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1.
J. de Gruyter J.H.C. Woudenberg M.M. Aveskamp G.J.M. Verkley J.Z. Groenewald P.W. Crous 《Studies in Mycology》2013,74(1):1-29
The genus Aspergillus represents a diverse group of fungi that are among the most abundant fungi in the world. Germination of a spore can lead to a vegetative mycelium that colonizes a substrate. The hyphae within the mycelium are highly heterogeneous with respect to gene expression, growth, and secretion. Aspergilli can reproduce both asexually and sexually. To this end, conidiophores and ascocarps are produced that form conidia and ascospores, respectively. This review describes the molecular mechanisms underlying growth and development of Aspergillus.Key words: Aspergillus, fungi, asexual reproduction, sexual reproduction, development, conidium, conidiophore, vegetative mycelium, heterogeneity, ascocarp, ascospore, fruiting body 相似文献
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Development ofHelminthosporium solani Dur. & Mont. on artificially inoculated, excised potato tuber periderm, incubated in darkness and high humidity at 20 to 24°C, was studied using light and scanning electron microscopy. Spore germination occurred within 16 hours, and appressoria were observed 2 days after inoculation. Penetration of periderm was evident 4 days after inoculation. Conidiophores with young conidia developed on the periderm surface within 7 days of inoculation. Well-developed conidia were visible often by 9 days after inoculation. Rudimentary stromata were observed beneath conidiophore groupings at later stages of development. In histological studies,H. solani hyphae were found in the phellem, phelloderm, and cortex of infected tuber sections. Basal cells of conidiophores or stromata were observed on the surface and in the outer tangential cork cell layers. Several layers of suberized and sometimes collapsed cortical cells were observed beneath disrupted and collapsed, infected periderm. Cavities sometimes formed between periderm and cortex, and callosities were observed on cell walls of some cortical cells beneath infected periderm. 相似文献
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Summary
Polyscytalum pustulans spread from infected buds of seed tubers on the nodal scale leaves of elongating stems and stolons. More eyes were infected
at the apical end of developing tubers than at the stolon end.
Sclerotia, first found within the agar of ageing cultures, appeared to form from thickened hyphal rings within the aerial
hyphae and conidiophores. As infected plants senesced, sclerotia developed within single or groups of host cells in diseased
stem bases and remained viable for seven years in undisturbed soil. Sclerotia were also found after harvest in skin spots
on decayed seed tubers. 相似文献
5.
Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) is an important plant in the family Cucurbitaceae. Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm [anamorph Phoma cucurbitacearum (Fr.) Sacc.] is the causative agent of gummy stem blight (GSB), a disease affecting members of the family Cucurbitaceae. Watermelon seedlings showing varied degree (20–90%) of suspected GSBs were collected from seedling companies in Antalya province, Turkey. The symptoms included angular water-soaked lesions, which turned tan over time; defoliation; dry, pale green stem; stem necrosis; gummy exudates; wilt; and the eventual death of the upper parts of the seedling plants. The growth of the fungal isolate in vitro showed white aerial and olivaceous mycelium, and olive to dark green or black substrate mycelium at the latter period of fungal growth. The colony surface was rough and undulated. The conidia were round-ended, cylindrical, monoseptate, and hyaline. The conidia ranged from 6.4 to 13.6 μm in length and 3.69–4.68 μm in diameter. The isolates were subjected to PCR using three primers, namely, DB-F3/DB-R3, GSBF1/GSBR1, and ITS1/ITS4, which produced fragment sizes of approximately 120, 780, and 560 bp, respectively. The real-time PCR using DB-F3/DB-R3 primer and SYBR Green fluorescence dye produced positive result for the samples tested. The D. bryoniae isolate was pathogenic to all the four different cucurbits tested and were consistently re-isolated from the diseased seedlings confirming their pathogenic status and thereby satisfying Koch's postulates. This is the second report confirming the presence of D. bryoniae in Turkey after its first detection in cucumber in 2015. 相似文献
