共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
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在推广应用旱地玉米双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播技术基础上,从减少投入、提高经济效益入手,进行了旱地玉米双垄全膜覆盖"一膜用两年"免耕栽培模式的试验研究.结果表明,该项技术玉米农艺性状明显优于常规覆膜栽培,玉米产量比常规栽培增产956.1 kg/hm2,增加16.31%;前期土壤含水量显著提高,玉米出苗率比双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播和常规覆膜栽培分别提高2.58%、14.5%;比双垄面集雨全膜覆盖沟播栽培和常规覆膜栽培分别减少投入1 350元/hm2、1 860元/hm2,纯收入分别增加703.9元/hm2、3 055.1元/hm2,经济效益显著. 相似文献
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以稀释倒平板法从0型菌086和IV型菌967-4和9620中分离到59个单细胞系;在12个近等基因系品种上,086和其单细胞系表现为弱毒力,2个IV型菌及其单细胞系能克服抗病基因Xa-1、2、3、8、10、11、14的抗性,不能克服Xa-21、4、5、7、13的抗性;带主效抗病基因的品种Asominori、XM5、M41、XM6和丰锦能把3个母株的59个单细胞系区分为12种数量差异或质量差异的不同致病型;将此5品种与近等基因系配合,适合作为病菌致病基因变异频度监测的寄主;采用"段叶沙培,切口取菌胶"法分离病菌,在中国致病型鉴定品种上划分的致病型,是田间病菌群体毒力结构的表型反应。 相似文献
4.
The influence of reduced cultivations and direct drilling on the long-term decline of a population of Avena fatua L. in spring barley 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
B. J. WILSON 《Weed Research》1981,21(1):23-28
Changes in the numbers of Avena fatua seed, incorporated into soil, were monitored in four successive spring barley crops which were harvested early for silage to prevent seed shedding. In the first year there were four times as many seedlings after tine cultivation compared with ploughing, but this was reversed in the second year as re-ploughing brought up dormant seeds and gave more seedlings than tine cultivation. Only 11–14% of the sown seeds produced seedlings during the 4 years. When the seeds were first buried to 25 cm by ploughing, and the barley was direct drilled without cultivation, only 0.4% emerged as seedlings. Few viable seeds remained in the soil after 4 years whether the soil was cultivated annually or not but seed numbers decreased more rapidly with tine cultivation than with ploughing. A few of the deeply buried seeds persisted where the land was direct drilled without cultivation. 相似文献
5.
产铁载体PGPR菌筛选及其对病原菌的拮抗作用 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
采用改进的CAS定性、定量方法,从16株PGPR菌株中初步筛选出具有抗病原真菌作用的菌株,再利用平板对峙法将筛选出的5株PGPR菌与3种病原真菌进行拮抗试验。结果表明,LHS11对黄瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum）,西瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. niveum）的抑制效果最好,抑菌率达到80%以上;其次是191对黄瓜枯萎病菌,抑菌率为74%,LHS11、191对立枯丝核菌（Rhizoctonia solani）的抑制效果相近,抑菌率分别为64%和65%。191和LHS11是抑菌效果较好的生防PGPR菌株,具有较好的应用潜力。 相似文献
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ABSTRACT Eight strains of Metschnikowia pulcherrima isolated over a 4-year period from an unmanaged orchard and selected for their biocontrol activity against blue mold (caused by Penicillium expansum) of apples were characterized phenotypically, genetically, and for their biocontrol potential against blue mold on apples. All strains grew well and only differed slightly in their growth in nutrient yeast dextrose broth medium at 1 degrees C after 216 h, but large differences occurred at 0 degrees C, with strain T5-A2 outgrowing other strains by more than 25% transmittance after 360 h. This strain was also one of the most resistant to diphenylamine (DPA), a postharvest antioxidant treatment. All strains required biotin for growth in minimum salt (MS) medium, although strain ST2-A10 grew slightly in MS medium containing riboflavin or folic acid, as did ST3-E1 in MS medium without vitamins. None of the strains produced killer toxins against an indicator strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Analysis of Biolog data from YT plates for all eight strains using the MLCLUST program resulted in separation of the strains into one major cluster containing four strains and four scattered strains from which strain ST1-D10 was the most distant from all other strains. This was particularly apparent in 3-D and principle component