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1.
OBJECTIVE: To assess changes in systemic hydration, concentrations of electrolytes in plasma, hydration of colonic contents and feces, and gastrointestinal transit in horses treated with IV fluid therapy or enteral administration of magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), sodium sulfate (NaSO4), water, or a balanced electrolyte solution. ANIMALS: 7 horses with fistulas in the right dorsal colon (RDC). PROCEDURE: In a crossover design, horses alternately received 1 of 6 treatments: no treatment (control); IV fluid therapy with lactated Ringer's solution; or enteral administration of MgSO4, Na2SO4, water, or a balanced electrolyte solution via nasogastric intubation. Physical examinations were performed and samples of blood, RDC contents, and feces were collected every 6 hours during the 48 hour-observation period. Horses were muzzled for the initial 24 hours but had access to water ad libitum. Horses had access to hay, salt, and water ad libitum for the last 24 hours. RESULTS: Enteral administration of a balanced electrolyte solution and Na2SO4 were the best treatments for promoting hydration of RDC contents, followed by water. Sodium sulfate was the best treatment for promoting fecal hydration, followed by MgSO4 and the balanced electrolyte solution. Sodium sulfate caused hypocalcemia and hypernatremia, and water caused hyponatremia. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Enteral administration of a balanced electrolyte solution promoted hydration of RDC contents and may be useful in horses with large colon impactions. Enteral administration of either Na2SO4 or water may promote hydration of RDC contents but can cause severe electrolyte imbalances.  相似文献   

2.
Enteral fluids administered alone, or in conjunction with intravenous fluids, are reported to be useful for the treatment of dehydration and electrolyte loss associated with diarrhoea in a number of species, following exercise in horses and for feed impaction of the large intestine of horses. Enteral fluids are suitable for treatment of mild to moderately dehydrated patients with some intact intestinal epithelium and motile small intestine. In patients that will drink voluntarily or tolerate nasal intubation the use of enteral fluids may avoid the complications associated with intravenous fluid administration. However the labour costs associated with repeated nasal intubation in intensively managed patients requiring large volumes of fluids may make the use of enteral fluids less economical than intravenous fluid administration. Enteral fluid use alone is contraindicated in patients that are severely dehydrated and/or in hypovolaemic shock, however, if used in conjunction with intravenous fluids, the effects of villous atrophy and malnutrition may be ameliorated and the duration of hospitalisation shortened. There is a variety of commercially available enteral fluids available to veterinary practitioners. While the key components of these fluids are sodium, chloride and carbohydrates, the amounts of ions and other ingredients such as potassium, alkalising agents, amino acids and shortchain fatty acids may vary. The species of the animal, the underlying condition, and the constituents of the fluid, should influence the choice of an enteral fluid.  相似文献   

3.
Objective: To characterize the relationship between clinical estimates of hydration in dogs and cats admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU) and changes in their body weight following 24–48 hours of fluid therapy. Design: Outcome study. Setting: ICU at a veterinary teaching hospital (VTH). Animals: A total of 151 dogs and 42 cats with various medical disorders that had not had surgery within 48 hours of admission into the ICU were consecutively admitted into the study. Animals with any condition predisposing to excess fluid loss or retention were excluded: heart disease, sepsis, trauma, pancreatitis, pleural or pericardial effusion, ascites, and pathologic oliguria. Animals that acquired any of the following during the observation period were excluded: gastrointestinal fluid loss, edema or diseases predisposing to edema, oliguria, diuretic therapy, and body fluid drainage or hemorrhage. Fluid therapy was ordered based on estimate of hydration at admission. Other treatments were not modified or withheld. Interventions: Physiologic data were collected at the time of admission and 24–48 hours later. Measurements and main results: Hydration was estimated on admission to the ICU using clinical judgement with no supporting laboratory data. Each admitting clinician used this estimate to plan fluid therapy. Fluid therapy was defined as the administration of any enteral or parenteral fluids as well as any decision to withhold fluids. Paired measurements taken on admission and at 24–48 hours included packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma solids (TS), and body weight. Amount and type of fluids or blood products administered were noted. Neither clinician estimates of dehydration nor baseline PCV or TS predicted clinically significant changes in body weight following fluid therapy, and there was no relationship between weight change and changes in PCV or TS. Conclusions: A clinical diagnosis of dehydration in our ICU does not predict weight gain following fluid therapy. Neither baseline PCV/TS nor changes in these measurements following 24–48 hours of fluid therapy predicted changes in body weight.  相似文献   

