共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
An electrohydrodynamic methodology has been developed that makes possible the precise assembly of two- and three-dimensional colloidal crystals on electrode surfaces. Electrophoretically deposited colloidal particles were observed to move toward one another over very large distances (greater than five particle diameters) to form two-dimensional colloidal crystals for both micrometer- and nanometer-size particles. This coalescence of particles with the same charge is opposite to what is expected from electrostatic considerations and appears to result from electrohydrodynamic fluid flow arising from an ionic current flowing through the solution. The ability to modulate this "lateral attraction" between particles, by adjusting field strength or frequency, facilitates the reversible formation of two-dimensional fluid and crystalline colloidal states on the electrode surface. Further manipulation allows controlled structures to be assembled. 相似文献
2.
We report the growth of binary colloidal crystals with control over the crystal orientation through a simple layer-by-layer process. Well-ordered single binary colloidal crystals with a stoichiometry of large (L) and small (S) particles of LS2 and LS were generated. In addition, we observed the formation of an LS3 superstructure. The structures formed as a result of the templating effect of the first layer and the forces exerted by the surface tension of the drying liquid. By using spheres of different composition, one component can be selectively removed, as is demonstrated in the growth of a hexagonal non-close-packed colloidal crystal. 相似文献
3.
以东北地区棕壤为研究对象,通过人工控温和土柱淋洗试验,研究了不同冻融处理下铅污染土柱中土壤胶体和胶体结合态铅的迁移特征。结果表明:土壤高含水量(田间持水量100%)条件下冻融作用促进土壤胶体的迁移;土壤低含水量(田间持水量10%)条件下冻融作用对土壤胶体的影响减弱。淋洗试验中,土壤胶体在前20 min内大量淋失出土体,随后淋失量急剧减少;且前20 min内的土壤胶体淋失量随着冻融次数的增加先增加后减少。污染土柱中铅主要以胶体结合态的形式迁移,其迁移特征和受冻融作用影响的趋势与土壤胶体类似。冻融处理后滞留在土柱深层的铅含量较高,表明冻融作用能够促进铅向深层土壤迁移。 相似文献
4.
By manipulating colloidal microspheres within customized channels, we have created micrometer-scale fluid pumps and particulate valves. We describe two positive-displacement designs, a gear and a peristaltic pump, both of which are about the size of a human red blood cell. Two colloidal valve designs are also demonstrated, one actuated and one passive, for the direction of cells or small particles. The use of colloids as both valves and pumps will allow device integration at a density far beyond what is currently achievable by other approaches and may provide a link between fluid manipulation at the macro- and nanoscale. 相似文献
5.
Premelting is the localized loss of crystalline order at surfaces and defects at temperatures below the bulk melting transition. It can be thought of as the nucleation of the melting process. Premelting has been observed at the surfaces of crystals but not within. We report observations of premelting at grain boundaries and dislocations within bulk colloidal crystals using real-time video microscopy. The crystals are equilibrium close-packed, three-dimensional colloidal structures made from thermally responsive microgel spheres. Particle tracking reveals increased disorder in crystalline regions bordering defects, the amount of which depends on the type of defect, distance from the defect, and particle volume fraction. Our observations suggest that interfacial free energy is the crucial parameter for premelting in colloidal and atomic-scale crystals. 相似文献
6.
Wood TA Lintuvuori JS Schofield AB Marenduzzo D Poon WC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6052):79-83
Colloidal particles immersed in liquid crystals frustrate orientational order. This generates defect lines known as disclinations. At the core of these defects, the orientational order drops sharply. We have discovered a class of soft solids, with shear moduli up to 10(4) pascals, containing high concentrations of colloidal particles (volume fraction φ ? 20%) directly dispersed into a nematic liquid crystal. Confocal microscopy and computer simulations show that the mechanical strength derives from a percolated network of defect lines entangled with the particles in three dimensions. Such a "self-quenched glass" of defect lines and particles can be considered a self-organized analog of the "vortex glass" state in type II superconductors. 相似文献
7.
The dominant mechanism for creating large irreversible strain in atomic crystals is the motion of dislocations, a class of line defects in the crystalline lattice. Here we show that the motion of dislocations can also be observed in strained colloidal crystals, allowing detailed investigation of their topology and propagation. We describe a laser diffraction microscopy setup used to study the growth and structure of misfit dislocations in colloidal crystalline films. Complementary microscopic information at the single-particle level is obtained with a laser scanning confocal microscope. The combination of these two techniques enables us to study dislocations over a range of length scales, allowing us to determine important parameters of misfit dislocations such as critical film thickness, dislocation density, Burgers vector, and lattice resistance to dislocation motion. We identify the observed dislocations as Shockley partials that bound stacking faults of vanishing energy. Remarkably, we find that even on the scale of a few lattice vectors, the dislocation behavior is well described by the continuum approach commonly used to describe dislocations in atomic crystals. 相似文献
8.