analysis. Genetic differentiation of the eight strains using maximum parsimony analysis of nucleotide sequences from domain D1/D2 of nuclear large subunit (26S) ribosomal DNA resulted in detection of two clades. Strain ST1-D10 grouped with the type strain of M. pulcherrima but the remaining seven strains grouped separately, which might possibly represent a new species. All strains significantly reduced blue mold on mature Golden Delicious apples during 1 month of storage at 1 degrees C followed by 7 days at room temperature, but strains T5-A2 and T4-A2 were distinctly more effective under these conditions. Strain T5-A2 also was the most effective in tests on harvest mature apples treated with the lowest concentration of the antagonist and stored for 3 months at 0.5 degrees C. Populations of all eight strains increased in apple wounds by approximately 2 log units after 1 month at 1 degrees C followed by 5 days at 24 degrees C. Our results indicate that M. pulcherrima is an excellent candidate for biological control of postharvest diseases of pome fruit. The variation in phenotypic, genetic, and biocontrol characteristics among strains of M. pulcherrima isolated from the same orchard should make it possible to select antagonists with characteristics that are most desirable for postharvest application. 相似文献
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为获得对小麦条锈病具有生防潜力的菌株,通过土壤稀释法和皿内拮抗法分离筛选对小麦条锈菌Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici（Pst）有良好拮抗作用的菌株,基于形态学观察、生理生化特性和16S rDNA系统发育分析对其进行分类鉴定,测定其抑菌活性、抑菌谱及生防特性,并通过盆栽试验进一步验证其生防潜力。结果显示,筛选出1株菌株XH可以显著抑制Pst夏孢子萌发,结合形态学和分子生物学特征将其鉴定为直丝紫链霉菌Streptomyces rectiviolaceus;菌株XH发酵滤液对Pst夏孢子的萌发抑制率为94.36%,致死率达91.53%,且该菌株对测试的7种常见植物病原菌均有抑制作用,可以分泌淀粉酶、蛋白酶、纤维素酶和嗜铁素,具有固氮作用;盆栽试验结果显示,菌株XH的菌体悬浮液和发酵滤液可显著降低小麦叶片的Pst侵染量,对小麦条锈病的防治效果分别为54.26%和67.22%。表明菌株XH作为小麦条锈病生防菌株具有较好的开发应用潜力。 相似文献
8.
L. Lebreton S. Daval A.‐Y. Guillerm‐Erckelboudt C. Gracianne K. Gazengel A. Sarniguet 《Plant pathology》2014,63(1):117-128
pH is one of the major ambient factors affecting life history traits of soilborne phytopathogenic fungi. The diversity of phenotypic responses to pH changes has not been extensively explored within fungal populations. To investigate this question, the ability of 82 strains of a worldwide collection of the take‐all agent Gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (Ggt) to grow in controlled pH conditions, reflecting their pH sensitivity, was measured. Of these 82 strains, 37 belonged to the G1 type and 45 to the G2 type, the two main genetic groups identified in Ggt populations. The experiments were conducted in Petri dishes on Fahraeus solid media buffered at pH 4·6, 6·0 or 7·0 with citrate–disodium phosphate solutions. The 82 strains exhibited a wide range of hyphal growth rates at the three pH levels. Ten statistically different pH profiles were described. The G2 strains grew significantly better than the G1 on the slightly acidic (pH 6·0) and the neutral (pH 7·0) buffered media. The ability of three strains to change ambient pH was also measured on unbuffered Fahraeus solid media initially adjusted to pH 5·6 or 8·0. All three strains were able to alkalinize the acidic medium. However, important variations between strains in the intensity, range and persistence of this alkalinization were measured. These results provide the first evidence of intraspecific variability in pH sensitivity within soilborne fungal species. 相似文献
9.
黄淮区大豆花叶病毒株系组成与分布 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
用8个大豆品种作为一组株系鉴别寄主,将黄淮豆区8省市202个毒株划分为7个株系(y1~y7)。y1及y2为弱毒株系,仅侵染感病品种(1138-2、文丰5号);y3、y4、y5为中毒株系,分别侵染感病和中抗品种(齐黄10号、徐豆1号、诱变30、鲁豆4号);y6及y7为强毒株系,除侵染以上品种外,还侵染高抗品种(齐黄22、密荚1号)。全区弱毒株系占55.9%,中毒株系占28.7%,强毒株系占15.3%。江苏、山东、河南、河北、安徽和北京市以弱毒株系为主(43.5%~88.9%),山西省以中毒株系为主(50.0%),陕西省弱毒株系、中毒株系各占50.0%,山东、河南、河北3省强毒株系所占比例较高(22.4%~33.3%)。株系分布具有一定的稳定性。 相似文献
10.