4.
Primary gastric impaction is an uncommon condition. Furthermore, the factors associated with gastric impaction and the optimal method of treatment are not clear. The aim of this article is to describe the clinical findings, treatment and outcome of horses with a primary gastric impaction. Medical records of horses that presented with a primary gastric impaction between 2005 and 2008 were reviewed and 20 horses with a primary gastric impaction identified. Diagnosis of a primary gastric impaction was made if the horse had been fasted for a minimum of 16 h, a concretion of ingesta precluded visualisation of the margo plicatus and there was no evidence of concurrent intestinal pathology. Thirteen of 20 (65%) horses were presented on an emergency basis. The most common complaint was inappetence (50%) followed by acute colic (35%) and recurrent colic (35%). On initial examination for colic, all horses had a normal heart rate and 7 of 20 (35%) had decreased gastrointestinal borborygmi. All horses were treated with enteral fluid therapy. The median dose of fluids administered per day was 5 doses (range 1–8 doses) of 2–10 l of isotonic electrolyte solution. The median length of treatment until resolution was 2 days (range 1–5 days). Eighteen of 20 (90%) horses survived to discharge. Primary gastric impaction appears to be a condition with clinical signs of inappetence and mild abdominal discomfort. This is the largest group of horses reported that were treated with enteral fluid therapy for a gastric impaction and it was concluded that enteral fluid therapy was of value in this study.  相似文献   

5.
Amikacin was detectable (> 0.02 μg/ml) in plasma for 12 h in horses and donkeys and for 8 h in ponies following intravenous (i.v.) administration at a dose the rate of 6 mg/kg bodyweight The elimination half-life (harmonic mean) of amikacin was 2.8, 1.6 and 1.9 h in horses, ponies and donkeys, respectively, and the mean body clearance was relatively slow (45.2, 82.4 and 58.0 ml/h.kg, respectively). A suitable dosage interval for the i.v. administration of amikacin sulphate to horses, ponies and donkeys, at a dose rate of 6 mg/kg, would be every 8 h in horses, and every 6 h in ponies and donkeys. Following i.v. administration there were no marked alterations in caecal liquor pH, the number of viable bacteria isolated, or the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentrations in caecal liquor and faeces. Amikacin was not detected (< 0.02 μg/ml) in plasma following administration by nasogastric tube to ponies with cannu-lated caecal fistulae; however, there were high concentrations of amikacin measured in caecal liquor (maximum 16.2–99.4 μg/ml). Despite the high drug concentrations in caecal liquor, there were only slight alterations in the number of viable bacteria isolated. However, there was a reduction in caecal liquor pH to < 6.6, but few changes in caecal liquor SCFA concentrations. Faecal SCFA concentrations, dry matter content and consistency did not alter markedly.  相似文献   

6.
The majority of large colon feed impactions occur in the left ventral colon at the pelvic flexure. Sand and enterolith impactions most commonly occur in the left ventral colon at the pelvic flexure or in the right dorsal colon; however, sand can accumulate anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract. Enteral fluid therapy can, in most cases, supplement or even replace i.v. administration of fluids and it appears effective and safe to soften large colon contents and resolve simple large colon impactions. Surgical intervention is indicated when a concurrent displacement is suspected, as lengthy medical treatment of large colon impaction secondary to large colon displacements would not be indicated and may increase the risk of colonic rupture. Other indications for surgical intervention include uncontrollable pain, when cardiovascular parameters deteriorate, or when there is evidence of intestinal devitalisation. The prognosis for horses undergoing large colon enterotomy is dependent on the extent and type of impaction, but is generally excellent.  相似文献   

7.
This report describes the treatment of a 17-year-old American Quarter Horse gelding for an oesophageal obstruction of approximately 24 h’ duration. An intraluminal oesophageal mass resembling a phytobezoar and located close to the cardia, was observed during endoscopic examination of the oesophagus of a horse showing signs of oesophageal obstruction. An intrathoracic oesophageal diverticulum, filled with fluid, was observed about 40 cm proximal to the obstruction. The end of a nasogastric tube was guided beyond the diverticulum, using gastroscopic observation, so that its tip rested close to the obstruction. The obstruction failed to disintegrate or move into the stomach despite vigorous, prolonged lavage. With the nasogastric tube left in place, and the horse's head elevated, 0.5 L cola was administered adjacent to the obstruction through the nasogastric tube. The head was maintained in the elevated position for an hour, after which time the head was lowered and oesophageal lavage resumed. The nasogastric tube was passed into the stomach within 3 min of re-instituting lavage. The successful use of a carbonated beverage to treat human patients for oesophageal or gastrointestinal obstruction caused by a phytobezoar is well documented. Carbonated beverages have also been reported to be effective in treating horses for gastric and enteric impactions caused by persimmon seeds. Administering cola into the oesophagus may help resolve oesophageal obstruction of horses caused by a phytobezoar or impacted feed material when horses are refractory to other treatments.  相似文献   

