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1.
对采自我国不同地区、不同主栽葡萄品种‘红地球’、‘巨峰’及‘赤霞珠’上的12份葡萄霜霉病菌的致病力及孢子囊大小进行了比较和分析,结果表明:采自不同葡萄品种的病原菌对感病葡萄品种‘奥迪亚无核’叶片的致病力具有明显差异,其中‘巨峰’及‘红地球’来源的病原菌致病性较强,明显大于‘赤霞珠’来源的病原菌致病力;采自不同葡萄品种的霜霉病菌孢子囊大小存在一定的差异,‘赤霞珠’来源的病原菌孢子囊明显大于‘巨峰’及‘红地球’来源的霜霉病菌孢子囊。上述结果表明,采自不同寄主的葡萄霜霉病菌的致病力及孢子囊大小均存在一定程度的分化。  相似文献   

2.
 以对霜霉病具有不同抗性的3个葡萄品种Fredonia、西拉和赤霞珠为材料,研究一氧化氮（NO）和过氧化氢（H2O2）在调控葡萄抵御霜霉病菌感染过程中的生理机制。结果表明：接种葡萄霜霉病菌后3个葡萄品种叶片中NO和H2O2含量均有猝发现象,H2O2猝发早于NO,抗性强的品种Fredonia的变化快而显著;外施一定浓度的NO供体硝普钠（SNP）和H2O2均可减缓霜霉病菌侵染过程,降低感病率和平均病情指数,并且能够不同程度地提高抗性弱的葡萄品种赤霞珠叶片的过氧化物酶（POD）、苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、β-1,3-葡聚糖酶（Glu）和几丁质酶（Cht）活性,增强葡萄过敏性坏死反应;而NO和H2O2的清除剂2-4,4,5,5-苯-四甲基咪唑-1-氧-3-氧化物（cPTIO）和抗坏血酸（AsA）在一定程度上能够提高感病率和平均病情指数。推测NO和H2O2可以通过提高POD、PAL、Glu和Cht病程相关蛋白活性,进而增强葡萄对霜霉病的抗性。  相似文献   

3.
以对霜霉病不同抗性的葡萄品种左优红和霞多丽为材料,利用分子生物学和植物生理学试验手段,结合药理学试验,探讨葡萄在应答霜霉病过程中葡萄多磷酸肌醇激酶基因（VvIPK2）和H2O2的作用机制。接种霜霉病菌后15 h葡萄叶片VvIPK2表达量是正常水平的12倍,接种后3 hH2O2含量达最大值,同时苯丙氨酸解氨酶和几丁质酶活性升高;多磷酸肌醇激酶（IPK2）抑制剂、外源H2O2及H2O2清除剂均能改变霜霉病菌所引起的抗性葡萄品种左优红叶片PAL和几丁质酶活性的变化,同时可以影响不同抗性品种叶片的感病情况;IPK2抑制剂对葡萄霜霉病菌引起的H2O2水平变化没有影响;清除H2O2可减弱葡萄霜霉病菌对VvIPK2表达量的诱导效应。研究表明H2O2位于IPK2的上游,通过调控PAL和几丁质酶活性参与葡萄应答霜霉病过程。  相似文献   

4.
采用离体有伤接种绿枝条的方法分析了我国25个葡萄主要品种对葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea的抗/感程度并建立了抗性分级标准。根据接种发病后的病斑长度,利用系统聚类方法鉴定不同葡萄品种对葡萄座腔菌的抗性并进行分级,建立了葡萄对葡萄座腔菌的抗性评价方法和抗性分级标准。结果表明,我国25个主要葡萄品种对葡萄座腔菌的抗性存在明显差异,‘巨峰’、‘红宝石无核’、‘藤稔’、‘红地球’、‘香妃’、‘玫瑰香’、‘巨玫瑰’、‘霞多丽’、‘龙眼’、‘西拉’、‘品丽珠’、‘贝达’、‘峰后’、‘梅鹿辄’、‘美人指’、‘赤霞珠’和‘山葡萄洛桑’等17个品种对葡萄座腔菌表现为抗病,‘弗蕾无核’、‘5BB’、‘夏黑’和‘无核白鸡心’表现为感病,而‘维多利亚’、‘牛奶’、‘矢富罗莎’和‘摩尔多瓦’表现为高感。  相似文献   