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Sections of potato periderm (1cm2), bearing sclerotia ofC. atramentarium were incubated for 16 days at 25°C, fixed in OsO4 vapor at room temperature, dehydrated in a graded ethanol series and stored in 100% ethanol. Fixed specimens were coated with gold and examined with a Stereoscan electron microscope. Initial observations revealed numerous sclerotia and non-spore producing acervuli. After 16 days acervuli in various stages of development were observed. Initial development consisted of periderm swellings caused by a sclerotial body which enlarged to occupy an entire cork cell and eventually ruptured the periderm. A palisade layer formed from which setae developed, and apical ends of conidiophores were evident. Further development of the palisade layer was partially obscured by extrusion of a mucilaginous layer. Cylindrical, single-celled conidia (2.2–3.8u x 14.4–19u) were extruded through the mucilaginous matrix. Remnants of periderm wall were associated with acervuli and conidia lay in closely packed masses around the bases of mature acervuli. Conidia washed from spore producing acervuli onto PDA, germinated within 24 hours at room temperature. Electron scan is a rapid method for following acervulus development ofC. atramentarium on diseased potato periderm and demonstrates the feasibility of studying other potato periderm diseases with this technique. 相似文献
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Qingmei Han Ramona Thieme Xiaoning Gao Zhensheng Kang Lili Huang 《American Journal of Potato Research》2013,90(6):524-532
In histological and cytological investigations, the infection process of Phytophthora infestans, the late blight pathogen, was comparatively studied in several potato cultivars and somatic hybrid genotypes and their parents using fluorescence microscopy and electron microscopy methods. The results showed that germination of zoospores of P. infestans and frequency of invading by infection hyphae did not differ among the cultivar-pathogen interactions, but, extension of hyphae in host cells markedly differed among these genotypes. In the susceptible genotypes the pathogen grew rapidly inter- and intracellularly, 12 h after inoculation (hai), and some digital like haustoria were formed and the cytoplasm of the host cells became disorganized. In the resistance genotypes, the pathogen was restricted to the site of initial penetration, although some hyphae could penetrate the epidermal cell, however, the host cells produced resistance responses, such as formed wall appositions when in contact with hyphae, and no haustoria like structures were found. In the somatic hybride genotypes, the host response was different according to their parents as shown by transmission electron microscopy. In the hybrid genotype 1508/2, like in the wild species S. bulbocastanum, no hyphae were found in host cells. In the other genotypes, hyphae of P. infestans spread intercellularly and formed haustoria, but the cytoplasm of hyphae and haustoria was disorganized and host cell resistant responses often appeared, such as, host cells were disorganized and necrotic and cell wall apposition were observed. 相似文献
8.
Cladosporium chlorocephalum (= C. paeoniae) is a common, widespread leaf-spotting hyphomycete of peony (Paeonia spp.), characterised by having dimorphic conidiophores. During the season, one stage of this fungus causes distinct, necrotic leaf-blotch symptoms on living leaves of Paeonia spp. In late autumn, winter or after overwintering, a second morphologically distinct conidiophore type occurs on dead, blackish, rotting stems. Conspecificity of the two morphs, previously proposed on the basis of observations in culture, was supported by DNA sequence data from the ITS and LSU gene regions, using cultures obtained from leaf-blotch symptoms on living leaves, as well as from dead stems of Paeonia spp. Sequence data were identical, indicating a single species with two morphs. On account of its distinct conidiogenous loci and conidial hila, as well as its sequence-based phylogenetic position separate from the Davidiella/Cladosporium clade, the peony fungus has to be excluded from Cladosporium s. str., but still belongs to the Davidiellaceae (Capnodiales). The leaf-blotching (cladosporioid) morph of this fungus morphologically resembles species of Fusicladium, but differs in having dimorphic fruiting, and is phylogenetically distant from the Venturiaceae. The macronematous (periconioid) morph resembles Metulocladosporiella (Chaetothyriales), but lacks rhizoid conidiophore hyphae, and has 0-5-septate conidia. Hence, C. chlorocephalum is assigned to the new genus Dichocladosporium.Taxonomic novelties: Dichocladosporium K. Schub., U. Braun& Crous, gen. nov., Dichocladosporium chlorocephalum (Fresen.) K. Schub., U. Braun & Crous, comb. nov. 相似文献