8.
Many conditions of pediatric patients require fluid therapy. Depending on the veterinarian's assessment of hydration and perfusion status, fluids can be administered orally, subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intravenously, or by the intraosseous route. Pediatric patients are prone to hypothermia, hypovolemia, hypoglycemia, and hypokalemia, which must be addressed during fluid therapy in pediatric patients. Typical parameters used to assess hydration status in adult animals do not always apply to pediatric patients. Veterinarians should be aware of differences between pediatric patients and adult animals in terms of physical assessment, common presentations, and fluid requirements for resuscitation and maintenance needs.  相似文献   

9.
Common causes of obstruction of the small colon and rectum include diffuse faecal impaction, enterolithiasis, faecalithiasis, phytobezoar, trichobezoar, phytotrichobezoar, phytoconglobate, foreign body, intramural haematoma and retained meconium. Poor dentition, poor-quality hay, lack of adequate water, parasite damage and lack of exercise are risk factors for the development of small colon impactions. Clinical signs of small colon obstruction develop slowly because a large space proximal to the obstruction allows ingesta, gas and fluid to accumulate. Medical management of horses with faecal impaction of the small colon involves improvement of hydration, stimulation of colonic motility, softening the impaction by the administration of osmotic laxatives or lubricants, and control of pain. Surgical intervention is indicated when medical management fails to resolve the impaction or when intractable pain and a deteriorating cardiovascular status ensues.  相似文献   

10.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Increased plasma (5-HT) concentrations are reported in horses predisposed to develop laminitis and after i.v. infusion of endotoxins. In the equine jejunum contractile 5-HT1A-like receptors show tachyphylaxia upon prolonged activation with 5-HT. Therefore, increased systemic 5-HT release in colic horses could play a possible role in the pathophysiology of ileus. OBJECTIVE: To investigate possible increased systemic release of 5-HT in colic horses with compromised bowel and to identify the source of 5-HT overload. METHODS: Concentrations of 5-HT were determined in plasma and peritoneal fluid (PF) of healthy horses (n = 10), strangulating small intestinal colic horses (n = 18), nonsurgical colic horses (n = 10) and cryptorchid stallions (n = 6). It was attempted to identify the source of 5-HT overload by comparing the blood and PF 5-HT concentrations within horses and by assessing the in vivo platelet activation through determination of the beta-thromboglobulin (beta-TG)/platelet factor 4 (PF4) ratio. RESULTS: All horses in the strangulating small intestinal colic group had plasma (P = 0.006) and PF (P = 0.01) 5-HT concentrations above those found in the control group. Plasma beta-TG/PF4 ratio in these horses exceeded 2 in all cases, indicating in vivo platelet activation. Concentrations of 5-HT in PF of colic horses with compromised bowel were significantly lower than the corresponding plasma concentrations (P = 0.005). Potential relevance: In horses with compromised bowel, significant amounts of 5-HT can be released into the systemic circulation, through massive release of platelet-stored 5-HT. 5-HT is a very potent proinflammatory, vasoconstrictive and immunomodulatory agent. In view of the rapid and prolonged tachyphylaxia, shown for the jejunal 5-HT1A-like receptors, this increased systemic 5-HT release could play a role in the pathophysiology of ileus in horses.  相似文献   