5.
对36个葡萄品种(品系)苗期对霜霉病的田间抗病性进行了评价, 结果表明, 不同葡萄品种(品系) 对葡萄霜霉病的抗性存在明显差异, 绝大多数欧美杂交种的抗性要强于欧亚种葡萄, 供试的10个欧美杂种中, ‘瑞峰无核’对葡萄霜霉病表现为高抗; ‘DEMIR’、‘龙宝’、‘红富士’、‘黑奥林’、‘峰后’5个品种表现为中抗。  相似文献   

6.
系统比较了云南省石林县(‘红地球’)和弥勒县(‘水晶葡萄’)葡萄园采用避雨栽培和露天栽培对葡萄霜霉病Plasmoparaviticola(Berk.Curtis)Berl.de Toni.的防治效果,监测了田间葡萄园内避雨栽培和露天栽培处理中葡萄霜霉病的发生流行与植株冠层气象因子的变化情况,并结合适宜葡萄霜霉病病害循环的温度、相对湿度、叶面持露时间及田间葡萄植株冠层微气象因子的变化对避雨栽培有效防治葡萄霜霉病的气象原理进行了分析。结果表明,避雨处理可有效控制葡萄霜霉病的发生和危害,石林县和弥勒县两地葡萄园的防治效果分别达到97.84%和66.29%。弥勒县‘水晶葡萄’对霜霉病的抗性较强,霜霉病发生较轻,但在避雨栽培条件下霜霉病的病情指数也显著低于对照。植株冠层微气象因子变化分析表明,避雨栽培可以减少决定霜霉病菌能否成功侵染的叶面水膜持续时间,创造不适宜霜霉病菌萌发和侵入的条件,还可以显著减低棚内植株冠层适宜孢子囊产生的相对湿度的持续时间,减少霜霉病菌的侵染菌量,从而有效地控制了霜霉病的发生和危害。  相似文献   

7.
贺兰山东麓地区受季风和大陆性气候影响,冬季寒冷干燥,低温持续时间长,酿酒葡萄越冬冻害频繁发生,严重制约葡萄与葡萄酒产业的可持续发展。文中对贺兰山东麓产区主栽的4个酿酒葡萄品种枝条进行抗寒性鉴定,旨在对酿酒葡萄抗寒育种、优良品种推广提供理论依据。文中以‘北红’‘威代尔’‘西拉’‘赤霞珠’一年生枝条为试验材料,以4℃下保存的样本为对照,模拟自然冷冻降温过程,设置-10℃、-15℃、-20℃、-25℃、-30℃五个低温处理梯度,对各处理中枝条的保护酶活性、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、枝条萌芽率以及相对电导率、LT50进行测定及计算,运用相关性分析与隶属函数法对不同品种酿酒葡萄抗寒性进行综合评价。结果表明:‘北红’‘威代尔’‘赤霞珠’‘西拉’4种酿酒葡萄枝条半致死温度分别为-29.57℃、-27.26℃、-23.99℃、-14.10℃。相关分析结果表明,相对电导率、CAT活性、MDA、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量与抗寒性呈负相关关系,枝条萌芽率、SOD、POD活性与抗寒性呈正相关关系。恢复生长法、LT50可作为判断酿酒葡萄枝条抗寒性强弱的单项指标。4种酿酒葡萄枝条抗寒性强弱顺序为‘北红’‘威代尔’‘赤霞珠’‘西拉’。  相似文献   

8.
 以霜霉病抗性葡萄品种左优红和感病品种霞多丽为材料,研究硫化氢(H2S)在葡萄应答霜霉病过程中的作用及其与过氧化氢(H2O2)的相互关系。结果表明,接种霜霉病菌后,抗性品种左优红和感病品种霞多丽叶片均出现H2S含量的猝发、H2S合成酶基因表达量增加、抗病相关蛋白多酚氧化酶(PPO)和β-1,3葡聚糖酶(Glu)活性显著升高现象;且H2S清除剂次牛磺酸(HT)可以显著抑制霜霉病菌诱导的PPO和Glu活性升高,并导致葡萄的感病率和病情指数显著升高;同时外源H2S可降低两个葡萄品种的感病率和病情指数。说明,H2S是参与葡萄抗霜霉病过程的新的信号物质。受霜霉病菌侵染后,葡萄叶片H2O2含量猝发早于H2S,并且H2O2清除剂抗坏血酸(AsA)可显著抑制霜霉病菌所诱导的H2S含量的上升,而H2S清除剂HT对霜霉病菌诱导的H2O2含量变化影响不显著,推测,H2S作用于H2O2的下游参与葡萄抵御霜霉病过程。  相似文献   