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Mechanisms of action and effectiveness of the antifungal yeast Cryptococcus laurentii [(Kuff.) C.E. Skinner] strain L5D, were examined against the causal agent of anthracnose Colletotrichum gloeosporioides ((Penz.) Penz. & Sacc.) in mango (Mangifera indica L.). C. laurentii showed a high antagonistic potential in vivo, with significant inhibition of anthracnose (75.88%). Different mechanisms of action were examined in C. laurentii among them competition for nutrients, specifically for sucrose (p < 0.05). Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) showed that the yeast biofilm adheres to the fruit and to C. gloeosporioides hyphae showing competition for space; C. laurentii was not washed off from treated Colletotrichum hyphae as observed with SEM. According to statistical analysis, only nagase and chitinase were significantly stimulated on wounded fruit. Activity of all three hydrolytic enzymes was detected in vitro but only nagase was induced by addition of autoclaved pathogen mycelium. Treated wounds with the yeast biocontrol stimulated glucanase activity and suppressed chitinase activity on fruit wounds with or without presence of autoclaved pathogen mycelium but did not affect nagase significantly (p = 0.05). Parasitic activity of yeast on pathogen was not detected. 相似文献
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The present taxonomic revision deals with Neotropical species of three entomopathogenic genera that were once included in Hypocrella s. l.: Hypocrella s. str. (anamorph Aschersonia), Moelleriella (anamorph aschersonia-like), and Samuelsia gen. nov (anamorph aschersonia-like). Species of Hypocrella, Moelleriella, and Samuelsia are pathogens of scale insects (Coccidae and Lecaniidae, Homoptera) and whiteflies (Aleyrodidae, Homoptera) and are common in tropical regions. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from nuclear ribosomal large subunit (28S), translation elongation factor 1-α (TEF 1-α), and RNA polymerase II subunit 1 (RPB1) and analyses of multiple morphological characters demonstrate that the three segregated genera can be distinguished by the disarticulation of the ascospores and shape and size of conidia. Moelleriella has filiform multi-septate ascospores that disarticulate at the septa within the ascus and aschersonia-like anamorphs with fusoid conidia. Hypocrella s. str. has filiform to long-fusiform ascospores that do not disarticulate and Aschersonia s. str. anamorphs with fusoid conidia. The new genus proposed here, Samuelsia, has filiform to long-fusiform ascospores that do not disarticulate and aschersonia-like anamorphs with small allantoid conidia. In addition, the present study presents and discusses the evolution of species, morphology, and ecology in Hypocrella, Moelleriella, and Samuelsia based on multigene phylogenetic analyses.Taxonomic novelties: New genus: Samuelsia. New species: Hypocrella disciformis, H. hirsuta, Moelleriella basicystis, M. boliviensis, M. cornuta, M. evansii, M. madidiensis, M. umbospora, S. chalalensis, S. geonomis, S. intermedia, S. rufobrunnea, and S. sheikhii. New combinations: M. castanea, M. colliculosa, M. disjuncta, M. epiphylla, M. gaertneriana, M. globosa, M. guaranitica, M. javanica, M. libera, M. macrostroma, M. ochracea, M. palmae, M. phyllogena, M. rhombispora, M. sloaneae, M. turbinata, and M. zhongdongii. 相似文献
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Grey leaf spot is a serious yield-reducing disease of maize (Zea mays) in many parts of the world where this crop is cultivated. The causal organism associated with the disease is Cercospora zeae-maydis. Two potential sibling species have been recognized as Groups I and II. The DNA sequences for the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1 & ITS2), the 5.8S rRNA gene, elongation factor 1-α, histone H3, actin and calmodulin gene regions suggest that Groups I and II are two distinct species. Furthermore, Cercospora zeae-maydis (Group I) can be distinguished from C. zeina sp. nov. (Group II) by its faster growth rate on artificial media, the ability to produce cercosporin, longer conidiophores, and broadly fusiform conidia. A PCR-based test that distinguishes the two species was developed using species-specific primers designed from the histone H3 gene.Taxonomic novelties: Cercospora zeina Crous & U. Braun sp. nov. 相似文献
13.
