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1.
加工工艺对菜籽油主要挥发性风味成分的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用固相微萃取(Solid Phase Microextraction,SPME)方法顶空萃取富集预榨菜籽毛油、浸出菜籽毛油、一级菜籽油、冷榨菜籽油和脱皮冷榨菜籽油中的挥发性成分,经气相色谱-质谱联用仪(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,GC-MS)检测和初步分析发现,硫甙降解产物、氧化挥发物(醛、醇、烃、酮等)、杂环类物质是构成菜籽油的主要挥发性风味成分;2-甲代-1-丙烯基-氰、5-己腈、1-丁烯基-异硫氰酸酯、苯基丙氰、2-苯基乙基异硫氰酸酯是主要硫甙降解产物;反2-反4-庚二烯醛、反2-反4-癸二烯醛、4-羟基-3,5-二甲氧基苯甲醛、壬醛等醛类物质是氧化挥发物中的主要成分。加工工艺对菜籽油风味影响显著,经高温蒸炒、压榨获得的预榨毛油中杂环类物质种类和相对含量明显高于其它菜籽油。毛油经脱胶、脱酸、脱色、脱臭、脱水等处理后,一级油中产生的醛、醇、酮、烃等氧化挥发物种类增多,相对含量提高;在一级油中未检测到硫甙降解产物。 相似文献
2.
青梅腌制过程中的风味物质变化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以腌制青梅果肉为样品，采用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（HS-SPME-GC-MS）对青梅腌制过程中的风味成分分析鉴定，并进行统计分析。结果表明：其中，醛类物质14种、醇类9种、酯类7种、酸类3种、酮类3种、烷烃类12种和其他杂环类2种（占总挥发性的84.52％），共检测出50种挥发性成分。在腌制过程中，醛类和烷烃类与腌制时间显著负相关(p<0.01)，醇类风味物质含量与腌制时间呈弱负相关(p<0.05)，酯类物质含量与腌制时间显著正相关(p<0.01)。典型风味成分苯甲醛含量高达19.80％，腌制第2天，果肉中风味成分含量高且丰富，当腌制第8天时，风味成分变化趋于稳定。 相似文献
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不同发育阶段番石榴果实中挥发物成分变化 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用固相微萃取法(SPME)和气质联用(GC-MS)技术对不同发育阶段的番石榴果实的挥发性物质进行定性和定量分析。结果表明,挥发物的主要成分包括萜烯类、酯类、醇类和醛类四大类,其中萜烯类和醇类物质的相对含量随着果实的成熟而减少,酯类和醛类物质则随着果实的成熟而增加。总共分析出35种挥发性物质,青果、成熟果和完熟果中的共同挥发物有9种,分别是己醛、反-2-已烯醛、叶醇、正己醇、β-石竹烯、乙酸叶醇酯、乙酸己酯、α-古巴烯、2-正戊基呋喃,其总的相对含量分别为81.61%、76.36%和85.57%。 相似文献
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以胡椒属种质蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔为材料,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱和质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC/MS）技术测定3种种质叶片中的挥发性成分及用面积归一法计算其相对含量。结果表明：鉴定出蒌叶、墨西哥胡椒、假荜拔的挥发性成分59种,其中从蒌叶中共鉴定出挥发性成分36种,其含量较高的有安息香醛、荜澄茄油烯和β-石竹烯,相对含量分别为23.56％、9.36％和8.54％;从墨西哥胡椒中鉴定出挥发性成分18种,其中含量较高的有肉桂醛、萜品烯和萜品油烯,相对含量分别为77.98％、5.88％和5.11％;而假荜菝叶片挥发性成分有25种,含量较高的有β-石竹烯、罗勒烯和芳樟醇。挥发性成分的种类在3种胡椒属种质中都不相同,总的相对百分含量也不同,说明不同的种质,叶片挥发性成分有一定的差异。 相似文献
6.