Titration curves of frog muscle at 2 degrees C and 25 degrees C were determined in vivo. Lowered temperature decreases respiration without change of colloidal charge or of ion distribution as estimated from charge. Anions which are inhibitors or metabolites combine with muscle colloids, changing the distribution of other ainions and cations. 相似文献
9.
Colloidal particles can form unexpected two-dimensional ordered colloidal crystals when they interact with surfactants of the opposite charge. Coulomb interactions lead to self-limited adsorption of the particles on the surface of vesicles formed by the surfactants. The adsorbed particles form ordered but fluid rafts on the vesicle surfaces, and these ultimately form robust two-dimensional crystals. This use of attractive Coulomb interaction between colloidal particles and surfactant structures offers a potential new route to self-assembly of ordered colloidal structures. 相似文献
10.
Polymer brushes 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Milner ST 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1991,251(4996):905-914
Polymers attached by one end to an interface at relatively high coverage stretch away from the interface to avoid overlapping, forming a polymer "brush." This simple picture may serve as the basis for models in diverse interfacial systems in polymer science, such as polymeric surfactants, stabilized suspensions of colloidal particles, and structures formed by block copolymers. The structure and dynamics of polymer brushes have been the subject of considerable theoretical and experimental activity in recent years. An account is given of recent advances in theoretical understanding of stretched polymers at interfaces, and the diverse experimental probes of systems modeled by brushes are briefly reviewed. 相似文献
11.
The nature of chain folding in polymers and the determination of the chain length at which folding occurs have been central questions in polymer science. The study of the formation of lamellar polymer crystals through chain folding has received a new impetus as a result of the recent synthesis of normal alkanes of strictly uniform chain lengths up to C(390) H(782). Chain folding is found in all such paraffins starting with C(150)H(302). As with polyethylenes obtained by conventional polymerization, the fold length in the normal alkanes varies with crystallization temperature, but it is always an integral reciprocal of the full chain length. This behavior indicates that the methyl end groups are located at the lamellar surface and that the fold itself must be sharp and adjacently reentrant. 相似文献
12.
Dispersions of colloidal particles in cholesteric liquid crystals form an unusual solid by stabilizing a network of linear defects under tension in the ideal layered structure of the cholesteric. The large length scales of the cholesteric liquid crystals allowed direct observation of the network structure, and its properties were correlated with rheological measurements of elasticity. This system serves as a model for a class of solids formed when particles are mixed with layered materials such as thermotropic and lyotropic smectic liquid crystals and block copolymers. 相似文献
13.
We studied the kinetics of sublimating crystals with single-particle resolution by experiments with colloidal spheres and by computer simulations. A short-range attraction between spheres led to crystallites one to three layers thick. The spheres were tracked with optical microscopy while the attraction was reduced and the crystals sublimated. Large crystallites sublimated by escape of particles from the perimeter. The rate of shrinkage was greatly enhanced, however, when the size decreased to less than 20 to 50 particles, depending on the location in the phase diagram. At this size, the crystallites transformed into a dense amorphous structure, which rapidly vaporized. The enhancement of kinetics by metastable or unstable phases may play a major role in the melting, freezing, and annealing of crystals. 相似文献
14.
We report a method for compensating the birefringence of optical polymers by doping them with inorganic birefringent crystals. In this method, an inorganic birefringent material is chosen that has the opposite birefringence to that of the polymer and has rod-shaped crystals that are oriented when the polymer chains are oriented. The birefringence of the polymer is thus compensated by the opposing birefringence of the crystal. Birefringence is minimized in various polymer optical devices by adjusting process conditions, because it degrades the performance of devices. This method minimizes it, independent of process conditions, which potentially improves the productivity of devices. 相似文献
15.
Coleman DA Fernsler J Chattham N Nakata M Takanishi Y Körblova E Link DR Shao RF Jang WG Maclennan JE Mondainn-Monval O Boyer C Weissflog W Pelzl G Chien LC Zasadzinski J Watanabe J Walba DM Takezoe H Clark NA 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,301(5637):1204-1211
Any polar-ordered material with a spatially uniform polarization field is internally frustrated: The symmetry-required local preference for polarization is to be nonuniform, i.e., to be locally bouquet-like or "splayed." However, it is impossible to achieve splay of a preferred sign everywhere in space unless appropriate defects are introduced into the field. Typically, in materials like ferroelectric crystals or liquid crystals, such defects are not thermally stable, so that the local preference is globally frustrated and the polarization field remains uniform. Here, we report a class of fluid polar smectic liquid crystals in which local splay prevails in the form of periodic supermolecular-scale polarization modulation stripes coupled to layer undulation waves. The polar domains are locally chiral, and organized into patterns of alternating handedness and polarity. The fluid-layer undulations enable an extraordinary menagerie of filament and planar structures that identify such phases. 相似文献
16.
