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1.
哀牢山植物多样性垂直分布格局 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
以设于哀牢山各植物群的样地调查材料为依据,分析了哀牢山东、西坡不同海拔高度地带性植物群落乔木层林木的高、径垂直分布特征,植物群落生物多样性指数的垂直分布态势。结果表明:该山地植物群落乔木层和灌木层的植物物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈单峰型分布格局,以中山湿性常绿阔叶林乔木层林木的最大和平均树高、最大胸径值和物种多样性指数最大;而灌木层植物物种多样性指数最大值出现在中山湿性常绿阔叶林带下的季风常绿阔叶林和半湿性常绿阔叶林带内;而草本层植物的物种多样性指数则沿海拔梯度上升呈整体减小的趋势;累加其植物群落乔、灌、草3层植物的物种多样性指数,哀牢山东、西坡植物群落的Shannon-Weiner指数和物种丰富度最大值出现在海拔高度2000 m左右。在相同海拔高度处,西坡植物群落的植物物种多样性高于东坡,季风常绿阔叶林的物种多样性大于半湿性常绿阔叶林,而山顶苔藓矮林的植物物种多样性最小。 相似文献
2.
新疆阿尔泰山小东沟北坡植物多样性沿海拔梯度分布格局 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2
分析新疆阿尔泰山小东沟北坡植物多样性随海拔梯度的变化规律。结果表明:小东沟山区总体上物种种类简单,物种丰富度指数和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均表现为:乔木层灌木层草本层;乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均沿海拔上升表现为先升高再降低的单峰趋势,即中间高度膨胀,且多样性峰值均出现在海拔1600～1800m处;草本层的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均沿海拔升高,略微有所上升,变化不明显;乔、灌、草总的物种丰富度和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数沿海拔上升均呈现先增加后降低的单峰趋势。针阔叶混交林具有较高的物种多样性,从而使海拔1600～1700m处出现乔木层、灌木层及总的物种多样性峰值。随海拔升高,林分郁闭度减少,从而使得林下草本多样性有所增加。 相似文献
3.
云南哈巴雪山植物群落和植物多样性海拔梯度分布格局 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
采用数量化群落分类法分析哈巴雪山植物群落类型和植物物种多样性沿海拔梯度的分布格局。结果表明:采用等级聚类和非度量多维标度排序方法可将云南哈巴雪山植物群落沿海拔梯度划分为6个植被亚型;哈巴雪山的植物多样性沿海拔的分布格局受中间地带效应影响较为明显,而与Rapoport海拔法则不甚相符;物种丰富度总体上符合单峰格局,但在中海拔地段物种丰富度谷、峰值连续出现;α多样性指数中的Shannon-Wiener指数曲线符合单峰格局,β多样性指数基本上也符合单峰分布,但中海拔地段起伏较大;哈巴雪山物种丰富度以及多样性指数沿海拔梯度呈现出较为复杂的规律,反映出山地小环境多样性特征,具体表现为群落类型间沿海拔梯度的交错分布和相互替代现象。 相似文献
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《林业科学》2021,57(2)
【目的】分析河西走廊西段灌木群落结构特征在海拔梯度上的分布规律,探讨荒漠戈壁灌木群落物种多样性的空间分布格局。【方法】以甘肃荒漠戈壁灌木群落为对象,在800～3 200 m的海拔范围内设置12个海拔梯度,探讨物种多样性沿海拔的变化特征。【结果】荒漠戈壁灌木群落类型沿海拔从低到高依次有沙拐枣+梭梭群落、泡泡刺群落、沙拐枣+泡泡刺群落、泡泡刺+红砂+沙拐枣+膜果麻黄群落、合头草+红砂群落、泡泡刺+红砂群落、合头草+盐爪爪+红砂群落、灌木亚菊+细枝盐爪爪群落、合头草群落、盐爪爪群落、盐爪爪+红砂群落、红砂群落,其中,红砂、合头草和泡泡刺等为分布范围较大的优势种;群落的α多样性指数沿海拔梯度从低到高呈先增加后降低的单峰型分布格局,最大值出现在海拔2 000～2 200 m内,其中,丰富度Gleason、Margalef指数和多样性Shannon-Wiener、Simpson指数随海拔上升表现出显著的单峰型格局(P0.05),海拔显著影响荒漠戈壁灌木群落的物种多样性(P0.05);虽然年均降水量和年均气温与海拔极显著相关(P0.01),但物种多样性与年均降水量和年均气温的相关性均未达到显著水平(P0.05);群落物种多样性指数偏低,群落结构简单,物种组成稀少;大多数相邻海拔梯度间灌木群落的Jaccard相似水平较低。【结论】河西走廊西段荒漠戈壁以灌木为优势种的群落呈区域性的斑块状分布格局。不同海拔梯度内灌木群落的建群种都发生了变化。物种多样性在海拔梯度上呈先升后降的单峰分布格局。 相似文献
6.