为明确黑胫病菌（Leptosphaeria biglobosa）在甘蓝型油菜叶片和茎中的侵染及扩展过程，利用绿色荧光蛋
白（GFP）标记的黑胫病菌株接菌油菜叶片，利用激光共聚焦显微镜观察菌株在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程。结果
表明，接种油菜叶片7 h后，分生孢子萌发并长出芽管；17 h后，芽管侵入气孔；24 h后，分生孢子全部萌发；36 h后萌
发的芽管形成菌丝；120 h后，菌丝在叶片表皮细胞间隙蔓延，并侵入叶肉细胞。13 d后，菌丝侵入茎部皮层组织；
15 d后，菌丝在皮层细胞间隙蔓延，并侵染至茎表皮；21 d后，菌丝侵染至维管组织；23 d后，菌丝侵染至茎韧皮部；
25 d后，茎导管被侵染，并向木质部扩展。本研究发现的L. biglobosa 在油菜叶片和茎中的侵染过程，可为油菜与黑
胫病菌互作的研究、黑胫病致病机理及防治提供参考。 相似文献
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对采自贵州省习水国家自然保护区（长嵌沟管理站）和贵州省燕子岩国家森林公园若干份枯枝进行室内的标本保湿处理,对其上的暗色丝孢菌采用形态学鉴定法。根据Kionochaeta（悬刺毛孢属）的典型特征：由菌丝体分枝产生分生孢子梗。分生孢子梗粗大、单生、直立、直或稍弯曲、光滑、具隔、厚壁、褐色至黑褐色、锥形、刚毛状,无或伴生侧生刚毛状分枝的分生孢子梗。可育区域通常在分生孢子梗的中下部,极少在顶端;由紧凑或松弛,不规则或流苏状排列,其上产生产孢细胞。产孢细胞安瓿形,烧瓶形或圆柱形,具2种增殖类型：（1）内壁芽生式,没有持续导致平周变厚;（2）内壁芽生式,持续的及顶式产生新的产孢位点。分生孢子内壁芽生式,顶生,单生,产生一个液滴（在基质上）,透明,无隔膜,光滑,椭圆形、梭形、镰状或棒状,极少在两端具一个简单的刚毛。HMZNC0426菌株的典型特征：较长刚毛状分生孢子梗在整个生长过程中缺乏紧密、分枝的产孢结构,但顶端可能产生一系列短的不规则分枝的产孢细胞,刚毛状分生孢子梗基部常伴生一种顶端具产孢结构,较短的分生孢子梗;HMZNC0356菌株的典型特征：分生孢子梗无侧生刚毛状分枝,产胞结构产生在分生孢子梗近中部单一位点上,产孢细胞紧密、无规则排列在分生孢子梗中部;HMZNC0381菌株的典型特征：分生孢子梗中下部着生2~5根侧生的刚毛状分枝,主轴和侧枝的部分顶端着生一系列不规则、短的分枝,其上产生产孢细胞,从而形成可育区域;可育区域位于侧枝下端,构成紧密、分枝、透明至浅褐色的产孢细胞;HMZNC0427菌株的典型特征：分生孢子梗中部着生一根侧生的刚毛状分枝,较短,可育区域位于侧枝下端。根据上述特征鉴定出：Kionochaeta内的K. nanophora Kuthub. & Nawawi (HMZNC0426)和K. spissa P. M. Kirk & B. Sutton (HMZNC0356)为中国新记录种,K. australiensis Goh & K. D. Hyde (HMZNC0427)和K. pughii Kuthub. & Nawawi (HMZNC0381)为中国大陆新记录种。该标本保存在遵义师范学院真菌学标本室（HMZNC）。 相似文献
15.
Rimi Miyaoka Masahito Hosokawa Masahiro Ando Tetsushi Mori Hiro-o Hamaguchi Haruko Takeyama 《Marine drugs》2014,12(5):2827-2839
The study of spatial distribution of secondary metabolites within microbial cells facilitates the screening of candidate strains from marine environments for functional metabolites and allows for the subsequent assessment of the production of metabolites, such as antibiotics. This paper demonstrates the first application of Raman microspectroscopy for in situ detection of the antifungal antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB) produced by actinomycetes—Streptomyces nodosus. Raman spectra measured from hyphae of S. nodosus show the specific Raman bands, caused by resonance enhancement, corresponding to the polyene chain of AmB. In addition, Raman microspectroscopy enabled us to monitor the time-dependent change of AmB production corresponding to the growth of mycelia. The Raman images of S. nodosus reveal the heterogeneous distribution of AmB within the mycelia and individual hyphae. Moreover, the molecular association state of AmB in the mycelia was directly identified by observed Raman spectral shifts. These findings suggest that Raman microspectroscopy could be used for in situ monitoring of antibiotic production directly in marine microorganisms with a method that is non-destructive and does not require labeling. 相似文献
16.
