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1.
基于几何方法评价长期施用化肥坡耕地作物轮作系统可持续性 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了评价长期施用化肥条件下黄土丘陵区坡耕地作物轮作系统的可持续性,本文基于三角形面积法,采样测定了长期施肥试验小区（17年）的土壤理化属性及作物产量,将所测定的18项指标划分并转化为土壤物理指数、养分指数和作物指数,并计算出可持续性指数（三角形面积）。结果表明: 1）与对照（N0P0）相比,长期施用化肥可以提高系统的可持续性,物理指数、养分指数、作物指数及可持续性指数平均增加19.3 %、19.6 %、200.6 % 和 139.6 %; 2）单施氮磷处理,可持续性指数随着施肥量的增加（N0P0N1P0\N0P1N2P0\N0P2）而增加,分别较对照（0.53）增加了17.7 %、84.7 %和76.8 %、88.9 %,但低于临界值（1.3）52.0 %、26.6 %和27.8 %、22.8 %,单施化肥处理的坡耕地作物轮作系统不可持续; 3）氮磷配施可持续性指数平均比临界值（1.3）高27.4 %,坡耕地作物轮作系统具有较好的可持续性。系统可持续顺序依次为N1P2 （1.98） N2P1（1.74） N2P2 （1.47） N1P1（1.44）。处理N1P2（施N55.2 kg/hm2,P2O5 90 kg/hm2）是该研究区坡耕地可持续作物轮作系统的最优化肥施用模式。 相似文献
2.
覆盖作物在美国玉米带的应用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
2006年美国农学家J.W.Singer等采用通信方法调查美国玉米种植带的3 500户农户种植覆盖作物的情况,大约有18%农户播种覆盖作物,在过去5 a间有11%农户播种覆盖作物,2005年秋8%农户播种覆盖作物,平均每个农场覆盖作物播种面积占总面积6%。统计分析结果表明:作物种类是影响覆盖作物应用的主要因素。覆盖作物可以有效地防止水土流失,增加土壤有机质。如果成本分摊可行,56%农户愿意播种覆盖作物,覆盖作物成本为56.8 1美元/hm2。 相似文献
3.
利用长期施肥定位试验开展土壤-作物系统的可持续性评价,可为农田合理施肥和管理提供理论支撑。在黄土丘陵区栗褐土农田进行了26年长期肥料定位试验,设置8个处理,分别是不施肥(CK)、单施氮肥[120.0 kg(N)·hm~(-2),N]、氮[120.0 kg(N)·hm~(-2)]和磷[75 kg(P_2O_5)·hm~(-2)]肥配施(NP)、单施低量有机肥(22 500 kg·hm~(-2),M1)、低量有机肥与氮肥配合施用(M1N)、低量有机肥与氮磷肥配合施用(M1NP)、高量有机肥(45 000 kg·hm~(-2))与氮肥配合施用(M2N)和高量有机肥与氮磷肥配合施用(M2NP)。测定了19项指标,根据三角性面积法计算了土壤养分指数、土壤微生物指数、作物指数和可持续性指数,分析讨论了长期施肥对栗褐土区土壤-作物系统可持续性的影响。结果表明:1)N、M1处理的可持续性指数较CK分别提高27.1%、141.7%,但较临界值(1.30)低53.1%和10.8%;NP处理的可持续性指数虽然较N处理提高62.3%,但仍比临界值(1.30)低23.8%。说明长期单施氮肥、低量有机肥和氮磷配施下土壤-作物系统均不可持续。2)施用无机肥处理(N和NP)的土壤养分指数、土壤微生物指数和作物指数较CK提高7.1%和46.4%、-6.0%和25.4%、40.0%和60.0%;单施低量有机肥(M1)的土壤养分指数、土壤微生物指数和作物指数较CK提高98.2%、41.8%和31.7%。说明施用无机肥有利于作物指数的提升,而施用有机肥有利于土壤养分指数和土壤微生物指数的提升。3)M1N处理的土壤养分指数(1.06)、土壤微生物指数(1.04)、作物指数(1.00)和可持续性指数(1.38)均超过或等于临界值,使土壤-作物系统具有较好的可持续性。4)M1NP、M2N、M2NP处理的土壤养分指数较M1N处理分别提高21.7%、37.7%和72.6%,土壤微生物指数较M1N处理分别提高15.4%、7.7%和18.3%,作物指数与M1N处理相比差异很小,可持续性指数较M1N处理分别提高28.3%、32.6%和68.1%。说明在M1N基础上再增施磷肥或有机肥,可持续性指数可进一步提升是由于土壤养分指数和土壤微生物指数提高的缘故,同时也增加了潜在的环境风险。适量有机肥与无机氮配合施用(M1N)是实现栗褐土区土壤-作物系统可持续生产的较佳施肥模式。 相似文献
