共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
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大学校园是培养人才,孕育文明的殿堂。基于"人是环境的产物"这一论点,校园景观空间设计对师生的生活和学习起到至关重要的作用。作者以天津大学校园景观空间现状为例,分析现有校园空间存在问题,从集散、交往、休闲和交通空间等几方面对大学校园景观空间进行剖析,以期通过校园景观空间营造,为高校校园景观建设提供借鉴。 相似文献
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大学校园景观孕育着校园历史文脉与特色风格,是校园总体规划的重要组成部分,对校园的规划布局、空间构成和环境塑造发挥着决定性作用。美国大学校园景观在舒展个性的同时坚守传统,形成了独具一格的校园风貌。文章以密歇根州立大学校园为研究对象,梳理其校园景观规划发展的脉络,探源校园绿地建设理念与方法,总结老校园如何进行景观保护与管理、新校园如何延续校园风格等方面的优秀经验,以期为我国大学校园景观建设提供有益的借鉴。 相似文献
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基于档案资料的收集和分析归纳,从选址、校园规划布局、校园建筑、校园绿地四个方面阐述了战时重庆校园景观的特征。对社会人文与自然地域等影响因素进行分析,认为追求功能实用的诉求是重庆校园景观营造的主要理念,而爱国主义、民族主义情结及地形因素使得校园景观呈现出多元化的形式。 相似文献
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A major problem for small farmers in the semi-arid tropics is the chronic shortage of fodder for draft animals. Leucaena leucocephala has improved productivity in many places in India and in various cropping systems, usually as either a pure crop or in a
hedgerow alley-cropping configuration. Mixed cropping with arboreal forms is seldom seen. For off-season fodder production,
hedgerows have the disadvantage of being open to unmanaged browsing when unfenced (as is usual). Arboreal forms are generally
far less vulnerable.
In this paper, the components of production of sorghum and arboreal Leucaena are measured under different intensities of canopy lopping. The most productive management system of those examined was pollarding
of the Leucaena at the time of under-sowing with sorghum. In a year with less than 50% of average seasonal rainfall, this system gave a yield
of 4.6 tonnes/ha/yr fresh wt fodder and 3.8 tonnes/ha/yr dry wt. of fuel harvests, while increasing the standing crop of wood
by 1.8 t/ha/yr and retaining a yield of sorghum grain equivalent to 46% of pure sorghum cropping; the LER of this system was
1.35.
Cash values of the alternative management systems were estimated, including the discounted Net Present Value of the standing
crop of timber. Maximum value was attained with unlopped pure crop Leucaena followed by pollarded Leucaena with sorghum; pure crop sorghum achieved a lower value.
These results demonstrate both the high productivity of Leucaena/sorghum based systems, and the stability of production even in poor rainfall conditions. Pollarding transferred the high
future value of Leucaena timber to the present value of sorghum grain and fuelwood. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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Marcelo de Carvalho Alves Fábio Moreira da Silva Edson Ampélio Pozza Marcelo Silva de Oliveira 《Journal of pest science》2009,82(2):137-148
The advent of Precision Agriculture has made possible the analysis of complex spatial patterns of plant disease epidemiology
considering statements of integrated disease management. The objective of this work was to use geostatistics, statistics and
geographical information systems to characterize the structure and magnitude of spatial dependency of rust (Hemileia vastatrix) and brown eye spot (Cercospora coffeicola) incidence and severity in coffee agroecosystem cultivated with Catuai Vermelho IAC-99 (Coffea arabica L.). Evaluations of incidence and severity of rust and brown eye spot were accomplished at 67 georeferenced points arranged
in 6.6202 ha of coffee crop, in the years of 2005, 2006 and 2007. Exponential models of covariance enabled the characterization
of the magnitude and structure of rust and brown eye spot spatial variability in the evaluated dates. Ordinary block kriging
presented satisfactory performance to map rust and brown eye spot outbreaks based on kriging error coefficients. Kriged maps
enabled the visualization of intensity of rust and brown eye spot in each evaluation date. Assessments of incidence and severity
presented highly statistical correlation based on linear regression models, also confirmed by the spatial variability of kriging
maps. Kriging maps of rust and brown eye spot enabled to observe that intensity of disease was dispersed in foci patterns
along the coffee plantation, indicating that the current strategy of disease control based in total area may be replaced by
site specific disease management, with less environmental impact and sustainability of coffee crop, according to statements
of integrated disease management and precision agriculture. 相似文献
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Nutrient and hydrologic cycles in harvested native forests in southern Australia are largely balanced. For example, we have
little or no evidence of any decline in nutrient capital or availability in harvested forests. Short-term and small-scale
reductions in evapotranspiration due to loss of leaf area after harvesting are adequately balanced at the landscape scale
by large areas of regenerating or older-age forest. In contrast, agricultural systems on similar soils are a) dependent on
large inputs of fertilisers to maintain growth and b) frequently subject to increasing salinity and waterlogging or other
forms of degradation. The large-scale replacement of long-lived communities of perennial and often deep- rooting native species
with annual crops or other communities of shallow-rooting species might be better managed within the framework of knowledge
developed from studies of native plant communities. However, application of such a mimic concept to systems of low natural
