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2.
Green peach aphids (Myzus persicae (Sulzer) ) pose a threat to the Idaho potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) crop primarily because they transmit potato leafroll virus (PLRV). Only colonizing vectors are epidemiologically significant because PLRV is persistently transmitted. Additionally, Idaho winters are severe enough that most permanently anholocyclic aphid species do not establish. It is now accepted that the taxon that has been known asMyzus (Nectarosiphon)persicae (Sulzer) is in fact at least three species (M. persicae, Myzus nicotianae Blackman andMyzus antirrhinii (Macchiati) ). It was not known whether the newly designated species had the potential to damage the Idaho potato crop. The objectives of our research were to determine whetherMyzus (Nectarosiphon) spp. other thanM. persicae occurred naturally in Idaho, whether they could colonize potato and transmit PLRV, and whether they were potentially holocyclic. NoMyzus (Nectarosiphon) spp. other thanM. persicae were found in Idaho in trap nurseries; howeverMyzus ascalonicus Doncaster recently has been found on stored bulbs and in suction trap collections in north Idaho. Laboratory bioassays for PLRV vector potential usingPhysalis floridana Rydb. indicator plants show thatM. nicotianae can transmit PLRV as efficiently asM. persicae. Similarly,M. nicotianae colonized potato as well asM. persicae in a replicated laboratory experiment comparing two clones ofM. nicotianae and one clone ofM. persicae. Our observations indicate that North AmericanM. nicotianae may be capable of a limited facultative holocycle. Thus, in laboratory experiments,M. nicotianae is as damaging asM. persicae with respect to PLRV vector potential; however,M. nicotianae may not occur naturally in areas like Idaho that have no tobacco production. A summary of allMyzus (Nectarosiphon) spp. with respect to PLRV epidemiology is provided.  相似文献   

3.
In this study, we characterized the genetic structure of Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) populations in China using microsatellites. We expected that these data will reveal the genetic relationships among various populations of M. persicae and will be of value in the development of better methods for pest control. Four hundred sixty individuals from 23 areas over 13 provinces were collected in the early spring of 2010, all from their primary host, Prunus persicae. The markers analyzed were highly polymorphic, as demonstrated by the expected heterozygosity value (He = 0.861) and the Polymorphism Information Content (PIC = 0.847), which indicated that M. persicae maintains a high level of genetic diversity. Analysis of molecular variance revealed an intermediate level of population differentiation among M. persicae populations (FST = 0.1215). Geographic isolation existed among these populations, and, consequently, the genetic structure of the populations was split into a southern group and a northern group divided by the Yangtse River.  相似文献   

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5.
Global climate change is increasingly being recognized as an uncertainty of plant diseases. In particular, the increased solar UV-B (280–315 nm) radiation reaching the earth's surface has stimulated considerable studies on plant diseases in recent decades. The effects of UV-B radiation on the urediospore germination of three physiological races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), namely, CYR31, CYR32 and CYR33, and on epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust caused by Pst were investigated in this study. In the germination experiments, seven UV-B intensity treatments including 0 (control), 50, 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 μw/cm2, were set. Under each UV-B intensity, Pst urediospores were irradiated for 15, 30, 45 and 60 min. The results showed that the germinability of Pst urediospores was reduced with an enhancement of the radiation intensity and an increase in the radiation time and that CYR31 was more sensitive to UV-B radiation than CYR32 and CYR33. To investigate the effects of UV-B on the epidemiological components of wheat stripe rust, three treatments with different UV-B radiation doses were set. The results indicated that an enhancement in UV-B radiation could reduce the infection efficiency, lesion expansion rate, sporulation quantity and AUDPC and could prolong the incubation period. The results demonstrated that CYR33 was the most stable and exhibited the strongest tolerance and that CYR31 was the most vulnerable under different UV-B radiation levels. This finding indicated that CYR33 may have more advantages to survive under enhanced UV-B radiation.  相似文献   