Cereal crops were sprayed with conventional hydraulic nozzles (2501/ha), electrostatic hydraulic nozzles (66 l/ha), spinning discs (aqueous 5 l/ha and oil 2 l/ha) and ICI « Electrodyn >> nozzles (1 and 2 l/ha). The ULV sprays were applied with or without air assistance. An experimental triazole fungicide was applied with fluorescent tracer and control of RhynchospoHum secalis in barley and Erysiphe graminis in wheat was compared with deposit data. The two high volume spray systems performed well with no significant differences in disease control or deposition between charged and uncharged modes at 66 l/ha. The spinning disc and « Electrodyn >> systems performed well with air assistance but, without air, deposition was uneven and disease control inferior. The «Electrodyn>> system often produced the largest total deposits but, without air, assistance spray deposition was concentrated mainly in the upper plant parts. The results indicate that under suitable conditions application volumes as low as 1 l/ha can be as effective biologically as high volumes when the same amount of fungicide per hectare is used. Relationships between spray distribution within cereals and sites for pest and disease attack are discussed with regard to different methods of application. 相似文献
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为寻找高效安全且来源于生物源的除草活性物质,以此为先导化合物开发生物源除草剂。从青稞白酒糟醅中分离到的菌株中筛选到3株高效除草活性菌株,经形态特征和分子生物学鉴定后,确定JZ2?1?2为多粘类芽孢杆菌,JZ2?4?5、JZ2?5?2为枯草芽孢杆菌。3株芽孢杆菌的发酵液对供试禾本科杂草野燕麦的种子萌发具有抑制作用,同时对其幼苗发育影响明显,对野燕麦幼苗根长抑制率分别为92.48%、100.00%、100.00%。枯草芽孢杆菌JZ2?4?5发酵液通过茎叶喷施后,盆栽野燕麦植株7 d后大部分死亡,JZ2?5?2、JZ2?1?2对野燕麦防除效果次之。野燕麦叶片的相对含水量、叶绿素含量均有显著降低,MDA含量和SOD酶活性也变化明显。同时证明了3株芽孢杆菌属菌株对油菜菌核病原菌具有较好的拮抗作用。作物安全性结果表明,3株芽孢杆菌属菌株对小麦、青稞安全,对油菜、蚕豆风险高。综上所述,从青稞白酒糟醅中分离到的多粘类芽孢杆菌JZ2?1?2,枯草芽孢杆菌JZ2?4?5、JZ2?5?2具有作为麦田生物源除草剂开发的潜力。 相似文献
12.
在含戊唑醇PDA平板培养基上，对禾谷丝核菌进行逐代处理，以诱导其抗药性菌系；比较抗性和敏感菌系的生物学特性，测定抗性菌系对其它杀菌剂的交互抗性。结果表明，选育至35代，对戊唑醇抗性达33．4倍。抗戊唑醇菌系与敏感亲本菌系相比，其菌丝生长速率、菌丝干重、菌核产生速率、菌核数及干重均存在差异。抗性菌系较敏感菌系对冬小麦幼苗的致病力减弱，但小麦返青后抗性菌系引起的发病率和严重度均较敏感菌系增强。戊唑醇抗性菌系对三唑酮、丙环唑、井冈霉素、福美双、噁醚唑和咯菌腈6种药剂分别产生了31．2、22．8、16．9、15．8、15．5和1．6倍的交互抗性。 相似文献
13.
