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本研究对桐柏山区板栗蛀果害虫板栗象鼻虫和桃蛀螟两种害虫进行生活习性观察及防治试验。板栗象鼻虫和桃蛀螟近年来在桐柏山区已成为板栗果实主要害虫,两种害虫在桐柏山区分别为2年1代和每年3~4代,均以幼虫越冬,每年在7~9月间危害。幼虫期用56%磷化铝片剂、98%溴甲烷对板栗果实薰蒸48 h,死亡率为90%~100%。成虫期板栗象鼻虫用10%吡虫啉可湿性粉剂1 500~2 000倍液、桃蛀螟卵期用20%啶虫脒可湿性粉剂2 500~3 000倍液,喷洒树冠、树干,蛀果率减退95%。 相似文献
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通过粉拟青霉菌对板栗剪枝象、板栗二斑栗实象的感病致死力 ,致病机制 ,致病力与土壤含水率关系的研究 ,以及用粉拟青霉菌防治板栗剪枝象和二斑栗实象的大田试验。结果表明 ,粉拟青霉菌是一种高效微生物杀虫剂。其田间防治板栗剪枝象、板栗二斑栗实象的平均感病死亡率分别为 77 3%和 77 8% ,说明该致病菌适合在生产上应用。 相似文献
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《经济林研究》2014,(3)
为了了解板栗-农作物间作的土壤理化性质变化状况,对广西东兰县4种板栗-农间作模式(板栗-玉米、板栗-花生、板栗-黄豆和板栗纯林)土壤密度、孔隙度、持水量、pH值和养分含量进行分析比较。研究结果表明,不同板栗-农间作模式土壤理化性质存在一定差异,其中板栗-花生、板栗-玉米、板栗-黄豆和板栗纯林表层土壤(0~20 cm)密度分别为1.11、1.13、1.08和1.21 g/cm3,非毛管隙度分别为13.60%、11.36%、10.35%和9.62%,总孔隙度分别为54.04%、52.68%、53.73和50.42%;不同板栗-农间作模式按照土壤全N、水解N、速效P和速效K含量由高到低排列依次大致为板栗-花生、板栗-黄豆、板栗-玉米、板栗纯林。因此,板栗混作有利于改善土壤结构,提高土壤有效养分含量。 相似文献
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板栗干枯病又名枝枯病、腐烂病、栗疫病等。该病主要危害主干及主枝，对板栗危害极大，常成片危害，引起主干、主枝腐烂，直至全株枯死。据对河南安阳等地板栗园区调查，发病率一般在 20％左右，管理粗放的发病率高达 40％以上，栗果减产 20％～ 30％，经济损失很大。为了防治该病的发生，我们于 1998年至 2000年，连续三年在板栗园进行了防治试验，总结出了一套综合防治技术，取得了明显的防治效果。 一、病原及发病规律 板栗干枯病病源为子囊菌亚门真菌，由于囊菌孢子和分生孢子侵染所致。 病菌借风雨传播以及昆虫… 相似文献
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板栗胴枯病又名干枯病、枝枯病、栗疫病等。该病对板栗为害极大 ,常成片为害 ,引起主干 ,主枝树皮腐烂 ,直至全株枯死。据对河南安阳、信阳等板栗产区调查 ,该病发生普遍 ,发病率一般在 2 0 %左右 ,管理粗放的达 4 2 %以上 ,严重影响板栗生长、成花结果 ,减产 2 5 %左右 ,经济损失很大。为了控制该病发生、漫延 ,我们从 1997年开始 ,对该病进行了观察调查、防治实验 ,总结出了一套行之有效的防治办法。1 板栗胴枯病的为害症状胴枯病主要为害板栗的主干及主枝 ,少数在枝梢上引起枝枯。病树一般发芽较晚 ,叶片发黄 ,严重时叶缘枯焦 ,树势衰弱… 相似文献
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C. L. Lin H. F. Li G. Z. Zhang W. Wei X. Q. Zhu Z. P. Li H. Wang Q. C. Xu T. Zhou G. Z. Tian 《Forest Pathology》2011,41(3):233-236
Chinese chestnut trees (Castanea mollissima BL.) planted in a suburb of Beijing, China developed symptoms including yellowing, leaf crinkling, little leaf, shortened internodes, and empty burrs. Transmission electron microscopy revealed presence of phytoplasma cells in phloem sieve elements of the symptomatic chestnut trees. Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of PCR‐amplified near‐full length 16S rRNA gene indicated that the phytoplasma associated with the Chinese chestnut yellow crinkle disease is closely related to Japanese chestnut witches’‐broom phytoplasma. This is the first report of a phytoplasmal disease in Chinese chestnut trees. 相似文献
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Turkey ranked third place in the world for chestnut production after China and South Korea and the country has unique chestnut forests including valuable and diverse chestnut genotypes. This study was conducted to select superior chestnut genotypes within seedling populations found in natural wild grown chestnut forest located in Isparta province in Turkey during 2010–2011 years. A total of 2500 wild grown chestnut trees were examined on the field first year and among them the most promising 22 genotypes were chosen according to relatively high yield capacity, earliness, tolerance to chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica), ink disease (Phytopthora cambivora), and fruit quality characteristics. The selected 22 genotypes were evaluated for their detailed morphological, phenological and pomological traits in 2010 and 2011. According to average of 2 years, nut weight, the number of nut per kilogram, nut width, nut length, nut height and nut shell thickness of 22 promising genotypes ranged from 10.26 to 22.32 g, 97.47 to 44.80/kg, 26.80 to 42.47, 16.92 to 25.91, 27.74 to 39.73, and 0.26 to 1.01 mm, respectively. The ash, crude protein, and total fat content of kernels were between 0.85 to 1.94, 3.69 to 7.06 and 1.32 to 4.52, respectively. The genotypes were evaluated with weighted ranking method and the highest general quality score was observed in genotypes of IY17, IY01, IY42, IY43 and IY12. 相似文献