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施用白云石对酸性黄红壤作物产量及化学性质的影响 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
白云石改良酸性黄红壤三年定位试验结果表明:酸性黄红壤施用白云石可以降低土壤交换性铝的含量,提高土壤pH值和交换性钙、镁的含量,显著提高作物产量,且有明显的后效。第1—6季作物分别增产10.8%~13.4%、21.5%~48.6%、9.4%~16.2%、10.9%~44.6%、7.9%~22.0%和6.6%~29.8%。白云石施用量为600kg hm-2时,降酸作用可维持3季作物以上;白云石施用量为2500 kg hm-2时,降酸作用可维持6季作物以上。 相似文献
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中国作物秸秆养分资源数量估算及其利用状况 总被引：80，自引：16，他引：80
基于统计数据、农户调研数据以及公开发表的文献资料中的数据,估算了2006年中国作物秸秆及其养分资源数量,并且对其利用状况进行了详细的分析。结果表明,2006年中国作物秸秆资源数量超过7.6亿t,其中,作物秸秆氮、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）养分资源数量分别达到776万t、249万t、1 342万t。从作物秸秆去向来看,作物秸秆还田、秸秆饲用、秸秆燃烧以及其他去向所占比例分别为24.3%、29.9%、35.3%和10.5%。从不同利用方式下作物秸秆养分还田情况来看,2006年中国作物秸秆氮、磷（P2O5）、钾（K2O）养分还田量分别达到304.6万t、175.6万t、966.7万t,占秸秆养分资源量的比例分别为39.3%、70.5%和72.0%,这表明秸秆还田比例及其养分还田比例仍然有很大的提升空间。 相似文献
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基于双作物系数的旱作玉米田蒸散估算与验证 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
农田蒸散(ET)准确估算与区分对理解土壤-植物-大气连续系统水分传输动力学过程和调控机制具有重要意义。本研究基于FAO-56 Penman-Monteith(PM)模型计算参考作物蒸散量(ET0),运用双作物系数法计算黄土高原东部地区旱作玉米田2011-2012年蒸散(ETFAO),以同期涡度相关系统实测值(ETEC)作为标准值对双作物系数法计算结果进行评价,并将玉米田ET区分为土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾。结果表明:2011年春玉米生长季ET0、ETEC和ETFAO分别为628、400.3和492.7mm,双作物系数法RMSE、AAE和R~2分别为0.864mm·d~(-1)、0.678mm·d~(-1)和0.755,且R~2达极显著水平(P0.01);2012年三者分别为553、372.6和441.4mm,RMSE、AAE和R~2分别为0.676mm·d~(-1)、0.693mm·d~(-1)和0.781,R~2亦达极显著水平(P0.01),说明双作物系数法在该地区模拟旱作春玉米ET有较高的精度。基于双作物系数法对ET进行区分表明,2011年全生育期土壤蒸发和作物蒸腾分别占ET的36.4%和63.6%;2012年分别占ET的31.7%和68.3%,说明旱作春玉米田ET主要来自春玉米蒸腾。 相似文献
8.