6.
植物激素信号转导通路是响应胁迫的重要通路，该通路中基因的表达调控作物的抗旱性。为挖掘燕麦植物激素信号转导通路中响应干旱胁迫的关键基因，本研究对燕麦幼苗进行不同干旱胁迫处理，取叶片进行转录组测序，分析不同处理下基因的表达。结果表明，与正常水分条件相比，轻度干旱胁迫（PEG 10%）诱导624个基因表达发生显著变化（DEGs），重度干旱胁迫（PEG 20%）诱导13 063个。GO富集分析显示，重度干旱胁迫下，DEGs主要富集在对胁迫反应的调节；KEGG分析显示，轻度干旱胁迫下，植物激素信号转导通路中1个ARF和2个CRE1基因表达显著下调，表达量较高，可能为燕麦在该通路中响应轻度干旱胁迫的基因；而重度干旱胁迫下，植物激素信号转导通路富集169个DEGs，其中生长素和脱落酸信号转导过程DEGs较多，分别占植物激素信号转导通路总DEGs的20.7%和15.9%；在8条激素信号转导过程中筛选出12个表达量较高的基因，可能为燕麦在该通路中响应重度干旱胁迫的关键基因。本研究将为今后燕麦抗旱基因的克隆和验证提供依据。  相似文献   

7.
《Field Crops Research》1998,57(3):253-263
Spring wheat (Triticum aestivum) was grown in the field for two consecutive seasons under ambient and supplemental levels of ultraviolet-B (UV-B, 280–315 nm) radiation to determine the potential for alterations in community structure, developmental stages, growth and yield components. The supplemental UV-B radiation simulated depletions of 12, 20, or 25% stratospheric ozone. Spring wheat is a potentially UV-B sensitive species, showing the greatest sensitivity to UV-B radiation at 5.31 kJ m−2. Delays in development and decrease in plant height were observed at early tillering stage under UV-B treatment, and slowly exacerbated during further development. UV-B radiation changed crop structure, by decreasing the total number of tillers produced and increasing dead shoot number, resulted in fewer head-bearing shoots at ripening stage, and decreased biomass and yield. UV-B radiation decreased the area of the last leaf and leaf area index, but increased specific leaf weight. UV-B radiation inhibited biomass accumulation and altered the patterns of biomass partitioning; these effects might be correlated with yield. Decreases in yield were the result of significant reductions in spike number, grain number per spike and thousand grain weight under UV-B. Generally, the effects of UV-B radiation on developmental stages and crop structure were the most important, they might change the other characteristics of spring wheat crop. The responses of spring wheat crop to enhanced UV-B radiation were assessed, decreases in some crop characteristics caused by a 10 or 20% global ozone depletion were predicted. Ozone depletion had the greatest decrease in yield and the least reduction in plant height.  相似文献   

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10.
Potato virus Y (PVY) is one of the most economically important viruses affecting the potato crop. Several strains of the virus, including PVYO, PVYN, recombinant isolates; PVYN:O (PVY N-Wi) and PVYNTN and several variants of PVYO have been reported from North American potato-production areas. The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, is a colonizer of potatoes and is considered the most important vector of PVY. The objective of this study was to measure the population growth of M. persicae on potato plants infected with different strains and genetic variants of PVY. The initial population of ten winged adults of M. persicae was allowed to develop on a potted plant for 12 days. Results clearly indicated that infections by different strains and genetic variants of PVY did not influence the population growth of M. persicae on potato plants during this period.  相似文献   

11.
The aim of our study was to assess the combined impact of UVR (280–400 nm) and temperature on the first larval stage (Zoea I) of three crab species from the Patagonian coast: Cyrtograpsus altimanus, C. angulatus, and Leucippa pentagona. We determined the survival response of newly hatched Zoea I after being exposed for 8–10 h under a solar simulator (Hönle SOL 1200) at 15 and 20 °C. There was no mortality due to Photosynthetic Active Radiation (PAR, 400–700 nm) or ultraviolet-A radiation (UV-A, 315–400 nm), and all the observed mortality was due to ultraviolet-B radiation (UV-B, 280–315 nm). The data of larval mortality relative to exposure time was best fit using a sigmoid curve. Based on this curve, a threshold (Th) and the lethal dose for 50% mortality (LD50) were determined for each species. Based on the Th and LD50, C. altimanus was found to be the most resistant species, while L. pentagona was found to be the most sensitive to UV-B. For both species of Cyrtograpsus, mortality was significantly lower at 20 °C than at 15 °C; however, no significant differences between the two temperature treatments were found in L. pentagona. Bioaccumulation of UV-absorbing compounds in the gonads and larvae of C. altimanus, and to a lesser extent in C. angulatus, might have contributed for counteracting the impact of UV-B. However, most of the resilience to UV-B observed with the increase in temperature might be due to an increase in metabolic activity caused by a repair mechanism mediated by enzymes.  相似文献   