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Katie L. Burke 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,261(6):1027-1033
Disturbance histories drive spatiotemporal patterns of species distributions, and multiple disturbances can have complex effects on these patterns of distribution. The introduction of the chestnut blight (Cryphonectria parasitica (Murril.) Barr.) to the eastern United States in the early 1900s coincided with an increase in logging, thus presenting an ideal situation for studying the effect of two disturbance events, logging and disease. The purpose of this study was to compare chestnut (Castanea dentata) abundance and the prevalence of chestnut blight among (1) sites that were and were not logged for chestnuts during the blight pandemic and (2) sites that varied in time since the last logging event. Current chestnut abundance and chestnut blight prevalence were assessed in areas where chestnut was known to occur before the blight. Elevation, soil pH, slope, aspect, age of canopy trees, and presence or absence of chestnut stumps indicating selective logging of chestnuts were recorded at each site. Chestnuts were more abundant on sites that had not been selectively logged for pre-blight chestnuts. Chestnut presence was more likely at high elevations (857 m ± 33 m). Chestnut abundance was greater at high elevations (>1000 m) and acidic soils (pH 4-5). Chestnut blight prevalence was not correlated with any measured environmental variable. Rather, 15.1% of all chestnut stems were infected with blight regardless of chestnut density. Thus, higher chestnut abundance is not due to lower mortality from the chestnut blight, although the temporal dynamics of blight infection and stem recovery were not within the scope of this study. This research shows that local rates of chestnut population decline differ between locations with different chestnut logging histories. Chestnut site preferences are better understood within the context of history, and thus teasing apart the effects of disease, logging, and environment will result in more successful chestnut restoration efforts. 相似文献
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Establishment and dissemination of hypovirulent strains of Cryphonectria parasitica in Greece 
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下载免费PDF全文 S. Diamandis C. Perlerou G.T. Tziros V. Christopoulos E. Topalidou 《Forest Pathology》2015,45(5):408-414
Chestnut blight caused by Cryphonectria parasitica has been one of the major reasons for the decline of chestnut cultivation in Greece over the last 50 years. A previous detailed study of the vc types of the fungus has revealed only four vc types in the entire country, those of EU‐1, EU‐2 and EU‐10 with the dominant being EU‐12 counting for 88% of the isolates. As the loss in orchard trees reached in some chestnut producing prefectures over 35% of the trees, the decision was taken to apply biological control on a nationwide scale. The project was implemented in 17 prefectures during the period 2007–2009. Hypovirulent (hv) strains of C. parasitica which were infected by the CHV‐1 