2001－2017年四川省耕地产能变化与潜力特征分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
提高耕地产能对于满足中国日益增长的粮食安全需求有重要意义。该研究基于MODIS-EVI数据,通过构建作物EVI生长曲线,利用二次差分法及阈值法提取耕地复种指数并计算最优生长时长(Most Active Day, MAD)表征耕地产能变化,分析了2001-2017年四川省复种指数不变区内单季作物种植区,双季作物的第一、二季种植区内耕地产能变化及潜力特征。结果表明:1)研究期内四川省93.5%的耕地复种指数未发生变化,复种指数不变区内熟制以一年一季(占总耕地面积的88.3%)和一年两季(占总耕地面积的2.7%)为主;2)研究期内四川省单季作物产能显著下降与显著提升区分别占总面积的24.0%和33.2%,产能稳定区占比最大;双季中第一、二季作物产能分别呈先降后升和波动下降趋势,产能变化耕地面积分别占总面积的62.1%和49.4%;3)双季作物产能提升潜力大。研究期内四川省单季作物产能提升区和产能下降区产能提升潜力小于40%的耕地占比分别为83.8%和71.4%;双季作物第一、二季作物产能提升区内产能提升潜力大于40%的耕地分别占89.5%和67.6%。双季作物产能提升潜力大于80%的耕地面积超过一半,表明四川省双季作物的耕地产能仍有较大的提升空间。该研究所提出的耕地产能量化方法,可以应用于大尺度、长时间序列的耕地产能变化监测、耕地产能提升潜力空间识别等,可为优化耕地产能监测方法、促进耕地保护政策与规划制定提供借鉴。 相似文献
9.
秸秆覆盖对红壤旱地作物生长及土壤质量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了解红壤旱地秸秆覆盖还田的效应,在江西典型红壤旱地上建立定位试验,以研究秸秆覆盖还田对土壤质量演变及作物产量的影响,为提高红壤旱地的综合生产能力提供依据。4a定位试验的结果表明:(1)红壤旱地作物行间秸秆覆盖还田有利于促进作物根系和地上部生长、提高作物产量,作物单产较对照(不覆盖)提高15%～20%;(2)提高土壤肥力水平,有机质提高1.8g/kg、土壤速效N、K含量分别较对照提高8.0%、8.1%;(3)增加土壤生物活性,土壤真菌、细菌的数量分别较对照增加92.0%、31.1%,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶的活性分别较对照提高37.6%、19.9%和42.1%;(4)改善土壤结构,土壤容重降低了0.022g/cm3,干旱时土壤含水量较对照高出4个百分点左右。而且随着定位时间的延长,作物增产和培肥改土效果更明显。 相似文献
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施肥水平与耕作模式对紫色土坡耕地地表径流磷素流失的影响 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
通过设置顺坡耕作对照(CK)、顺坡耕作农家肥和化肥配合施用(T1)、顺坡耕作单施化肥(T2)、顺坡耕作单施化肥增量(T3)与横坡垄作单施化肥(T4)处理,对不同施肥水平与耕作方式下坡面产流特征、磷素流失量以及作物生物量、氮磷吸收量进行了长期(2008—2012年)定位观测。结果表明:不同施肥、耕作处理间产流量、磷素流失量差异均达到显著性水平,不同施肥与耕作下产流量、TP、TDP流失量均以不施肥处理最大,不同施肥处理产流量依次为CKT3T2T1T4,T1、T2、T3比对照处理产流量分别减少35.69%,29.63%,16.82%,T4比T2处理减少25.94%;TP流失量依次为CKT3T2T1T4,与对照相比,T1、T2、T3处理分别较CK减少33.33%,31.25%,25%;TDP流失量依次为CKT3=T2T1T4,T1、T2、T3处理分别较对照减少30%,20%,20%,T4处理TP、TDP流失量比T2处理分别减少34.52%,24.72%。磷素流失以颗粒态为主,TDP/TP年均仅为26.41%。施肥与耕作对紫色土区作物生物量、氮磷吸收量均有显著性的影响,对照处理作物生物量、氮磷吸收量均低于其他施肥处理,施肥处理有助于增加作物生物量和氮磷的吸收量。相关分析表明:作物生物量、氮磷吸收量与径流量、TP、TDP均呈负相关关系,说明作物地上部分生物量越大,氮磷的利用率越高,坡面产流量和土壤养分的流失就越少。施肥能够很好地控制径流磷素的流失,以横坡垄作、农家肥和化肥配合施用最佳。 相似文献
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Suyundukov Ya. T. Suyundukova M. B. Bezuglova O. S. Khabirov I. K. Khasanova R. F. Semenova I. N. Rafikova Yu. S. Ilbulova G. R. 《Eurasian Soil Science》2022,55(1):27-35
Eurasian Soil Science - The results of the study of the properties of urban soils of the city of Sibay located in the mining region of the Republic of Bashkortostan are presented. A specific... 相似文献
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Kholodov V. A. Farkhodov Y. R. Yaroslavtseva N. V. Ziganshina A. R. Maksimovich S. V. 《Eurasian Soil Science》2022,55(7):998-1004
Eurasian Soil Science - Layers were step-by-step removed from macroaggregates (2–1 mm in diameter) of Protocalcic Chernozems via successive abrasion in a revolving rotator during 5, 10, 15,... 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(15-16):1631-1646
Abstract Brazil has approximately 30 million hectares of lowland areas, known locally as “Varzea,”; distributed throughout the country. Soils in these areas have the potential to support agricultural production, but very little is known about their fertility. The current experiment was undertaken to characterize the chemical and physical properties of representative “Varzea”; soils collected at 0–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–80 cm depth intervals from 23 sites in Goias State of Brazil. Organic matter contents averaged 42 g/kg in the