【目的】探讨耐镉细菌对红壤、赤红壤和棕色石灰土3类型土壤胶体镉吸附性能的影响及细菌—土壤胶体复合体上所吸附镉形态的变化,为重金属污染土壤的生物修复提供理论依据。【方法】从矿区镉污染土壤中筛选分离出一株耐镉细菌,同时提取红壤、赤红壤和棕色石灰土3种土壤胶体,研究接种耐镉细菌后3种土壤胶体吸附镉的变化及细菌—土壤胶体复合体上所吸附镉形态的变化。【结果】接种耐镉细菌能提高3种土壤胶体对镉的吸附,以红壤有机—无机复合胶体的提高幅度最大;接种耐镉细菌使3种类型土壤胶体上弱酸可溶态和残渣态的镉含量降低,而可还原态和可氧化态含量则提高。接菌后,红壤胶体和赤红壤（自然土）无机胶体上不同形态镉含量为残渣态〉可还原态〉弱酸可溶态〉可氧化态,而赤红壤（耕作土）胶体和棕色石灰土胶体则为可还原态〉残渣态〉弱酸可溶态〉可氧化态。【结论】接种耐镉细菌能促进土壤胶体上镉形态由无效态向有效态转化,提高镉的有效性。 相似文献
17.
Small differences between the lattice energies of different zeolites suggest that kinetic factors are of major importance in controlling zeolite nucleation. Thus, it is critical to control the nucleation kinetics in order to obtain a desired microporous material. Here, we demonstrate how careful investigation of the very early stages of zeolite crystallization in colloidal systems can provide access to important nanoscale zeolite phases while avoiding the use of expensive organic templates. We report the effective synthesis of ultrasmall (6- to 15-nanometer) crystals of the large-pore zeolite EMT from template-free colloidal precursors at low temperature (30°C) and very high yield. 相似文献
18.
【目的】探讨耐镉细菌对红壤、赤红壤和棕色石灰土3类型土壤胶体镉吸附性能的影响及细菌—土壤胶体复合体上所吸附镉形态的变化,为重金属污染土壤的生物修复提供理论依据。【方法】从矿区镉污染土壤中筛选分离出一株耐镉细菌,同时提取红壤、赤红壤和棕色石灰土3种土壤胶体,研究接种耐镉细菌后3种土壤胶体吸附镉的变化及细菌—土壤胶体复合体上所吸附镉形态的变化。【结果】接种耐镉细菌能提高3种土壤胶体对镉的吸附,以红壤有机—无机复合胶体的提高幅度最大;接种耐镉细菌使3种类型土壤胶体上弱酸可溶态和残渣态的镉含量降低,而可还原态和可氧化态含量则提高。接菌后,红壤胶体和赤红壤（自然土）无机胶体上不同形态镉含量为残渣态＞可还原态＞弱酸可溶态＞可氧化态,而赤红壤（耕作土）胶体和棕色石灰土胶体则为可还原态＞残渣态＞弱酸可溶态＞可氧化态。【结论】接种耐镉细菌能促进土壤胶体上镉形态由无效态向有效态转化,提高镉的有效性。 相似文献
19.
Baughman RH Dantas SO Stafstrom S Zakhidov AA Mitchell TB Dubin DH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,288(5473):2018-2022
Negative Poisson's ratios are predicted for body-centered-cubic phases that likely exist in white dwarf cores and neutron star outer crusts, as well as those found for vacuumlike ion crystals, plasma dust crystals, and colloidal crystals (including certain virus crystals). The existence of this counterintuitive property, which means that a material laterally expands when stretched, is experimentally demonstrated for very low density crystals of trapped ions. At very high densities, the large predicted negative and positive Poisson's ratios might be important for understanding the asteroseismology of neutron stars and white dwarfs and the effect of stellar stresses on nuclear reaction rates. Giant Poisson's ratios are both predicted and observed for highly strained coulombic photonic crystals, suggesting possible applications of large, tunable Poisson's ratios for photonic crystal devices. 相似文献
20.
Ordered arrays of charged uniform colloidal polystyrene particles in solution form a single-wavelength laser filter that is transparent to other wavelengths. A usable filter was prepared by solidification within an acrylamide-methylene-bisacrylamide gel. The rejection wavelength of the colloidal array filter changes with gel composition. Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy of two gel formulations shows that the colloidal array filter is composed of AAA stacking of close-packed planes. Excellent agreement is found between the layer spacings measured and those predicted from the rejection wavelengths. 相似文献