substantial errors in performance prediction were identified due to (a) infiltration differences at various
inflow rates and slopes and (b) the method of specifying the irrigation cut-off. Where the irrigation cut-off at various inflow
rates was specified as a fixed time identified from simulations using the infiltration measured at a single inflow rate, then
the predicted application efficiency was generally well correlated with the application efficiency measured under field conditions
at the various inflow rates. However, the predictions of distribution uniformity (DU) were poor. Conversely, specifying the
irrigation cut-off as a function of water advance distance resulted in adequate predictions of DU but poor predictions of
application efficiency. Adjusting the infiltration function for the change in wetted perimeter at different inflow rates improved
the accuracy of the performance predictions and substantially reduced the error in performance prediction associated with
the cut-off recommendation strategy. 相似文献
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小畦灌节水效果试验研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
小畦灌是我国北方一些灌区从灌溉实践中摸索出来的一种新型地面灌水技术。在对冬小麦田间灌水试验资料分析的基础上，建立了灌水定额与畦坡、单井出水量和畦宽的关系,并对灌水均匀度与单宽流量和畦长进行了相关分析。结果表明：在适当控制畦宽和畦长的情况下，可以减少深层渗漏、降低灌水定额、提高灌水均匀度和田间水利用率，从而实现节水、节能的目的。 相似文献
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通过土箱模拟滴灌实验,研究了不同地面坡度下滴灌水分运移规律。结果表明,地面各方向湿润半径、滴头下湿润深度和最大湿润深度均与时间呈显著的幂函数关系;随着地面坡度的增大,地面顺坡方向湿润锋推进加快,逆坡方向及滴头处横坡方向湿润锋推进减缓,横坡方向最大湿润宽度也随着坡度的增大而减小;在纵剖面上随着地面坡度的增大,滴头下入渗深度逐渐减小,而最大入渗深度则逐渐增加,最大入渗深度的位置也距滴头越远;地表和纵剖面湿润范围的变化表明,与水平地面相比,整个湿润体随着地面坡度的增大明显向下坡方向偏移,且坡度越大,偏移距离越大,湿润体形状由对称的半椭球形向下坡大而上坡小的梨形变化。 相似文献
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WinSRFR is an integrated software package for analyzing surface irrigation systems. Software functionalities and technical features are described in a companion article. This article documents an example application. The analyzed field is a graded basin (close-ended border) irrigation system. The event analysis tools of WinSRFR are used first to evaluate performance of the irrigation system and estimate its infiltration and hydraulic roughness properties. Performance contours in the Operations Analysis World are then used to optimize irrigation system inflow rate and cutoff time. The adequacy of the existing design is examined with the performance contours provided in the Physical Design World. Hydraulic and practical constraints are considered in finding an optimal operation or design solution. Finally, sensitivity analyses are used to demonstrate the robustness of the solutions. 相似文献
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畦灌灌水技术要素组合优化 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
以杨凌区进行的畦灌大田试验为基础,采用WinSRFR软件对各试验点的灌水质量进行了模拟,并分析了畦长、田面坡度、入畦单宽流量和改口成数对灌水效率Ea、灌水均匀度Ed和储水效率Es的影响;在此基础上,结合均匀试验设计与多元回归分析的方法,构建了包含灌水效率Ea、灌水均匀度Ed和储水效率Es在内的单目标优化模型,以入畦单宽流量和灌水时间为变量,采用遗传算法对模型进行求解,提出了试验点不同计划灌水深度条件下畦灌灌水技术要素的优化组合,结果表明其可获得高的灌水质量,达到常规畦灌节水的目的。 相似文献
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入沟流量对灌水质量和水流特性的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过垄作沟灌的田间灌水试验,用极差分析研究入沟流量、沟宽、沟深、沟底纵坡4个技术参数对灌水质量的影响和研究入沟流量对地面水流特性的影响。研究表明:入沟流量对灌水质量影响最大,其次为沟底纵坡、沟深和沟宽;水流推进时间随着入沟流量的增大逐渐减少,推进速度逐渐加快,水流推进距离与水流推进时间呈幂函数关系,相关程度都大于0.99;水流消退时间随入沟流量的增大逐渐增大,消退速度逐渐减小,尽管水流消退时间与距离也呈幂函数关系,但二者的相关性没有推进过程的好。研究成果对我国入沟流量的相关研究具有一定的参考价值。 相似文献
10.