productivity is limited when agricultural systems require continued high productivity. Nonetheless, the mimic concept may
help in developing sustainable management of agriculture on marginal lands, and contribute to the nutritional resilience of
agroecosystems. Relevant characteristics for mimic agroecosystems in south western Australia include: high species diversity,
diversity of rooting attributes, utilisation of different forms of nutrients (especially of N and P) in space and time, and
the promotion of practices which increase soil organic matter content.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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Native woody species regeneration in exotic tree plantations at Munessa-Shashemene Forest,southern Ethiopia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Regeneration of native woody species was studied in the plantations and the adjacent natural forest at Munessa-Shashemene Forest Project Area, Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to test the hypothesis that tree plantations foster regeneration of native woody species. A total of 60 plots, having 10 × 10 m area each, were studied in monoculture plantations of 4 exotic species (Cupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. saligna, Pinus patula) and an adjacent natural forest. Ages of the plantations ranged between 9 and 28 years. Soil seed bank analysis was also undertaken from soil samples collected in each of the 60 plots to examine the similarity between the soil seed flora and aboveground vegetation. A total of 56 naturally regenerated woody species were recorded beneath all plantation stands with densities ranging between 2300 and 18650 individuals / ha in different stands. There was a significant difference among plantation stands with regard to understorey density (standard deviation: 4836 ± 1341). Vegetation diversity was assessed through analyses of floristic composition, species richness and abundance. Generally, seedling populations were the most abundant components of the regeneration in most of the plantation stands, forming 68 % of the total regeneration count in all stands. A total of 77 plant species represented by 44 herbs, 13 woody species, 8 grasses and 12 unidentified species were recorded in the soil seed bank from all stands. Similarity between the soil seed bank and aboveground flora was very low implying that the role of soil seed banks is negligible rather dispersal plays an important role in the process of regeneration. These results support the concept that forest plantations can foster the regeneration of native woody species, thereby increasing biological diversity, provided that there are seed sources in the vicinity of the plantations. 相似文献
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Trees and shrubs as sources of fodder in Australia 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
E. C. Lefroy P. R. Dann J. H. Wildin R. N. Wesley-Smith A. A. McGowan 《Agroforestry Systems》1992,20(1-2):117-139
Experience with browse plants in Australia is briefly reviewed in terms of their forage value to animals, their economic value to the landholder and their ecological contribution to landscape stability. Of the cultivated species only two have achieved any degree of commercial acceptance (Leucaena leucocephala and Chamaecytisus palmensis). Both of these are of sufficiently high forage value to be used as the sole source of feed during seasonal periods of nutritional shortage. Both are also leguminous shrubs that establish readily from seed. It is suggested that a limitation in their present use is the reliance on stands of single species which leaves these grazing systems vulnerable to disease and insects. Grazing systems so far developed for high production and persistence of cultivated species involve short periods of intense grazing followed by long periods of recovery. Similar management may be necessary in the arid and semi-arid rangelands where palatable browse species are in decline. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(4):377-384
The objective of this study was to predict the amount and the distribution of compression wood (CW) within a Norway spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst.] plank based on green plank curvature. The findings indicated a possibility of predicting the longitudinal distribution of CW from the green plank curvature. Areas free from CW showed a typical concave shape in relation to the centre of the log, while CW was present when a convex shape was shown. The larger the magnitude of convex curvature, the higher the concentrations of CW that could be found, and a larger fraction of dried planks was rejected due to excessive warp. This study also determined what information can be used to eliminate areas of high concentrations of CW by cutting and how cutting affects the grading results with respect to warp. Over 50% of the plank length showing a high concentration of CW (>30% of the cross-cut volume) was successfully cut off. Cutting strategies based on predicted CW concentrations resulted in a 10-40% increase in accepted plank length. 相似文献
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为了解南方红豆杉在闽南山地生长所需的环境条件,开展了木荷林下套种南方红豆杉的试验研究,结果表明,在较高郁闭度的木荷林中套种南方红豆杉,随木荷林郁闭度的增大,南方红豆杉的树高、地径和生物量降低,叶绿素含量减少,养分含量下降。郁闭度为0.5的木荷林套种南方红豆杉,其生产力最高,叶绿素含量和养分含量均最大。 相似文献