subtype I (Italian subtype) viruses which occur naturally in Greece were used. The necessary hypovirulent inoculum was prepared at the Forest Research Institute during the period 2007–2009 on a large scale, however, with laboratory care. Three million inoculations were made around accessible developing cankers over three consecutive years by trained personnel. An extensive evaluation conducted in 2011 in the 12 of the 17 treated prefectures, where no natural hypovirulence had been found before, demonstrated not only the successful establishment of hypovirulence but also profound dissemination and healing of non‐inoculated cankers. The extent of dissemination varied significantly among sampling plots and among prefectures. The conclusion is drawn that CHV‐1 subtype I has successfully established and spread into chestnut orchards and coppice forests resulting in a gradual decline of chestnut blight. 相似文献
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Nieves Vidal Ana M. Vieitez M. Rosario Fernández Beatriz Cuenca Antonio Ballester 《European Journal of Forest Research》2010,129(4):635-643
Cryopreservation of selected genotypes of European chestnut and cork oak was carried out in two laboratories in a project
involving conservation of field collections. Plant material was selected on the basis of disease resistance (chestnut), growth
habit, phytosanitary performance and cork quality (cork oak). The cryopreservation technique comprised of vitrification of
shoot apices isolated from in vitro stock shoot cultures (chestnut) and somatic embryos (cork oak). Forty-three out of 46
chestnut genotypes assayed survived the freezing process, but only 63% recovered their capacity to produce new shoots. After
completion of multiplication and rooting steps, the surviving shoots produced plants that were morphologically identical to
those derived from non-supercooled material. All 51 cork oak genotypes withstood freezing and were able to produce new somatic
embryos through a process of secondary embryogenesis. Multiplication and germination of the recovered embryos enabled production
of plants that were morphologically identical to those derived from non-supercooled material. In light of the results obtained,
long-term cryopreservation of these species is feasible, thereby ensuring conservation of valuable genotypes during field
evaluation. 相似文献
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Dieback symptoms were observed on horse chestnut trees planted approximately 40 years ago in Ankara, Turkey. Lesions at the stem bases of the affected trees were similar to those of ink disease on sweet chestnut. A Phytophthora sp. was isolated from the fine roots and soil samples collected around the stem bases by baiting using chestnut leaves. The pathogen was identified as Phytophthora citrophthora based on several morphological features and DNA sequences of the ITS region. Pathogenicity of P. citrophthora was tested by stem inoculation on 3‐year‐old horse chestnut saplings. P. citrophthora produced large cankers in 20 days and killed 40% of the saplings. This is the first report of P. citrophthora causing dieback on horse chestnut. 相似文献
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从北京、山东、河北、湖南、湖北、江西、安徽、广西等板栗主产区的腐烂栗实中分离出146个分离物,经鉴定归属于11个属。不同产区栗实的自然带菌情况各异,带菌量和带菌种类有所不同,南方板栗产区的病原菌种类多于北方产区。回接实验研究了其中分布较普通的6个属优势菌的致病力,表明不同菌的致病力强弱有较大差异,在相同培养条件下,Rhixoctoria使种仁的发病程度最严重,致病力最强,Penicillium sp.的致病力最弱。不同接种方式对种仁侵染率的影响不同,种仁有伤接种的侵染率最高,达90％以上,而种皮接种和无伤滚动浸涂接种则不会使种仁发病腐烂。研究中还发现,不同病原菌所致板栗腐烂的病斑特征有所不同。 相似文献