中国森林生态系统植物多样性的空间变化格局 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用中国国家生态系统研究网络(CNERN)的监测数据,分析我国森林生态系统中乔木层、灌木层、草本层的植物多样性随纬度、经度和海拔的空间变化格局。植物多样性指标包括物种丰富度指数(Patrick指数)、多样性指数(Shannon-Weiner和Simpson指数)和均匀度指数(Pielou)。结果表明:沿纬度梯度(从南向北),我国森林生态系统中乔木层和灌木层的物种丰富度指数呈下降趋势,草本层无明显的变化趋势;乔木层多样性指数先下降后升高。沿经度梯度(自西向东),乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数呈下降趋势;乔木层的多样性指数均表现为先减小后增大的趋势,灌木层的变化趋势与乔木层相反,草本层的变化趋势不明显;3个层次的均匀度指数与多样性指数的变化趋势一致。在海拔垂直梯度上,随着海拔的升高,乔木层,灌木层和草本层物种丰富度指数呈先升高后降低趋势,峰值偏向于低海拔;乔木层多样性指数与物种丰富度指数的变化趋势相似,灌木层和草本层的变化趋势不明显。 相似文献
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以尕海-则岔国家级自然保护区的紫果云杉群落为研究对象，应用群落调查法，调查分析了群落中各层的物种组成及物种多样性。结果表明：（1）尕海-则岔国家级自然保护区紫果云杉群落内共有植物82种，隶属于41科60属，以菊科（Asteraceae）、蔷薇科（Rosaceae）、忍冬科（Caprifoliaceae）植物为主；（2）群落内各层丰富度指数（S）、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数（H）、Simpson优势度指数（D）以及Pielou均匀度指数（E）总体为灌木层>草本层>乔木层，随海拔的升高，乔木层、草本层的各项多样性指数随海拔升高呈先升后降的单峰曲线规律，灌木层物种多样性指数随海拔升高呈单调下降曲线变化规律；（3）海拔与乔木层、灌木层的各项多样性指数间呈现负相关关系，与草本层的物种丰富度指数（S）呈负相关关系，与草本层的其它指数间呈正相关关系。综合研究得出：尕海-则岔自然保护区紫果云杉群落物种多样性受海拔影响较大。 相似文献
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为了解银瓶山森林公园润楠属植物的群落组成、物种多样性及其与海拔因子的关系,对森林公园内不同海拔的12块样地进行调查研究,计算乔木层、灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Simpson优势度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数和Pielou均匀度指数,分析群落物种多样性与海拔之间的相关性,结果表明:银瓶山润楠属群落中共有70种植物,隶属于41科58属.各植物群落的物种丰富度指数(S)、Simpson优势度指数(D)、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数(H')整体表现为灌木层＞草本层＞乔木层,Pielou均匀度指数(E)表现为草本层＞灌木层＞乔木层.不同群落的乔木层植物物种多样性沿海拔梯度呈先上升后下降的单峰模式,灌木层和草本层的物种丰富度指数、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数均表现为随着海拔的升高而逐渐下降的规律;Simpson优势度指数、Pielou均匀度指数未呈现明显规律. 相似文献
9.
采用典型样带调查法,在卧龙自然保护区邓生阴坡的岷江冷杉天然林内设置不同海拔梯度的样带,分析岷江冷杉天然林的生物多样性随海拔梯度的响应规律。研究结果表明:岷江冷杉天然林乔木和草本植物的物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和均优丰多样性指数随着海拔升高呈下降趋势,而生态优势度指数呈上升趋势;灌木种随着海拔梯度上升物种丰富度下降,Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Pielou均匀度指数和均优丰多样性指数则呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,生态优势度指数的变化与之相反;群落所有植物的α多样性随海拔梯度的变化规律与乔木层一致。从β多样性变化来看:随着海拔上升,岷江冷杉林内乔木、草本和所有群落所有植物的相异系数CD和Cody指数均呈下降趋势;而灌木层因为物种数和优势种的改变形成β多样性的双峰变化,这与灌木植物的实际分布是相符的。群落整体的物种差异和更替速率受物种数较多的植被类型影响较大,随海拔升高呈逐渐减小趋势。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and
also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the
amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter
bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K
was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed
significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week−1 for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week−1 for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed
during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly
between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species
provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient
enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):118-130
The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions. 相似文献
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Steven Maranz Amadou Niang Antoine Kalinganire Djeneba Konaté Bocary Kaya 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(3):231-239
Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional
data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral
contents and B1 and B2 vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising
germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B1 88 mg 100 g−1, B2 187 mg 100 g−1, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal
diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties
to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations. 相似文献
16.
《Wood material science & engineering》2013,8(2):76-84
Abstract Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists. 相似文献
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Astra Zaluma Lauma Bruna Darta Klavina Natalija Burnevica Kristine Kenigsvalde Andis Lazdins Talis Gaitnieks 《Forest Pathology》2019,49(6)
Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
20.
本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献