9.
本研究通过对叶盘保湿方法的改进, 不同菌源接种后发病严重度的分析, 抗?感病对照品种的确定, 建立了一种更为便捷?可靠?稳定的葡萄白粉病室内抗性鉴定方法:取葡萄藤自上而下第2~4片幼嫩叶片, 打取直径15 mm的叶盘置于1.5%水琼脂平板进行保湿, 采集田间菌源直接制备孢子浓度为2×105个/mL的孢子悬浮液接种, 选定抗?感病葡萄品种做对照, 14 d即可完成抗性鉴定?采用此方法对11个葡萄品种(品系)进行了葡萄白粉病抗性评价, 结果表明:供试的11个品种(品系)对葡萄白粉病的抗性存在明显差异, 其中高感品种为‘巨峰’‘夏黑’和‘阳光玫瑰’等, 感病品种为‘玫瑰香’和‘马瑟兰’, 抗病品种为‘瑞都科美’和‘无核翠宝’, 高抗品种为‘北冰红’?试验结果为葡萄抗病品种的选育及利用提供了方法和基础参考数据?  相似文献   

10.
葡萄霜霉病抗病性鉴定方法及品种抗病性测定   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
唐兴敏  孙磊  张玮  李兴红 《植物保护》2018,44(1):166-169
本文通过对葡萄霜霉病抗病性鉴定方法进行优化,建立了一种更为快捷、方便、可靠的鉴定方法,并对32个葡萄品种对霜霉病抗病性进行了鉴定,为葡萄抗病品种的选育和应用提供依据。结果显示:以田间混合的霜霉病菌为接种体采用叶盘法鉴定葡萄品种的抗病性更加快捷、方便。供试的32个葡萄品种对葡萄霜霉病的抗性存在显著差异。其中免疫品种有‘康拜尔早生';高抗的有‘阳光玫瑰'、‘美乐'、‘Ms27-31'等5个品种;中抗的有‘贝达'、‘小芒森'、‘2E-16-2'等6个品种;低抗的有‘瑞都红玉'、‘早黑宝'、‘摩尔多瓦'等10个品种;感病的有‘里扎马特'、‘玫瑰香'、‘香妃'等10个品种。  相似文献   

11.
 转录因子基因OsBTF3在水稻品种日本晴悬浮细胞中受白叶枯病菌(Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae,Xoo)诱导表达。为了阐明OsBTF3在水稻叶组织中的表达特征,本研究利用RT-Q-PCR技术,对经3种亲和性病原菌[水稻白叶枯病菌(Xoo)、水稻条斑病菌(Xooc)和稻瘟病菌(Mg)]接种和4种信号分子[脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)、茉莉酸甲酯(MeJA)、乙烯(ETH)]诱导处理的水稻叶片中OsBTF3的转录本进行了定量分析。结果表明,OsBTF3对Xoo、Xooc和Mg侵染的基因表达反应均显著地受到诱导,但反应速度和强度略有差异。而4种信号分子对OsBTF3表达的诱导作用差异较大,ABA诱导活性最强,MeJA和ETH次之,SA诱导作用不显著。因此,OsBTF3基因表达不仅具有病原菌Xoo、Xooc和Mg的诱导性,而且也具有信号分子MeJA、ETH和ABA的应答性。  相似文献   

12.
丛枝菌根(AM)真菌能诱导植物合成一些信号物质,如茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、一氧化氮(NO)、H2O2等,这些信号在AM真菌与植物识别、共生体建立和激活植物防御系统过程中发挥着重要作用[1].  相似文献   

13.
Recent evidence suggests that nitric oxide (NO) signaling plays an important role in plant–pathogen interactions and that aconitase is a major target of NO. In the present study on the signaling role of NO in the elicitation of defense responses in peach fruit against Monilinia fructicola and subsequent effect on brown rot disease, 15 μM NO solution induced disease resistance in harvested peaches. As a potentiated elicitor, NO induced high levels of endogenous NO and superoxide (O2 ?), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and NADPH oxidase and Ca2+-ATPase activity in the fruit. Aconitase activity in peach fruit was inhibited by NO. Activity of partially purified aconitase was inhibited in vitro by sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and H2O2; however, the inhibition could be relieved by carboxy-2-phenyl-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl 3-oxide (cPTIO) or catalase (CAT), indicating that the defense response and signals induced by NO transduction depend on aconitase and conditions leading to elevated levels of NO; otherwise, H2O2 would inactivate aconitase directly in fruit. Treatment with NO resulted in salicylic acid (SA) accumulating during storage. Higher levels of jasmonic acid (JA) were detected in NO-treated fruit 48 h after the treatment. But after NO was removed, the level of SA and JA were lower than in the control. The results suggest that exogenous NO enhances resistance of harvested peach fruit against the fungus by inducing signals such as endogenous NO, reactive oxygen species (ROS), SA and JA and by inhibiting aconitase activity.  相似文献   