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13.
Green tile pan trap counts during the potato-growing season showed thatCapitophorus elaeagni (32%),Diuraphis noxia (27.7%), andMetopolophium dirhodum (15%) were the most abundant aphid species in potato fields at Aberdeen, Idaho.Acyrthosiphon pisum (22%),C. elaeagni (19%), andMetopolophium dirhodum (19%) were the most abundant species in potato fields at Tetonia, Idaho potato seed production areas. Eight species of aphids found to visit potato fields (C. elaeagni, D. noxia, M. dirhodum, Myzus persicae, Rhopalosiphum maidis, Rhopalosiphum padi, Schizaphis graminum, andSitobion avenue) were tested for Potato virus Y (PVY) transmission efficiency by timed probe experiments. Four of these species (D. noxia, M. dirhodum, M. persicae, andS. aoenae) and an additional three (Diuraphis frequens, Diuraphis mexicana, andDiuraphis tritici) were tested using mass inoculations.Capitophorus elaeagni, M. persicae, R. maidis, R. padi, andS. graminum all transmitted PVY in the timed probe experiments.Myzus persicae andD. noxia transmitted PVY in the mass inoculation experiments.  相似文献   

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15.
Green peach aphid Myzus persicae (Sulzer) is a serious pest of potato and causes severe yield loss to potato production worldwide. The volatiles emitted from potato plants influence host selection by M. persicae. A laboratory experiment was conducted to study how these volatile emissions vary among four potato varieties (IdaRose, Desiree, Chipeta and Russet Burbank) having different genetic backgrounds, and to compare the aphid responses to the volatiles emitted by these varieties. Results indicated that headspace volatiles detected, and aphid responses, differed significantly among the varieties. Myzus persicae arrestment was greater in response to Desiree and Chipeta than on Russet Burbank and arrestment on IdaRose was intermediate and did not differ significantly from any of the other varieties, but the arrestment was not related to the total concentration of volatiles released by these varieties. This indicates that the blend of volatiles was important for eliciting arrestment. Eigenvector weightings of principal component 1 were predominantly sesquiterpenes (especially caryophyllene, sesquiphellandrene, α-farnesene and longifolene), whereas those for principal component 2 were predominantly aldehydes and green leaf volatiles (n-hexana1, (Z)-3-hexenol, (E)-2-hexenal and nonanal. The pedigrees of the varieties are not associated with the volatile blends or aphid responses.  相似文献   

16.
Organophosphate and carbamate insecticides exert their neurotoxic effects by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase (AChE), thereby, prolonging the action of acetylcholine at cholinergic synapses, resulting in neuronal hyperexcitation. Mutations at the AChE target site confer modified acetylcholinesterase (MACE) phenotypes. Target-site insensitivity of AChE was characterized in field-collected, tobacco-adapted forms of the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), from nine different states in the eastern United States from 2004 to 2007. The specific activity of the AChE among the 65 aphid colonies screened by Ellman's assay ranged from 0.017–0.259 U/min/mg protein. Eight colonies, with a wide range of specific activities were chosen to study the inhibition of AChE in the presence of two carbamate insecticides, methomyl and pirimicarb. IC50 values for methomyl ranged from 0.35 to 2.4 μM, while six out of eight colonies had lower values that ranged from 0.16 to 0.30 μM for pirimicarb. Two colonies that were inhibited by methomyl had very high IC50 values for pirimicarb, 40.4 and 98.6 μM respectively. The target-site insensitivity in these two colonies that are resistant to pirimicarb could be due to an ace2 gene mutation. This is the first instance where MACE phenotypes in M. persicae from the United States were studied and confirmed. The results indicate that the possible insensitivity due to MACE resistance in some colonies may render selected carbamate insecticides ineffective. Concerns of MACE resistance in managing the tobacco-adapted form of the green peach aphid on tobacco in the United States are discussed.  相似文献   