肉桂是武夷岩茶主栽品种,具有馥郁的花果香和辛锐的桂皮味特征。为明确武夷肉桂关键呈香物质和挥发性成分糖苷结合物（GBVs）对香气的贡献,采用超高效液相色谱四极杆/静电场轨道阱质谱仪系统（UHPLC-Q-Exactive/MS）和顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用（HS-SPME-GC-MS）技术对武夷肉桂加工过程GBVs和香气物质动态变化进行研究。结果表明,共检测到武夷肉桂11个不同加工阶段的276种香气物质,这些香气物质包括酯类、醇类、杂环化合物类、酮类、醛类、萜类等多种组分,其中杂环化合物类、酯类、萜类和醇类香气组分含量较高。正交偏最小二乘法判别分析（OPLS-DA）发现,武夷肉桂中30种特征香气物质变量重投影要性值和香气活度值均大于1,其中具有青味的(Z)-3-己烯醇和(E)-2-己烯醛含量在加工过程中下降,呈花香或果香的芳樟醇、苯甲醇、苯乙醛、香叶醇和β-罗勒烯含量在加工过程中上升,脱氢芳樟醇和α-石竹烯具有辛香的特征,可能是肉桂品种特征香气桂皮辛香的主要贡献物。在武夷肉桂毛茶中芳樟醇、苯乙醛、苯甲醇、2-乙氧基-3-甲基吡嗪和(E,E)-3,5-辛二烯-2-酮等物质香气特征影响... 相似文献
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挥发性香气成分组成是可可品质评价的重要指标之一,而发酵是影响可可挥发性香气成分的关键过程。为揭示不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中挥发性香气成分的变化规律及差异,本研究以ZYP11-9、STS16、ZYP6-11三种不同基因型可可作为试验材料,利用顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术（HS-SPME-GC/MS）测定可可豆0～7 d发酵过程中的挥发性香气成分,并采用峰面积归一化法计算各成分的相对含量。结果表明：3种基因型可可豆发酵过程中共鉴定出32种挥发性香气成分,其中2,3-丁二醇、2-庚醇、2-戊醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、苯乙醇、芳樟醇、乙酸、3-羟基-2-丁酮及2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪9种共有香气物质在不同基因型可可豆发酵过程中的相对含量变化存在显著差异;主成分分析表明,主要香气成分与发酵阶段香气特征之间存在一定相关性,其中2,3-丁二醇、乙酸、芳樟醇、3-羟基-2-丁酮与可可豆发酵阶段香气特征呈正相关,3-甲基-1-丁醇、丁内酯、苯乙酮等香气物质与发酵阶段香气特征呈负相关。因此,不同基因型可可发酵过程中的香气成分组成及含量变化存在差异,且主要香气成分与发酵阶段存在相关性,这为优质可可新品... 相似文献
8.
运用顶空固相微萃取结合气质联用技术对不同温度下真空干燥制得的番木瓜粉中香气成分进行分析。结果表明:共确定了121种挥发性成分,主要包括醇、酸、酮、酯、醛、烃等化合物。芳樟醇相对含量在室温(25℃)干燥时最高,为14.382%,但在真空热干燥条件(大于室温,50~100℃)下未检出;乙酸的相对含量会随着干燥温度的升高而升高;大部分酮类物质在25℃和60℃干燥时相对含量最高;在25℃下干燥的产品中异硫氰酸苄酯的相对含量高达34.617%,但在真空热干燥条件下均未检出;真空热干燥会使一些具有不良气味的醛类如糠醛、5-羟甲基糠醛的相对含量升高。 相似文献
9.
安化千两茶香气品质特点分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用同时蒸馏萃取（SDE）技术,联合GC-MS鉴定方法分析了9个安化千两茶中的挥发性成分,结合感官审评初步探讨了这些成分的香气品质特点。感官审评结果表明,千两茶香气以松木香、陈香为主要特点,部分千两茶香气略带粽叶香或粗老气、烟气、陈气味,个别千两茶略带酸味。GC-MS分析结果表明,香气物质相对含量最多的为醇类（9个样品平均相对含量为21.97%）;其次为酮类（20.11%）、醛类（18.69%）、杂氧化合物（18.39%）、脂肪酸类（12.71%）、烷烃类（1.70%）、含量最少的是杂环类（1.21%）。可见对千两茶香气起主要作用的是醇类、酮类、醛类和杂氧化合物。 相似文献
10.
采用固相微萃取(SPME)对发酵干燥和焙炒的可可豆挥发性成分进行萃取,以气相色谱/质谱联用仪(GC/MS)对挥发性成分进行分析,并对发酵过程中蛋白质的含量和氨基酸进行测定.结果表明:发酵过程中,蛋白质发生了大幅度降解,减少了50％;氨基酸组成也发生了一些变化,特别是游离氨基酸大幅度增加,其中疏水性氨基酸增加较多,这些物质的生成对可可香气的形成具有重要贡献.发酵后干燥可可豆中含氮杂环化合物含量比较低,而烘烤可可豆中的含氮杂环化合物,如吡嗪的含量有了大幅度的增加,特别是发酵干燥后焙炒过程中2,5-二甲基吡嗪、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪、2,3,5,6-四甲基吡嗪都有明显增加,这表明发酵中蛋白质水解促进了这类可可特征香气成分的形成. 相似文献
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Lakshman Lal 《Potato Research》1987,30(2):329-334
Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong
(1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage,
sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over
45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield
of a subsequent crop. 相似文献
13.
《Journal of Crop Improvement》2013,27(2):81-114
Summary The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices. 相似文献
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M. I. Siri P. Villanueva M. J. Pianzzola L. Franco Fraguas G. Galván M. Acosta F. Ferreira 《Potato Research》2004,47(3-4):127-138
Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results
for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin
presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear
relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins
and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds. 相似文献
16.
Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：4
Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity. 相似文献
17.
Alejandro Carlos Tozzini María Fernanda Ceriani María Verónica Saladrigas H. Esteban Hopp 《Potato Research》1991,34(3):317-324
Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets
that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and
slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging
toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta.
Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X1 (also called RXact). 相似文献
18.
Alejandro M. S. Mayer Abimael D. Rodríguez Orazio Taglialatela-Scafati Nobuhiro Fusetani 《Marine drugs》2013,11(7):2510-2573
The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories. 相似文献
19.
Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase). 相似文献
20.
Alexander N. Shikov Elena V. Flisyuk Ekaterina D. Obluchinskaya Olga N. Pozharitskaya 《Marine drugs》2020,18(11)
Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future. 相似文献