11.
Fifty-three cases of equine mandibular fractures were managed surgically from 1988-1998, of which 16 (30%) were repaired by external skeletal fixation (ESF). Three surgical methods were utilised: transmandibular 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into fibreglass casting material or nonsterile dental acrylic (methyl methacrylate - MMA) bars reinforced with steel; transmandibular 9.6 mm self-tapping threaded pins +/- 4.76 or 6.35 mm Steinmann pins incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with steel; and 4.5 mm or 5.5 mm ASIF cortical bone screws incorporated into MMA bars reinforced with steel or a ventral MMA splint. Fourteen horses were presented to the hospital for fixator removal at an average of 56.2 days. At removal, fractures were stable and occlusion of incisor and cheek teeth was considered adequate. Complications of the procedure occurred in 3 horses. Two horses with persistent drainage and ring sequestra from pin tracts required curettage 4 or 5 months after ESF removal. A third horse required replacement of the original fibreglass ESF with MMA bars to regain access to open, infected wounds. Another horse required removal of the second premolar at the time of fixator removal because the tooth root had been damaged in the original injury. ESF for the surgical management of mandibular fractures in horses has produced good results, with incisive and cheek tooth alignment reestablished in all horses. Horses that were managed via ESF had a rapid return to full feed and did not require any supplementation via nasogastric tube or oesophagostomy to maintain bodyweight or hydration status.  相似文献   

12.
Objective —To evaluate the seasonal influence, signalment, type of hay consumed, clinical examination findings, and outcome after surgery for horses with ileal impaction. Study Design —A retrospective study. Results —Between 1988 and 1993, 28 horses had surgical correction of ileal impaction. There was a significantly higher rate of ileal impaction during the Fall (September-November, P= .0041). Mean duration of clinical signs of abdominal pain before referral was 15 hours. Transrectal palpation was used to localize the impaction in 11 horses. The ileal impaction was reduced by extraluminal massage aided by admixing of intestinal fluid oral to the impaction or injection of fluids intraluminally and then movement of the ingesta into the cecum alone in 24 horses. A total of 26 horses recovered from surgery; 24 horses were discharged from the hospital and eventually returned to previous use. Two horses had fatal postoperative complications: jejunocec-ostomy dehiscence and development of extensive small intestine adhesions after manual reduction of the impaction. One horse initially treated by manual reduction required jejunocecostomy twice for management of recurrent ileal impaction. Follow-up information was obtained for 21 horses, of which 20 were alive 1 year or longer after surgery. A total of 27 of 28 horses were fed Coastal Bermudagrass hay as the primary type of hay consumed. A total of 9 horses continued to be fed Coastal Bermudagrass hay as the only roughage source, whereas 6 horses were fed Coastal Bermudagrass with at least 50% other hay, and in 6 horses, Coastal Bermudagrass hay was entirely eliminated from the diet. Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Ileal impactions can be successfully reduced by celiotomy and extraluminal massage and injection techniques to soften the ingesta for passage into the cecum without enterotomy or bypass techniques in most horses. Changes in weather and feeding practices in the Fall may account for an increased risk of ileal impaction in horses in the southeastern United States at that time of year.  相似文献   

13.
This study was performed to determine the effect of administration of i.v. oxytocin on the contractility of the musculature associated with the equine oesophagus. Nine clinically normal horses were fitted with a nasogastric tube modified with inflatable latex cuffs. These cuffs were connected to piezoelectric pressure recording devices. Oxytocin in 3 different doses or saline controls were administered i.v. in a randomised block pattern. Systolic blood pressure, ECG, heart rate and nasogastric tube cuff pressures were then measured for 60 min. Administration of oxytocin i.v. at 0.11 and 0.22 iu/kg bwt, resulted in a short-term statistically significant relaxation of the musculature of the equine oesophagus. When oxytocin was administered at 0.11, 0.22 and 0.44 iu/kg bwt, no clinically significant cardiovascular changes were seen. In approximately 5% of the oxytocin administrations, signs of mild short-term abdominal discomfort were observed. In clinical cases of noncomplicated oesophageal obstruction, it is suggested that reduction in tone of oesophageal musculature may result in passage of oesophageal obstructions with reduced risk of oesophageal injury when compared to other traditional treatments.  相似文献   

14.
REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Hyaluronic acid (HA) is an endogenous glycosaminoglycan used in the treatment of joint diseases, but medication control is required by horseracing authorities. Therefore, a medication control policy needs to be established. OBJECTIVES: To establish physiological plasma HA concentrations in post race horses, determine the HA endogenous production rate and document the disposition of HA after i.v. and intra-articular hyaluronic acid administration at recommended therapeutic doses. METHODS: Hyaluronan concentrations in plasma were determined using an ELISA specific test; concentrations in synovial fluid were determined using a radiometric binding assay. RESULTS: The overall mean plasma HA concentration in 120 post competition horses was 89 ng/ml. In a group of 6 experimental horses, synovial fluid control concentration was 328+/-112 microg/ml. After i.v. sodium hyaluronate administration (37.8 mg in toto), the terminal half-life was very short (43+/-29 mins) and after a delay of 3 h, the plasma concentration returned to control values. The endogenous HA production rate was 33-164 mg in toto per day, i.e. 1-4 times the recommended i.v. daily dose. Twenty-four hours after intra-articular administration, HA concentration was not significantly different from control values (328+/-112 microg/ml). CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Due to the rapid disappearance of HA from plasma after i.v. administration and from the joint after intra-articular administration, long-term detection needs a more appropriate approach to be developed.  相似文献   

15.