17.
The aphids Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) and Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are responsible for yield reduction in potato (Solanum tuberosum) production by direct phloem feeding and by spreading viruses. Breeding resistant traits from Solanum chomatophilum into the potato germplasm provides alternative means to control aphid infestations. Integrated pest management strategy, using plant resistance, benefits from the characterization of the resistance and of its impact on aphid biology. Our objective was to characterize the resistance of S. chomatophilum by assessing the effects of accessions, plant parts on aphid performance, and by assessing the impact of the resistance factors on different aphid developmental stages and on alate morph production. Detailed aphid performance was obtained by measuring fecundity, survival, percentage of nymphs that reached adult moult, and population growth using whole plant and clip cage experimental designs. Accession and plant physiological age, but not aphid developmental stage, influenced all life-history parameters, except for alate morph production which was not induced on the resistant accessions. Plant part influence was independent of plant species and accession. Both experimental designs resulted in congruent resistance levels at the accession level for each of the two aphid species, supporting the use of any of them in S. chomatophilum resistance screening. PI243340 was resistant to both aphid species, while PI365324 and PI310990 were also resistant to M. euphorbiae and M. persicae, respectively.  相似文献   

18.
采后黄瓜对低温敏感,在低温贮藏期间很容易发生冷害,会造成较大的采后损失。本研究采用转录组测序结合生物信息学分析的方法,分析了采后黄瓜在短时冷害温度处理后的转录组变化。结果显示,采后黄瓜在5℃贮藏期间,冷害指数和相对电导率逐渐增加,叶绿素荧光逐渐降低,表明采后黄瓜在5℃贮藏期间产生了明显的冷害。与处理前相比（0 h）,处理12 h导致1500个基因差异表达,其中706个基因表达上调,794个基因表达下调。与0 h相比,处理72 h导致7799个基因差异表达,其中3995个基因表达上调,3804个基因表达下调。KEGG富集结果显示,低温处理导致的差异表达基因显著富集在植物激素信号转导、苯丙氨酸代谢、植物与病原菌互作和苯丙烷素合成途径中。GO富集分析的结果显示,在生物过程分类下,差异表达基因主要参与以DNA为模板的转录调控、蛋白磷酸化和跨膜转运等过程;在细胞组份分类下,差异表达基因主要富集在细胞膜组份和细胞核;在分子功能分类下,差异表达基因主要与ATP结合、蛋白苏氨酸/丝氨酸激酶活性、DNA结合和转录因子活性等功能有关。在低温处理12 h时,与激素信号有关的基因显著表达。但在低温处理72 h...  相似文献   

19.
Based on 10 years of trapping with yellow pan traps it was determined that on the average inflights of green peach aphids,Myzus persicae (Sulzer), start July 26 and cumulative catches of more than five aphids August 8. The lack of significant differences in the timing of first and cumulative catches of aphids between the northern and the southern section of the potato production area is additional evidence thatM. persicae does not usually overwinter in New Brunswick. Important yearly variations in the timing of the first cumulative catch of more than 5 aphids can be simulated by the thermal summation of 1188 DD and forecasted by regression on the timing of first inflights. The use of these results to improve the extension program is discussed.  相似文献   

20.
田雪  段江燕 《麦类作物学报》2013,33(6):1258-1263
为了解UV-B辐射对小麦光信号转导通路的影响,以冬小麦品种晋麦8号为材料,对不同UV-B剂量（10、12和14 kJ·m-2·d-1）辐射处理的小麦幼苗分别施用钙调蛋白（CaM）拮抗剂、G蛋白激活剂、Ca2+拮抗剂、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶拮抗剂,分析了光信号通路各组分的变化。结果表明,（1）CaM、G蛋白、Ca2+、丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶和花色素苷参与了UV-B辐射诱导的小麦光信号通路的传导;（2）低剂量和高剂量的UV-B辐射对花色素苷含量的调控不是通过同一条信号通路;（3）UV-B辐射强度为10和12 kJ·m-2·d-1时,会诱导查尔酮合酶（CHS）基因的表达,而14 kJ·m-2·d-1UV-B辐射强度会抑制CHS基因的表达。说明UV-B辐射影响植物生理生化的信号通路因辐射剂量而异。  相似文献   

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