14.
The effects of two training systems and row spacing on development of powdery mildew caused by Uncinula necator on clusters of 'Chardonnay' and 'Cabernet Sauvignon' grapevines were examined. Disease development was monitored in blocks with two different row spacing (2 and 3 m) in vertical shoot positioned vines (VSP) and in free-positioned, topped vines (FC) with no foliage support wires. The FC vines were hedged to about one meter shoot length. No fungicides were applied and disease powdery mildew level was recorded four to seven days after appearance of the first disease symptoms. During five consecutive years (1994–1998), disease incidence was higher in the VSP system than the FC vines. The difference was high when disease level was low (30% of the clusters in VSP vines infected, compared to 5% in the FC vines) and decreased when disease pressure was high (79% in VSP compared to 46% in FC vines). In the 'Cabernet Sauvignon', in four of the years, disease incidence was higher in the narrow spacing of 2 m between the rows than that in the wider 3 m spacing. Microclimate (temperature, relative humidity and light intensity) was monitored in the cluster zone near the spurs of 'Chardonnay' vines during three weeks in the 1998 season. In VSP vines light intensity was lower then that in FC vines both four and one week before disease symptoms appeared (72% and 18% respectively). The differences in temperature and relative humidity were less than 1°C and 3%, respectively, and most likely did not affect disease development. The results suggested that high light intensity is the primary factor, which limits powdery mildew growth development on field-grown grapevines in the Golan region of Israel. The use of the FC system might be useful in reducing the need of fungicides.  相似文献   

15.
 分析了水稻白叶枯病成株抗性与过氧化氢(H2O2)含量及过氧化物酶(POD)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性变化的关系。试验结果表明:接种白叶枯病菌T7133后,苗期与成株期植株体内H2O2含量上升以及POD、PPO和SOD活性增加。与苗期叶片相比,成株期叶片H2O2含量高,且PPO和SOD的酶活性增强,而POD的酶活性则降低。苗期和成株期CAT的酶活性均低于对照,成株期比苗期CAT活性更低。这些结果表明,H2O2、PPO、SOD和CAT可能与水稻白叶枯病成株抗性之间存在一定的关联,而POD则没有直接关系。  相似文献   

16.
When the biocontrol agent Pythium oligandrum (PO) colonizes the rhizosphere, it suppresses bacterial wilt disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum cv. Micro‐Tom) caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, and a homogenate of its mycelia exhibits elicitor activity, inducing an ethylene (ET)‐dependent defence response in Micro‐Tom. Since salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) play an important role in plant defence responses to pathogens, the involvement of SA‐ and JA‐dependent signal transduction pathways in resistance to R. solanacearum was investigated in tomato roots treated with a mycelial homogenate of PO. Bacterial wilt disease was also suppressed in tomato cv. Moneymaker treated with the PO homogenate. However, the SA‐inducible PR‐1(P6) gene was not up‐regulated in either Micro‐Tom or Moneymaker. SA did not accumulate in homogenate‐treated roots in comparison with distilled water‐treated controls, even 24 h after inoculation. Induced resistance against R. solanacearum was not compromised in SA‐non‐accumulating NahG transgenic plants treated with the PO homogenate. On the other hand, the expression of the JA‐responsive gene for the basic PR‐6 protein was induced in both tomato cultivars treated with the PO homogenate. Furthermore, quantitative disease assays showed that the induced resistance against R. solanacearum was compromized in PO homogenate‐treated jai1‐1 mutant plants defective in JA signalling. These results indicated that the JA‐dependent signalling pathway is required for PO‐induced resistance against R. solanacearum in tomato.  相似文献   