在华北引黄灌区内,大田作物的主要灌溉方式依然是畦灌。由于畦田规格过长过宽,导致灌溉水浪费严重,灌水效率低下。在平原县张庄管道灌溉示范区进行畦田灌溉试验,研究了黄河下游引黄灌区不同灌水技术参数组合对灌水质量的影响。利用地面灌溉水流运动的计算机模拟软件WinSRFR4.1,对不同规格畦田的灌水过程进行模拟,得出畦田灌溉的田间灌水效率和灌水均匀度,研究不同灌水技术参数组合对灌水质量的影响。综合考虑管道灌溉出水口规格与当地耕作农具尺寸等因素,模拟了多种畦长、畦宽、坡度和单宽流量下灌溉方案的灌水效果,结果表明,畦宽1.5m,畦长50~60m,坡度为0.3%畦田灌溉技术改进方案的灌水效率和灌水均匀度均提高到80%以上,灌水性能较优,建议在黄河下游引黄灌区内推广使用。 相似文献
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《灌溉排水学报》2019,(1)
【目的】改善土壤水氮分布。【方法】基于夏玉米生长关键期灌溉施肥的试验结果,探究畦灌不同液施模式对土壤水氮空间分布状况及其变化趋势的影响。选取畦宽(1.5、2.3、3.2 m),施肥时机(灌溉到畦长的1/3、1/2施肥和全程施肥)和改水成数(85%、90%、95%)3个因素,每个因素3个水平,设置传统畦灌进行对照,采取正交设计选取最优水平组合,以形成适合作物生长发育的土壤水氮空间分布状况。【结果】畦宽对于土壤水分沿畦长分布的变异系数有显著影响,贡献率达94.36%;改水成数影响水分和氮素沿畦长分布均匀性(DUWH和DUNH、DUNQ),尤其对氮素沿畦长分布均匀性有显著影响,贡献率分别为23.9%、91.74%和71.26%;施肥时机仅对DUWH和DUNQ有显著影响,贡献率为56.09%和27.41%。【结论】液施条件下可以改善土壤水氮空间分布;畦宽为1.5 m、灌溉到畦长1/2时施肥,改水成数为95%的施肥方式可以形成较好的土壤水氮储存效率和水氮沿畦长分布均匀性。 相似文献
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畦灌土壤入渗参数的空间变异性及其对灌水质量的影响 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
针对畦灌,研究了Kostiakov模型入渗系数K和入渗指数α的空间变异性及其对灌水质量的影响。根据2008年在河北吴桥进行的棉花播前灌水试验数据,采用最优模式搜索技术估算土壤入渗参数并分析其空间变异性,进而采用地面灌溉模拟软件SRFR模拟了土壤入渗参数空间变异性对灌水质量的影响。结果表明,当其它灌水技术要素相同时,灌水均匀度和灌水效率对K和α的响应关系均为单峰型二次曲线。K的稳定区间较大,α的稳定区间较小,当二者在小值范围内变化时,灌水质量的波动较为平缓;当二者在大值范围内波动时,会引起灌水质量的急剧变化。因此,在畦灌设计过程中,土壤入渗参数的差异性不容忽视。 相似文献
13.