surface 20 cm of soil and should make a significant contribution to overall nutrient availability. Soil pH increased slightly with depth from a mean value of 5.2 in the surface 20 cm of soil to a mean value of 5.4 in the 60–80 cm depth interval. Several soils had exchangeable Al values ≥ 1.0 cmol Al/kg, but soil Al saturation was generally less than the 60% level frequently associated with Al toxicity. However, cereal and legume production could benefit from lime addition in many of these soils. Although base saturation was fairly low in some soils, exchangeable Ca and Mg levels were, in general, adequate throughout the profile. Extractable P levels were adequate in most surface soil samples. Extractable K levels in these soils were generally low, and the application of K fertilizers should be beneficial, especially in conjunction with lime addition. The high clay content “Varzea”; soils of the Brazilian lowlands have some drainage problems but generally exhibit favorable chemical properties for crop production when compared to soils of the well‐drained Cerrados. 相似文献
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Ye. V. Rogozhina N. V. Kostina L. S. Malyukova 《Moscow University Soil Science Bulletin》2011,66(1):32-35
An estimation of potential nitrogen-fixing activity of various soil types under agrophytocenoses of tea, filbert, peach, and
pawpaw which grow in the area of Greater Sochi is given. High indicators of nitrogen fixation activity in the soil in the
course of vegetation were characteristic of agrocenoses of pawpaw, peach, and filbert. The lowest level of nitrogen fixation
was noted in the soil of a tea plantation. A negative correlation dependence of potential nitrogen-fixing activity on the
acidity of the soil solution was established. A study of the seasonal dynamics of the activity of nitrogen fixation of soils
of agrocenoses of the subtropical zone of Russia made it possible to distinguish a less active winter and more active spring-summer-autumn
periods. 相似文献
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The rate of popping of popcorn was measured in oil and in air. Kinetic data for lifetimes of individual kernels from a large population were obtained in oil at six constant temperatures (180–250°C) and also in an air‐popper at 202°C. The data are characterized by an induction period, which is, significantly, followed by a first‐order decrease in the number of unpopped kernels versus time. The activation energy for the first order process is 166.7 kJ/mol between 180 and 210°C, and 53.8 kJ/mol between 210 and 250°C. These data are consistent with a model that assumes 1) that the rate of heat transfer into a kernel follows Newton's law of cooling; 2) that in a sample of kernels there exists a distribution of critical pressures; 3) that for an individual kernel, the probability of popping is directly proportional to the difference between the internal aqueous vapor pressure and the kernel's critical pressure; and 4) that the measured rate constant at any temperature is an average overall of the kernels in the sample with critical pressures equal to or less than the internal aqueous vapor pressure. Minimum popping temperatures predicted by the model are 181 ± 2°C (oil) and 187 ± 2°C (air), in good agreement with previously reported direct measurements. 相似文献
