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1.
Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, has been shown to provide analgesia in some species. To target the NMDA receptor specifically and to potentially minimize some untoward side-effects, ketamine had been used epidurally. The objective of this study was to determine the analgesic effect of epidurally administered ketamine in dogs with chemically induced synovitis.
Sixteen healthy dogs were used. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (4 mg kg−1 IV). Synovitis was induced by injecting 1 mL of sodium urate crystal solution (10 mg mL−1) into the right stifle. Dogs were allowed to recover and the synovitis was allowed to develop for 12 hours. The dogs were then anesthetized again using propofol (4 mg kg−1 IV). Lumbosacral epidural injections were performed with each dog receiving either 2 mg kg−1 of ketamine (20 mg mL−1) or an equal volume of placebo (sterile water containing not more than 0.1 mg mL−1 benzethonium chloride). Analgesia was assessed at baseline and then at 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 24 hours after induction of synovitis. Ground reaction forces (peak vertical force and impulse area) and overall pain were measured using a force platform and a pain scoring system (numerical rating scale).
Analysis of the data by Repeated Measures anova showed that the dogs developed a significant lameness between the baseline and 12 hours. However, no significant difference in ground reaction forces or total pain score was demonstrated between the treatment and control groups at any other time.
In conclusion, ketamine administered epidurally at a dose of 2 mg kg−1 did not provide significant analgesia in dogs with chemically induced synovitis.  相似文献   

2.
This study was performed in 105 ill cows to determine the best practical individualized dose of enrofloxacin after i.m. (2.5 mg/kg) single-dose administration. Samples were collected from each cow at random time to ensure the percentage of samples distributed equally in the absorption phase, distribution phase, and elimination phase of the drug. Drug concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorometric detector, analyzed by population pharmacokinetic (PPK) modeling with NONMEM. The concentration–time data for enrofloxacin in plasma and ciprofloxacin were fitted to the one-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination. The final covariate model indicated that body weight and daily milk productions have significant influence on clearance (CL) of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and the volume ( V ) of distribution of enrofloxacin. The typical PPK parameters were K a = 3.33 h−1, CL = 1.25 L/h/kg, and V  = 2.98 L/kg of enrofloxacin, and the interindividual variability for CL and V were 20.2% and 24.3%, respectively, the population mean estimates of K a, CL, and V for ciprofloxacin were 1.12 h−1, 2.36 L/h/kg, 8.20 L/kg, respectively, and their interindividual variability was 36.9%, 15.8% and 14.1%, respectively.  相似文献   

3.
The purposes of this study were to determine whether ciprofloxacin disk diffusion susceptibility test (DDT) results could be used to assess the in vitro susceptibility of otic bacterial organisms to enrofloxacin and to determine the effect of concurrent enrofloxacin administration on the DDT results for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Thirty dogs with end-stage otitis externa undergoing unilateral total ear canal ablation were enrolled. The dogs were randomized to one of four enrofloxacin-treatment groups or to the control group. Each dog in the treatment groups received two intravenous doses of enrofloxacin prior to surgical removal of the middle-ear tissue while the control group did not receive any enrofloxacin. One dog was excluded from the study as no middle-ear tissue was removed during surgery. Twenty-four dogs were in the enrofloxacin-treatment groups and five dogs were in the control group. In 12 of 29 dogs (41.4%), 14 of 82 (17.1%) of bacteria had discrepancies in DDT results for enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin. Discrepancies between the control group and treatment groups were not significantly different even though the percentage of discrepancies for the combined treatment group was 19.4% compared to 6.7% for the control group. In this study, ciprofloxacin DDT results were not an accurate indicator of the in vitro susceptibility of enrofloxacin for bacteria isolated from the middle-ear tissue of dogs with end-stage otitis.  相似文献   