Background

Intravenous (IV) and intragastric (IG) administration of fluid therapy are commonly used in equine practice, but there are limited data on the systemic, renal, and enteric effects.

Hypothesis

IV fluid administration will increase intestinal and fecal hydration in a rate‐dependent manner after hypertonic dehydration, but will be associated with significant urinary water and electrolyte loss. Equivalent volumes of IG plain water will result in comparatively greater intestinal hydration with less renal loss.

Animals

Six Thoroughbred geldings.

Methods

Experimental study. 6 by 6 Latin square design investigating constant rate IV administration at 50, 100, and 150 mL/kg/d over 24 hours in horses dehydrated by water deprivation. Equivalent volumes of IG plain water were administered by 4 bolus doses over 24 hours.

Results

Water deprivation resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of fecal water, and increases in serum and urine osmolality. IV fluids administered at 100 and 150 mL/kg/d restored fecal hydration, but increasing the rate from 100 to 150 mL/kg/d did not confer any additional intestinal benefit, but did result in significantly greater urine production and sodium loss. Equivalent 24‐hour volumes of plain water resulted in greater intestinal water and less urine output.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

IV polyionic isotonic fluids can be used to hydrate intestinal contents in situations where enteral fluids are impractical. IV fluids administered at three times maintenance are no more efficacious and might be associated with adverse physiological findings after withdrawal. Bolus dosing of IG water can be used to restore intestinal water with minimal adverse effects.  相似文献   

16.
Records of 75 horses with ileal impactions were examined retrospectively. There was a sex predilection towards mares. Arabians were over-represented compared to the hospital population. The average age was 8.3 years. Abdominal pain was observed in 96% of horses. Nasogastric reflux was present in 56% of horses, small intestinal distention was found on rectal palpation in 96% and an ileal impaction in 25%. Exploratory celiotomy was performed in 69 horses, the mass was reduced by extramural massage in 67 horses, and ingesta was removed via enterotomy in 2. Jejunocecostomies were performed in 47 horses. Twenty-five horses developed postoperative ileus, and 11 developed laminitis. Twenty-seven horses survived. Significant differences (p less than 0.05) between survivors and non-survivors were found for rectal temperature (37.7 and 38.2 degrees C, respectively), plasma protein concentration (7.8 and 8.9 g/dl, respectively) and anion gap (15 and 21.3 mEq/l, respectively). Survival decreased with increasing duration of clinical signs. Enterotomy, enterectomy, and/or jejunocecostomy performed during surgery had a deleterious effect on survival.  相似文献   

17.
The objective of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetics of minocycline in foals vs. adult horses. Minocycline was administered to six healthy 6‐ to 9‐week‐old foals and six adult horses at a dose of 4 mg/kg intragastrically (IG) and 2 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.) in a cross‐over design. Five additional oral doses were administered at 12‐h intervals in foals. A microbiologic assay was used to measure minocycline concentration in plasma, urine, synovial fluid, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to measure minocycline concentrations in pulmonary epithelial lining fluid (PELF) and bronchoalveolar (BAL) cells. After i.v. administration to foals, minocycline had a mean (±SD) elimination half‐life of 8.5 ± 2.1 h, a systemic clearance of 113.3 ± 26.1 mL/h/kg, and an apparent volume of distribution of 1.24 ± 0.19 L/kg. Pharmacokinetic variables determined after i.v. administration to adult horses were not significantly different from those determined in foals. Bioavailability was significantly higher in foals (57.8 ± 19.3%) than in adult horses (32.0 ± 18.0%). Minocycline concentrations in PELF were higher than in other body fluids. Oral minocycline dosed at 4 mg/kg every 12 h might be adequate for the treatment of susceptible bacterial infections in foals.  相似文献   