ABSTRACT Coverless petri dishes with water suspensions of sporangia and zoospores of Phytophthora infestans were embedded in sandy soil in eastern Washington in July and October 2001 and July 2002 to quantify longevity of spores in water under natural conditions. Effects of solar radiation intensity, presence of soil in petri dishes (15 g per dish), and a 2-h chill period on survival of isolates of clonal lineages US-8 and US-11 were investigated. Spores in water suspensions survived 0 to 16 days under nonshaded conditions and 2 to 20 days under shaded conditions. Mean spore survival significantly increased from 1.7 to 5.8 days when soil was added to the water. Maximum survival time of spores in water without soil exposed to direct sunlight was 2 to 3 days in July and 6 to 8 days in October. Mean duration of survival did not differ significantly between chilled and nonchilled sporangia, but significantly fewer chilled spores survived for extended periods than that of nonchilled spores. Spores of US-11 and US-8 isolates did not differ in mean duration of survival, but significantly greater numbers of sporangia of US-8 survived than did sporangia of US-11 in one of three trials. 相似文献
14.
蔬菜灰霉病菌对腐霉利抗药性变异及其治理 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
蔬菜灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）分生孢子经紫外光灯照射，可获得10^-4～10^-5频率的腐霉利抗药性突变体。获得的13个抗性突变体的抗性水平平均EC50值为18.45ug/ml,EC90值为305.17ug/ml。抗性突变体的可溶性蛋白谱带比其亲本敏感菌株多2～4条，其中Rf=0.38的蛋白谱带是抗性菌株所拥有而敏感菌株所共同缺乏的。抗性菌株对腐霉利抗药性稳定遗传，具有与亲本菌株相同的致病性。苗期抗、感测定结果表明，灰霉克杀菌剂对腐霉利突变体具有明显的克抗作用。田间抗性菌治理使用灰霉克400～800倍对大棚番茄灰霉病平均防效为95.93%～75.8%,优于腐霉剂600倍的平均防效(61.32%)。 相似文献
15.
Leah Tsror Valerie Hélias Sara Mordechai-Lebiush Orly Erlich Marina Hazanovsky Laura Chalupowicz Michal Reuven Orit Dror Lea Valinsky Angelique Laurent Shulamit Manulis-Sasson 《Plant pathology》2021,70(9):2179-2187
Pectobacterium brasiliense (Pbr) infects a wide range of crops worldwide, causing potato blackleg and soft rot and vegetable soft rots. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and virulence variability among 68 Pbr strains isolated from either symptomless potato progeny tubers, diseased potato plants, ware potatoes wash water, or vegetables grown in Israel, as well as strains isolated from symptomless seed tubers grown in Europe, or diseased potato plants grown in France. The collection was typed using PCR and TaqMan real-time PCR analyses, dnaX sequence analysis, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and pectolytic activity. dnaX phylogeny grouped almost all strains in a common genetic clade related to Pbr, which was distinct from the other Pectobacterium species. PFGE analysis identified two main clusters, including one major group of 47 strains with 95%–100% similarity. Maceration assays on two potato cultivars showed significant differences between strains but with no correlations with the source of the strains nor the status of the host (with/without symptoms). Molecular (dnaX sequences and PFGE profiles) and phenotypic analyses (tuber maceration tests) showed that the tested Pbr strains are not a homogeneous group. Analysis of the tested Pbr strains isolated from potato and vegetables grown in fields with a history of potato cultivation suggests that seed tubers imported from Europe may be the main source for Pbr in Israel. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that describes biodiversity and population structure of P. brasiliense isolated from potato and vegetables under hot climate conditions. 相似文献
16.
M. Mohammadi E. Moltmann W. Zeller K. Geider 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,124(2):293-302
Erwinia amylovora, the causal agent of fire blight, carries the common plasmid pEA29 of 29 kb. To screen for occurrence of natural strains
without plasmid pEA29, we applied PCR analysis with primers from the plasmid and the chromosomal ams region. In addition, a described TaqMan probe from pEA29 and newly designed primers from the ams-region were used for identification by real-time PCR. One strain isolated in Iran, one strain from Spain and two strains
from Egypt lacked plasmid pEA29. From a recent screening series in southern Germany, in 123 E. amylovora strains from necrotic fire blight host plants, one strain was found without the common plasmid. The strains without pEA29
were virulent in assays with immature pears and on apple seedlings, but showed a reduced growth level in minimal medium without
amino acids and thiamine. Transposon-labelled pEA29 was transformed into the plasmid-free strains resulting in restoration
of this growth deficiency. The plasmid was stably maintained in these E. amylovora cells. The newly designed chromosomal primers for conventional and for real-time PCR identified E. amylovora strains in field samples lacking pEA29. These variants are apparently rare, but were detected in isolates from different
regions in the world with fire blight. 相似文献
17.