4.
The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of enrofloxacin and its active metabolite, ciprofloxacin, in alveolar macrophages (AM) and epithelial lining fluid (ELF) of the lungs in comparison to plasma concentrations in healthy dogs. Eleven dogs were given a single oral dose (5 mg/kg) of enrofloxacin. Four hours later, plasma and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were collected. Cells were separated from the BAL fluid and lysed for determination of drug concentrations within AM. Supernatant was used to determine concentrations of drugs in ELF. Drug assays were performed by high-performance liquid chromatography.
  The concentration of enrofloxacin (mean ± SD) was 0.33 ± 0.14 μg/mL in plasma, 3.34 ± 2.4 μg/mL in AM and 4.79 ± 5.0 μg/mL in ELF. The concentration of ciprofloxacin was 0.42 ± 0.26 μg/mL in plasma, 1.15 ± 1.03 μg/mL in AM and 0.26 ± 0.26 μg/mL in ELF. Mean concentrations of both drugs in AM were greater than in plasma (AM to plasma ratio, 10.3 for enrofloxacin and 4.7 for ciprofloxacin). Mean concentrations of enrofloxacin, but not ciprofloxacin, in ELF were greater than in plasma (ELF to plasma ratio, 13.5 for enrofloxacin and 0.52 for ciprofloxacin). Enrofloxacin concentrations in AM and ELF largely exceeded the MICs of the major bacterial pathogens and surpassed by about two times the breakpoint MIC of that drug, and ciprofloxacin concentrations in AM surpassed the MIC of many susceptible organisms. These results suggest that sufficient antimicrobial activity is present in AM and ELF of dogs following oral administration of enrofloxacin to be effective in the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections involving susceptible organisms.  相似文献   

5.
Objective  To investigate the effects of a low-dose constant rate infusion (LCRI; 50 μg kg−1 minute−1) and high-dose CRI (HCRI; 200 μg kg−1 minute−1) lidocaine on arterial blood pressure and on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane (Sevo), in dogs.
Study design  Prospective, randomized experimental design.
Animals  Eight healthy adult spayed female dogs, weighing 16.0 ± 2.1 kg.
Methods  Each dog was anesthetized with sevoflurane in oxygen and mechanically ventilated, on three separate occasions 7 days apart. Following a 40-minute equilibration period, a 0.1-mL kg−1 saline loading dose or lidocaine (2 mg kg−1 intravenously) was administered over 3 minutes, followed by saline CRI or lidocaine LCRI or HCRI. The sevoflurane MAC was determined using a tail clamp. Heart rate (HR), blood pressure and plasma concentration of lidocaine were measured. All values are expressed as mean ± SD.
Results  The MAC of Sevo was 2.30 ± 0.19%. The LCRI reduced MAC by 15% to 1.95 ± 0.23% and HCRI by 37% to 1.45 ± 0.21%. Diastolic and mean pressure increased with HCRI. Lidocaine plasma concentration was 0.84 ± 0.18 for LCRI and 1.89 ± 0.37 μg mL−1 for HCRI. Seventy-five percent of HCRI dogs vomited during recovery.
Conclusion and clinical relevance  Lidocaine infusions dose dependently decreased the MAC of Sevo, did not induce clinically significant changes in HR or arterial blood pressure, but vomiting was common during recovery in HCRI.  相似文献   

6.
Rung, K., Riond, J.-L. & Wanner, M. Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin after intravenous and oral administration of enrofloxacin in dogs. J. vet
Four dogs were given 5 mg/kg body weight enrofloxacin intravenously (i.v.) and orally (p.o.) in a cross-over study. Plasma concentrations of the active ingredient enrofloxacin and its main metabolite ciprofloxacin were determined by a reversed phase liquid chromatographic method. Pharmacokinetic parameters of both substances were calculated by use of statistical moments and were compared to those of enrofloxacin described in the veterinary literature. Mean enrofloxacin t ½λZ was 2.4 h, mean Cls was 27.1 ml/min-kg, and mean Vss was 7.0 1/kg. After i.v. and p.o. administration, concentrations of ciprofloxacin exceeding minimal inhibitory concentrations of several microorganisms were reached (Cmax= 0.2 ng/ml, max = 2.2 h after intravenous administration; Cmax= 0.2 (ig/ml, t max= 3.6 h after oral administration). A considerable part of the antimicrobial activity is due to ciprofloxacin, the main metabolite of enrofloxacin.  相似文献   