18.
In the present study, the main objective was to study factors affecting postexercise voluntary water intake in horses. Four Standardbred horses (mean +/- s.e. bwt 500 +/- 8 kg) were used to study water intake and effects of altering hydration status before an incremental exercise test (INCR) and a 40 min constant velocity exercise test (CONST) on a treadmill. Exercise was performed during normohydration (N), after dehydration for 24 h (DEH) and after hyperhydration with 12 l water 30 min before exercise (HH). DEH resulted in a bodyweight loss of 3% and there were signs of some fluid uptake prior to exercise in both HH trials. By the end of the INCR, the calculated change in plasma volume (PVcalc) was -13 +/- 1, -21 +/- 1 and -11 +/- 3% in the N, DEH and HH trials, respectively. During the highest exercise velocities a hypotonic shift of fluid was seen in all INCR trials. There was a greater accumulation of plasma lactate (pLA) in HH-than in N-INCR, probably caused by the extra weight to be carried. CONST induced a similar fluid loss (3%) in all trials, but the decrease in PVcalc at the end of exercise was significantly smaller in HH (-7 +/- 2%) than in N (-14 +/- 1%) and DEH (-19 +/- 2%). In DEH-INCR and DEH-CONST, plasma sodium concentration (pNa) was higher than in N until drinking water was offered 1 h postexercise. In the presence of both an increased pNa and a decrease in PVcalc when dehydrated, the horses drank immediately when offered water postexercise. In N-CONST, there was a significant decrease in calculated PVcalc (-10 +/- 2%) but no increase in pNa when water was given and in this trial the horses rehydrated less rapidly. Plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC) had increased to the same magnitude in all trials after about 10 min, irrespective of type of exercise or hydration status. It was concluded that when both an osmotic and hypovolemic thirst stimulus was present, the horses rehydrated more rapidly postexercise.  相似文献   

19.
Metabolic alkalosis was induced in 10 clinically normal horses by administration of furosemide (1 mg/kg of body weight, IM) followed 4.5 hours later by sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3; 500 g in 8 L water) via nasogastric tube. Furosemide diuresis resulted in a mean weight loss of 21.1 kg, which was associated with small, but significant, increases in venous blood pH, bicarbonate, and plasma protein concentrations (P less than 0.001), while plasma potassium, chloride, and calcium concentrations declined significantly (P less than 0.001). Oral administration of the hypertonic NaHCO3 solution resulted in clinical evidence of hypovolemia, which was accompanied by a marked increase (P less than 0.001) in plasma protein concentration. Seven of the 10 horses developed signs of neuromuscular excitability, as evidenced by muscle fasciculations, and 5 of the horses developed diaphragmatic flutter. Hypernatremia was transiently induced, but it resolved as the horses were allowed access to water. The alkalosis induced by furosemide and NaHCO3 was profound and persisted for a 24-hour period and was associated with marked hypochloremia and hypokalemia. Partial replacement of the electrolyte deficits and correction of the metabolic alkalosis was attempted, using 1,000 mEq of NaCl or KCl given as an isotonic solution via nasogastric tube. In the KCl-treated group, there was a prompt and significant decline in venous blood pH and bicarbonate concentration (P less than 0.001) accompanied by a significant increase in plasma potassium concentration (P less than 0.001).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

20.
Five standardbred geldings were given 1 mg/kg bodyweight of frusemide by intramuscular injection to induce mild dehydration. After food and water deprivation overnight, the mean weight loss was 24.4 +/- 1.8 kg (5.5 per cent of bodyweight). The horses were then given an equivalent volume of an oral glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution by stomach tube. No more than 10 litres was given every 30 minutes until the calculated bodyweight loss had been replaced. Measurements made before, during and after the fluid administration included bodyweight, arterial blood haematocrit, PCO2, pH, standard bicarbonate, base excess and plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, total protein, glucose, urea and creatinine. The final measurement was taken eight hours after the last dose of fluid and no food or water was offered to the horses during this time. Administration of the solution caused a rapid correction of the frusemide-induced dehydration and metabolic alkalosis. Absorption of the fluid from the gastrointestinal tract appeared to be very rapid because by 30 minutes after the last dose of the solution, plasma protein values were not significantly different from those before administration of frusemide. Plasma glucose concentrations became significantly increased for up to three hours after the fluid was given and an increase in creatinine and urea concentrations, which was observed after the administration of frusemide, was still evident at eight hours. The glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution was well retained, there being a mean bodyweight loss of 2.8 kg at three hours and 6.2 kg at eight hours after the last dose of fluid.  相似文献   

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