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物联网是一个集信息通信、数据交换、传感器技术与软件工程于一体的综合性产业,探讨和分析了物联网的结构体系与发展中遇到的安全问题。 相似文献
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荔枝种子从果实中剥离出来后, 即使在室内条件下, 也极易失水干缩, 潮湿环境中又易发霉而腐烂。扫描电镜观察表明: 种皮上布满纹孔, 水分散失面积很大; 种脐部为疏松的海绵组织, 且营养丰富。据此, 生产上应对种子彻底清洗, 并保存于适当湿度的环境中, 以提高其发芽率。 相似文献
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Max Frenzel Philip James Sara K. Burton Steven J. Rowland Hilary M. Lappin-Scott 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2009,9(2):129-136
Background, aim and scope Unresolved complex mixtures (UCMs) of aromatic hydrocarbons are widespread, but often overlooked, environmental contaminants.
Since UCMs are generally rather resistant to bacterial degradation, bioremediation of UCM-contaminated sites by bacteria is
a challenging goal. Branched chain alkyltetralins are amongst the individual classes of components of aromatic UCMs which
have been identified in hydrocarbon-contaminated sediments and a number of synthetic alkyltetralins have proved toxic in laboratory
studies. Thus, alkyltetralins should perhaps be amongst the targets for UCM bioremediation strategies. The slow degradation
of several alkyltetralins by a microbial consortium has been reported previously; however, the bacteria involved remain unidentified
and no single strain capable of alkyltetralin biodegradation has been isolated. The present project therefore aimed to enrich
and identify bacterial consortia and single strains of bacteria from a naturally hydrocarbon-contaminated site (Whitley Bay,
UK), which were capable of the degradation of two synthetic alkyltetralins (6-cyclohexyltetralin (CHT) and 1-(3’-methylbutyl)-7-cyclohexyltetralin
(MBCHT)).
Materials and methods Bacteria were enriched from sediment collected from Whitley Bay, UK by culturing with CHT and MBCHT for a period of 4 months.
Biodegradation experiments were then established and degradation of model compounds monitored by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry.
Internal standards allowed the generation of quantitative data. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were constructed from individual
enrichments to allow assessment of microbial community structure. Selective media containing MBCHT were used to isolate single
bacterial strains. These strains were then tested in liquid culture for their ability to degrade MBCHT.
Results The consortia obtained through enrichment culture were able to degrade 87% of CHT and 76% of MBCHT after only 46 days compared
with abiotic controls. The 16S ribosomal RNA gene clone libraries of these bacteria were dominated by sequences of Rhodococcus spp. Using selective media, a strain of Rhodococcus was then isolated that was also able to biodegrade 63% of MBCHT in only 21 days.
Discussion The present report describes the isolation of a single bacterial strain able to degrade the resistant MBCHT. Although significant
losses of MBCHT were observed, putative metabolites were not detectable. Rhodococcus sp. have been reported previously to be able to biodegrade a range of hydrocarbon compounds.
Recommendations and perspectives Due to their environmental persistence and toxicity, aromatic UCMs require bioremediation. The culturing and identification
of such bacteria capable of rapid degradation of alkyltetralins may be an important step toward the development of bioremediation
strategies for sites contaminated with toxic UCMs. 相似文献