7.
Objective  We hypothesized that propofol can produce rapidly-reversible, dose-dependent standing sedation in horses.
Study design  Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals  Twelve healthy horses aged 12 ± 6 years (mean ± SD), weighing 565 ± 20 kg, and with an equal distribution of mares and geldings.
Methods  Propofol was administered as an intravenous bolus at one of three randomized doses (0.20, 0.35 and 0.50 mg kg−1). Cardiovascular and behavioral measurements were made by a single investigator, who was blinded to treatment dose, at 3 minute intervals until subjective behavior scores returned to pre-sedation baseline values. Continuous data were analyzed over time using repeated-measures anova and noncontinuous data were analyzed using Friedman tests.
Results  There were no significant propofol dose or temporal effects on heart rate, respiratory rate, vertical head height, or jugular venous blood gases (pHv, PvO2, PvCO2). The 0.35 mg kg−1 dose caused mild sedation lasting up to 6 minutes. The 0.50 mg kg−1 dose increased sedation depth and duration, but with increased ataxia and apparent muscle weakness.
Conclusions and clinical relevance  Intravenous 0.35 mg kg−1 propofol provided brief, mild sedation in horses. Caution is warranted at higher doses due to increased risk of ataxia.  相似文献   

8.
Objective  To evaluate the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia using alfaxalone following pre-anaesthetic medication with romifidine and butorphanol in ponies undergoing castration in the field.
Study design  Prospective clinical study.
Animals  Seventeen male ponies weighing 169 ± 29 kg.
Methods  The ponies were sedated with romifidine and butorphanol intravenously (IV). Induction time was recorded following administration of alfaxalone 1 mg kg−1 and diazepam 0.02 mg kg−1 IV. If movement during surgery occurred, alfaxalone 0.2 mg kg−1 was administered IV. The quality of anaesthetic induction, and recovery were scored on a subjective scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor). The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency and standing, quality of recovery and times from induction to end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded.
Results  Induction quality was good [median score (range) 1 (1–3)] with a mean ± SD time of 29 ± 6 seconds taken to achieve lateral recumbency. Ten ponies required incremental doses of alfaxalone during surgery. Mean times to the end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were 26 ± 9 minutes, 31 ± 9 minutes, 33 ± 9 minutes and 34 ± 9 minutes respectively. The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency was 1(1–1) and to attain standing was 1(1–2). Quality of recovery was good, with a recovery score of 1(1–2).
Conclusions and clinical relevance  Alfaxalone provided smooth induction and recovery characteristics and was considered suitable for maintenance of anaesthesia for castration in ponies.  相似文献   

9.
Objective  To compare the effects of morphine (MOR), methadone (MET), butorphanol (BUT) and tramadol (TRA), in combination with acepromazine, on sedation, cardiorespiratory variables, body temperature and incidence of emesis in dogs.
Study design  Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals  Six adult mixed-breed male dogs weighing 12.0 ± 4.3 kg.
Methods  Dogs received intravenous administration (IV) of acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1) and 15 minutes later, one of four opioids was randomly administered IV in a cross-over design, with at least 1-week intervals. Dogs then received MOR 0.5 mg kg−1; MET 0.5 mg kg−1; BUT 0.15 mg kg−1; or TRA 2.0 mg kg−1. Indirect systolic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate ( f R), rectal temperature, pedal withdrawal reflex and sedation were evaluated at regular intervals for 90 minutes.
Results  Acepromazine administration decreased SAP, HR and temperature and produced mild sedation. All opioids further decreased temperature and MOR, BUT and TRA were associated with further decreases in HR. Tramadol decreased SAP whereas BUT decreased f R compared with values before opioid administration. Retching was observed in five of six dogs and vomiting occurred in one dog in MOR, but not in any dog in the remaining treatments. Sedation scores were greater in MET followed by MOR and BUT. Tramadol was associated with minor changes in sedation produced by acepromazine alone.
Conclusions and clinical relevance  When used with acepromazine, MET appears to provide better sedation than MOR, BUT and TRA. If vomiting is to be avoided, MET, BUT and TRA may be better options than MOR.  相似文献   