A simple method for predicting surface irrigation advance trajectories using infiltration parameters and inflow rate as inputs
was developed. The difference between the inflow rate and the sum of infiltration rates over the wetted portion of the field
equals the flow rate available for advance. An average (characteristic) infiltration rate ahead of the wet portion is computed
using a fixed time step. An advance step (for a fixed time step) is calculated from the ratio of the flow rate available for
advance and characteristic infiltration rate. Predictions of advance by the proposed method were compared with field observations,
with the kinematic wave model, and with analytical solutions of Philip and Farrell (1964). In all cases, the method provided
predictions that were in good agreement with field observations, and performed similarly to the kinematic wave model. The
method offers a simple and efficient tool for prediction and evaluation of surface irrigation systems under various soil types
and variable inflow rates. The method is particularly useful for predictions in fields with spatially and temporally variable
intake properties. 相似文献
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Assessing impacts of surge-flow irrigation on water saving and productivity of cotton 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
To improve water saving and conservation in irrigated agriculture, a range of field evaluation experiments was carried out with various furrow irrigation treatments in cotton fields to estimate the possibilities of improving furrow irrigation performances under conditions of Central Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan. The research consisted in comparing surge and continuous-flow in long furrows and adopting alternate-furrow irrigation. The best results were achieved with surge-flow irrigation applied to alternate furrows. Field data allowed the calibration of a surface irrigation model that was used to identify alternative management issues. Results identified the need to better adjust inflow rates to soil infiltration conditions, cut-off times to the soil water deficits and improving irrigation scheduling. The best irrigation water productivity (0.61 kg m−3) was achieved with surge-flow on alternate furrows, which reduced irrigation water use by 44% (390 mm) and led to high application efficiency, near 85%. Results demonstrated the possibility for applying deficit irrigation in this region. 相似文献
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河套灌区畦灌灌水质量评价与优化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对河套灌区农田规格不合理问题,为探求变化环境下适宜的畦灌灌水技术要素,在不同畦田宽度下进行田间灌水试验,采用模型模拟与回归分析方法,分析了畦灌水流运动状态及灌水质量变化情况。结果表明:畦田宽度为18～23 m时灌水质量不佳,灌水效率、灌水均匀度仅分别为59. 78%～77. 40%和84. 61%～87. 02%,尽管此时储水效率为100%,但其灌水效果仍然较差;畦田宽度缩小到10～15 m时,灌水效率为70. 20%～87. 00%,灌水均匀度为86. 77%～90. 80%,灌水质量最好;当缩小畦田宽度到5 m时,灌水质量反而降低。在此基础上,结合田间实测资料,通过模型模拟、均匀试验设计以及多元回归分析相结合的方法,构建了包含灌水效率、灌水均匀度以及储水效率的单目标优化模型(Single objective optimization model),将单宽流量和灌水时间作为决策变量,采用冒泡排序法(Bubble sort method)对模型进行求解,得到畦灌适宜的单宽流量和灌水时间组合,根据示范区实际入田流量,初步确定最优畦田宽度为10. 7～14. 2 m。研究结果为灌区节水改造设计、水资源高效利用和农业可持续发展提供了理论依据。 相似文献
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《Agricultural Water Management》1999,41(2):115-131
Dimensionless advance curves of border irrigation have been developed for Soil Conservation Service (SCS) infiltration families. The volume balance equation was nondimensionally formulated and then used to plot a dimensionless advance curve for each infiltration family that is a function of the exponent a in the infiltration power function and the dimensionless time t*. Initially, the SCS infiltration formula was fitted into a power function. The equivalent parameters for each SCS infiltration family were obtained through a nonlinear regression analysis. The dimensionless curves for a given inflow rate, slope, and roughness coefficient can be used to determine either advance distance at a particular time or time of advance for a certain distance through a few simple steps. The curves also allow reviewing the advance trend of each infiltration family for a sufficiently wide range of dimensionless time covering any condition of dimensioned input parameters. It is anticipated that the curves will help in designing, evaluating, and managing irrigation borders. The more complex zero inertia model has also been used to enhance results of obtained dimensionless advance curves and of fitted SCS infiltration parameters. 相似文献
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针对畦灌系统运行管理水平和灌水质量较低的问题,该文应用稳健设计的基本理论,结合地面灌溉SRFR模拟模型,评价了畦田的灌水质量,模拟了单宽流量和入渗参数对灌水质量的影响,分析了灌水质量对各因素的敏感性。结果表明,对某一固定的畦田,单宽流量并非越大越好,单宽流量在4～7 L/(s·m)时,畦灌可以获得较高的灌水效率和灌水均匀度。灌水均匀度对入渗参数的敏感程度要大于灌水效率,灌水质量对入渗指数的敏感性大于入渗系数,增加单宽流量能够降低灌水质量对入渗参数的敏感程度。对灌水质量影响较大的因素依次为单宽流量、入渗指数 相似文献