We determined nearly the complete sequences of the 16S ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA) for Japanese strains of R. solanacearum. The comparison of 1471 nucleotide positions separated the Japanese strains into two groups, group 1 with biovars 1, 2, 3
and 4 strains which belonged to race 1, and group 2 with biovar 2 strains corresponding to race 3. Group 1 strains all had
identical sequences, and strains representing the four biovars within the group did not differ from each other. Group 2 strains
had characteristic nucleotides which differed at seven positions from group 1 strains. Comparative analysis of Japanese and
foreign strains based on 16S rDNA sequences showed that Japanese group 1 was closely related to Asian and Australian biovars
3, 4 and 5, and belonged to the known division 1. Japanese group 2 was homogeneous to Indonesian biovars 2 and N2 in subdivision
2b. Since the differences in the nucleotides corresponded to restriction sites for the AluI, RFLP analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rDNA efficiently differentiated not only Japanese group 1 from group 2, but also differentiated
three types of foreign strains which differed in biovar and geographic origin.
Received 26 July 1999/ Accepted in revised form 19 November 1999 相似文献
18.
Tetsuo Tamada Hirokatsu Uchino Toshimi Kusume Minako Iketani-Saito Sotaro Chiba Ida Bagus Andika Hideki Kondo 《Plant pathology》2021,70(1):219-232
Beet necrotic yellow vein virus (BNYVV) generally has a four-segmented positive-sense RNA genome (RNAs 1–4), but some European and most Asian strains have an additional segment, RNA5. This study examined the effect of RNA5 and RNA3 on different sugar beet cultivars using a Polymyxa-mediated inoculation system under field and laboratory conditions. In field tests, the degree of sugar yield served as an index for assessing the virulence of BNYVV strains. Japanese A-II type isolates without RNA5 caused mostly 15%–90% sugar yield reductions, depending on the susceptibility of sugar beet cultivars, whereas the isolates with RNA5 induced more than 90% yield losses in the seven susceptible cultivars, but small yield losses in one Rz1-resistant and Rizor cultivars. However, a laboratory-produced isolate containing RNA5 but lacking RNA3 caused higher yield losses in Rizor than in susceptible plants, and induced scab-like symptoms on the root surface of both susceptible and resistant plants. In laboratory tests, A-II type isolates without RNA5 had low viral RNA accumulation levels in roots of Rizor and Rz1-resistant plants at early stages of infection, but in the presence of RNA5, viral RNA3 accumulation levels increased remarkably. This increased RNA3 accumulation was not observed in roots of the WB42 accession with the Rz2 gene. In contrast, the presence of RNA3 did not affect RNA5 accumulation levels. Collectively, this study demonstrated that RNA5 is involved in the development of scab-like symptoms and the enhancement of RNA3 accumulation, and suggests these characteristics of RNA5 are associated with Rz1-resistance breaking. 相似文献
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20.
Yoshiyuki Makizumi Mitsuru Igarashi Kiyotaka Gotoh Kazunori Murao Momoe Yamamoto Nutthawoot Udonsri Hirokazu Ochiai Petcharat Thummabenjapone Hisatoshi Kaku 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2011,77(1):24-32
Bacterial fruit blotch of cucurbits is a destructive disease caused by Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, which is a typical seedborne pathogen. In seed health testing for this disease, we have detected many strains of Acidovorax with some differences from A. avenae subsp. citrulli. Their 16S rRNA sequences were divided into six types. The most common sequence was completely consistent with that of A. avenae subsp. avenae originally isolated from rice. The other sequences were over 99% similar but not identical to those of A. avenae subsp. avenae and A. avenae subsp. citrulli. Some commercialized antibodies against A. avenae subsp. citrulli reacted with several of these strains. Some of these strains incited yellow spots or brownish water-soaked lesions mainly
on young true leaves of cucumber and squash after spray inoculation. Histological observations showed that these strains entered
the leaf tissues of cucurbit plants through stomata and multiplied in the intercellular spaces of parenchymatous tissues as
well as in the vascular tissues. The amount of bacterial multiplication and spread in the tissues differed among the strains,
presumably reflecting their ability to induce symptoms. These isolated strains are therefore different from A. avenae subsp. citrulli, and their potential threat to the cultivation of cucurbits is lower than that of A. avenae subsp. citrulli. 相似文献