17.
This study provides new insights into the role of photoprotection in preformed and induced defence of two wheat genotypes with contrasting phenotypes to infection by Zymoseptoria tritici. We investigated the mechanisms of the photoprotective response during early infection, including nonphotochemical quenching (NPQ), β-carotene-derived xanthophylls, reactive oxygen species, and the phytohormones abscisic acid (ABA), jasmonic acid (JA), and salicylic acid (SA). Furthermore, we quantified the effects of pathogenesis on photosynthesis, stomatal control, and expression of plant defence molecular markers. The photoprotective mechanism of successful defence involved the qI component of NPQ leading to rapid down-regulation of photosystem II quantum yield and chlorophyll a:b, increased biosynthesis of the xanthophyll neoxanthin and ABA, and the expression of chloroplast-specific enzymes to engage in scavenging of O2●−. Elevated ABA in the resistant genotype correlated with preformed leaf defence traits including low stomatal density, increased expression of wax biosynthesis, and lignification. Z. tritici exhibited reduced germination and branching on the resistant host genotype and hijacked stomatal control in both genotypes by enhancing stomatal sensitivity to light. Increased biosynthesis of JA and anthocyanins, in contrast to SA, were quantified in the incompatible interaction. Our results indicate that ABA and JA in antagonistic action to SA were associated with defence in the resistant genotype, Cougar, against Z. tritici.  相似文献   

18.
丛枝菌根（arbuscular mycorrhizal,AM）真菌能与植物根系建立共生体提高植物抗病性。植物激素茉莉酸（jasmonic acid,JA）参与AM的形成,介导AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性。目前,关于AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性内容较为丰富,但是关于JA介导的AM真菌诱导的植物抗病性却有待进一步研究。本文首先总结了JA对AM形成和AM对植物内源JA积累的影响;其次介绍了AM真菌对植物抗病性影响及诱导机制;最后从诱导形成防御结构、提高酶活性及合成防御蛋白、诱导次生代谢物质合成、诱导调控信号分子、JA与其他激素相互作用五个方面探讨了JA在AM真菌诱导抗病性中的作用,并对本领域的研究方向进行展望,以期为植物病害防治和菌根研究提供可借鉴的思路。  相似文献   

19.
Arbuscular mycorrhiza (AM) colonization led to a decrease in the severity of fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato plants. The involvement of two plant defense hormones, namely methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and salicylic acid (SA), in the expression of mycorrhiza induced resistance (MIR) against this vascular pathogen was studied in the AM colonized and non-colonized (controls) plants. Activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), which plays a role in jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis, as well as levels of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) increased in AM colonized plants as compared to controls, but did not show any further changes in response to F. oxysporum inoculation. On the other hand, activity of phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), which is an enzyme from salicylic acid (SA) biosynthetic pathway, as well as SA levels, increased in both controls and AM colonized plants in response to application of F. oxysporum spores. Hence the JA and not the SA signalling pathway appeared to play a role in the expression of MIR against this vascular pathogen. The resistance observed in AM colonized plants was completely compromised when plants were treated with the JA biosynthesis inhibitor salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM). This confirmed that the AM-induced increase in JA levels was involved in the expression of resistance toward F. oxysporum. The SA response gene pathogenesis-related 1 (PR1) showed an increased expression in response to F. oxysporum infection in SHAM treated AM colonized plants as compared to plants that were not treated with this JA inhibitor. This suggested the possibility that JA inhibited SA responses, at least in the roots. AM colonization therefore appeared to prime plants for improved tolerance against the vascular pathogen F. oxysporum, which was mediated through the JA signalling pathway.  相似文献   

20.
 为了探索小麦抗白粉病分子机理,明确茉莉酸对小麦白粉病抗性的诱导作用、对植物抗病性标志基因PR-1、PR-2、PR-5和本实验室克隆的1个新基因Ta-JA2的激活作用,以及抗病性变化与基因表达变化之间的相关性,本研究以感白粉病的小麦品种“中国春”、“濮麦9号” 和“周麦18”为材料,用茉莉酸甲酯（methyl jasmonate,MeJA）喷洒小麦幼苗叶片进行诱导,通过离体叶段培养法接种白粉菌（Blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici,Bgt）进行抗性鉴定;用实时定量PCR技术检测小麦叶片中PR-1、PR-2、PR-5和Ta-JA2基因的表达变化。结果表明MeJA处理可以显著提高“中国春”、“濮麦9号”和“周麦18”对白粉菌的抗病水平。茉莉酸处理显著激活了PR-1、PR-2、PR-5和Ta-JA2的转录。茉莉酸诱导的抗病性提高与抗病标志基因PR-1、PR-2、PR-5及Ta-JA2的表达增强呈正相关。植物激素茉莉酸是小麦抗白粉病反应的信号分子。  相似文献   

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