Three adjuvants [polyether-polymethylsiloxane-copolymer (Break-Thru®), alkoxylated fatty alkylamine polymer/ethoxylated sorbitane ester (Partner 650®) and polyoxyethylene 20 sorbitan monooleate (Tween-80®)] were compared for their ability to improve the efficacy of potassium silicate and biocontrol agents (BCAs) against powdery mildew of zucchini caused by Podosphaera xanthii (Castagne) U. Braun & Shishkoff. The most effective adjuvant was investigated for its direct impact on the pathogen and deposition of BCAs using electron microscopy and its compatibility with the BCAs and zucchini plant was evaluated to establish an integrated management of powdery mildew. Furthermore, effects of Si spray in accumulation of Si and K in the leaves were measured. Break-Thru® and Partner 650® improved the efficacy of silicate by 18–35%. The best adjuvant, Break-Thru®, caused a collapse and degeneration of the conidia and hyphae of the pathogen, restricted growth and spread of the powdery mildew colonies by binding its propagative structures, and improved deposition of BCAs on the leaf surface and the fungus. Break-Thru® was compatible with the plant and the BCAs at concentrations <0.4 ml l−1, and can be used with selected BCAs and SiO2 for an integrated management of powdery mildew. SiO2 applied as a foliar spray increased the level of Si in zucchini leaves, which may contribute to systemic resistance of the plant against the disease. 相似文献
17.
姬松茸（Agaricus brasiliensis）不仅营养丰富还具有很高的药用价值,是一种名贵的食药用菌,其产业发展前景广阔。但由于姬松茸种质资源匮乏,对姬松茸的遗传背景认识不足,阻碍了其杂交育种技术的发展,现有的种质资源难以满足实际生产需要。本研究以姬松茸J1菌株为实验材料,通过对姬松茸生殖相关结构进行微观形态观察,探究姬松茸相关的生物学特性。利用扫描电子显微镜和荧光显微镜观察姬松茸不同生长发育时期菌褶、担孢子和菌丝体微观形态特征。结果表明：桑葚期菌褶和菌髓处于发育阶段,菌褶片状物不明显;珊瑚期后能明显观察到菌褶片状物,相互平行排列,由菌髓和其两侧的子实层组成,排列紧密,厚度均匀,且着生少量担子,但菌髓呈不规则排列;成形期菌褶更为清晰、排列规整,内菌幕未破裂,菌褶间隙包含表面凸起排列的担孢子和杂乱的导管状细胞,导管状细胞紧密关联;成形期菌褶担子较为饱满,有褶皱,担子上着生有3个孢子梗或4个孢子梗,各担孢子之间有细小的连接丝。通过DAPI对担孢子核数进行染色观察,发现姬松茸大多数担孢子属于双核孢子,少量属于单核和无核孢子;通过DAPI对菌丝体细胞核进行染色观察,发现姬松茸菌丝体属于多核,有隔膜,但未见锁状联合。本研究明确了姬松茸不同生长发育时期的菌褶、担子、担孢子以及菌丝体的微观形态特征,丰富了姬松茸的生物学研究和生活史过程认识,为姬松茸杂交育种、担孢子交配型、遗传转化体系等研究奠定了基础。 相似文献
18.
The type species of the genus Hypocrea (Hypocreaceae, Hypocreales, Ascomycota, Fungi), H. rufa, is re-defined and epitypified using a combination of phenotype (morphology of teleomorphs and anamorphs, and characteristics in culture) and phylogenetic analyses of the translation-elongation factor 1α gene. Its anamorph, T. viride, the type species of Trichoderma, is re-described and epitypified. Eidamia viridescens is combined as Trichoderma viridescens and is recognised as one of the most morphologically and phylogenetically similar relatives of T. viride. Its teleomorph is newly described as Hypocrea viridescens. Contrary to frequent citations of H. rufa and T. viride in the literature, this species is relatively rare. Although both T. viride and T. viridescens have a wide geographic distribution, their greatest genetic diversity appears to be in Europe and North America. Hypocrea vinosa is characterised and its anamorph, T. vinosum sp. nov., is described. Conidia of T. vinosum are subglobose and warted. The new species T. gamsii is proposed. It shares eidamia-like morphology of conidiophores with T. viridescens, but it has smooth, ellipsoidal conidia that have the longest L/W ratio that we have seen in Trichoderma. Trichoderma scalesiae, an endophyte of trunks of Scalesia pedunculata in the Galapagos Islands, is described as new. It only produces conidia on a low-nutrient agar to which filter paper has been added. Additional phylogenetically distinct clades are recognised and provisionally delimited from the species here described. Trichoderma neokoningii, a T. koningii-like species, is described from a collection made in Peru on a fruit of Theobroma cacao infected with Moniliophthora roreri.Taxonomic novelties:Hypocrea viridescens Jaklitsch & Samuels sp.nov., Trichoderma viridescens (A.S. Horne & H.S. Williamson) Jaklitsch & Samuels comb.nov., T. gamsii Samuels & Druzhinina sp.nov., T. vinosum Samuels sp.nov., T. neokoningii Samuels & Soberanis sp.nov., T. scalesiae Samuels & H.C. Evans sp.nov. 相似文献
19.
由枝状枝孢霉（Cladosporium cladosporioides）侵染引起的杧果露水斑病是近年杧果上新发生的病害,主要为 害果实。明确该菌能否穿透果皮侵入果肉,可为防治该病害选择合适的药剂提供依据。本 研 究 将 绿色荧光蛋白基因 gfp 和潮霉素抗性基因 hygB 表达盒插入了经定点突变后 Cl. cladosporioides 的 ITS 序列中,成功构建了 pITGH 重组载 体,将其用 PEG 介导方法转化杧果露水斑病菌原生质体,获得了在菌丝、分生孢子、萌发的分生孢子中稳定发出绿色 荧光的 GFP 标记菌株,该标记菌株与野生菌的菌落形态、颜色及致病力无明显差异,生长速度明显慢于野生菌。用该 标记菌株观察侵染过程,发现杧果露水斑病菌可以在杧果果皮上侵染和扩展,但不能扩展至果肉中。该结果为选择农 药类型提供了依据,也为进一步研究该病菌在活体杧果上的生物学、预测病害和通过观察定殖情况确定杧果品种的抗 病性等奠定了良好的材料基础。 相似文献
20.
本研究建立了一种橡胶树叶片中胶孢炭疽菌的染色方法,通过显微观察明确胶孢炭疽菌在橡胶树叶片中的侵染结构,为橡胶树炭疽病的预测预报提供理论依据。在脱色剂（0.15%三氯乙酸乙醇溶液∶氯仿=5∶1）处理12 h,1%刚果红染色剂抽滤染色3 h的条件下,能清晰观察到胶孢炭疽菌在橡胶树叶片上的发育进程和侵染结构。结果表明,在28 ℃、100%相对湿度培养条件下,接种橡胶树淡绿期叶片2~6 h为分生孢子萌发高峰期,12 h后分生孢子萌发率大于85%;8~12 h为附着胞形成高峰期,接种12 h约75%的芽管顶端产生附着胞,少数附着胞中央部位开始形成侵染钉;24 h为侵染钉形成高峰期,同时分生孢子萌发形成多个芽管;36 h时附着胞顶端再次萌发产生次级附着胞,从而进一步侵染周围细胞,叶片出现零星病斑;48 h时芽管不断分支异化成菌丝并产生次级分生孢子,叶片出现大量典型的炭疽病病斑;72 h后菌丝在叶片表面纵横扩展,随机分支,逐步形成网状分布。随着菌丝的扩展,叶片组织发生一系列的病理变化,侵染部位组织出现褐色坏死病斑。本研究建立了一种着色效果好,简便易行,经济有效的橡胶树叶片中胶孢炭疽菌的染色方法,进一步明确了胶孢炭疽菌的侵染结构。 相似文献