10.
Pharmacokinetics of enrofloxacin in newborn and one-week-old calves   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
The pharmacokinetic behaviour of enrofloxacin was compared in four one-day-old and four one-week-old calves in order to find out if there were any age-related differences. Mean volume of distribution ( V d(ss)) and clearance ( Cl ) were significantly smaller in newborn calves: V d(ss) was 1.8 and 2.3 L/kg, while clearance was 0.19 and 0.39 L/kg.h in newborn and one-week-old calves, respectively. Mean elimination half-life ( t 1/2β) did not differ significantly in newborn and in one-week-old calves: mean t 1/2β was 6.6 h and 4.9 h, respectively. Enrofloxacin was metabolized to ciprofloxacin both by newborn and one-week-old calves, but the maximum concentration ( C max) of ciprofloxacin was lower and the time when maximum concentration was reached ( t max) later in newborn calves. We conclude that the dosage of enrofloxacin should be adjusted according to age when administered to very young calves.  相似文献   

11.
Objective  To compare the analgesic and motor-blocking effects of epidurally administered levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in the conscious dog.
Study design  Prospective, randomized, cross-over study.
Animals  Six adult female Beagle dogs.
Methods  Each animal received three doses of levobupivacaine or bupivacaine (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg kg−1; concentrations 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%, respectively) in a total volume of 0.2 mL kg−1 by means of a chronically implanted epidural catheter. Onset, duration (through pinch response in the sacral, lumbar and toe areas) and degree of analgesia and motor-blocking status was determined with a scoring system and at regular intervals over 8.5 hours before (baseline) and after drug administration.
Results  Epidurally administered levobupivacaine and bupivacaine had a similar dose-dependent analgesic action with no significant differences in onset (range: 5–8 minutes), duration (bupivacaine: 42 ± 28, 135 ± 68 and 265 ± 68 minutes, and levobupivacaine: 28 ± 33, 79 ± 55 and 292 ± 133 minutes; 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%, respectively) or maximum degree of analgesia. However, levobupivacaine tended to produce a shorter duration of motor block than bupivacaine and the difference in the motor to nociceptive blockade times was significant at the highest dose.
Conclusion  Epidural levobupivacaine produced an analgesic action similar to that of bupivacaine.
Clinical relevance  Epidural levobupivacaine is suitable for clinical use in dogs, mostly at the highest dose if a high degree of analgesia is required.  相似文献   

12.
Ketamine has been implicated as causing increases in intraocular pressure. The purpose of this study is to document the effects of ketamine, diazepam, and their combination on intraocular pressure (IOP) in normal, unpremedicated dogs. Random-source dogs were assigned to one of five groups of 10 dogs each: ketamine 5 mg kg–1 (KET5), ketamine 10 mg kg–1 (KET10), diazepam 0.5 mg kg–1 (VAL), ketamine 10 mg kg–1 with diazepam 0.5 mg kg–1 (KETVAL), saline 0.1 mL kg–1 (SAL), all given intravenously. A baseline IOP was measured before injection, immediately after injection, and at 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes following injection. IOP was increased over baseline immediately after injection in the KET5, KET10, and KETVAL groups; at 5, 10, and 15 minutes in the KET5 group; and at 20 minutes in the KETVAL group. The mean IOP change compared to SAL increased immediately after injection and at 5 minutes in the KET5, KET10, and KETVAL groups; at 10 and 15 minutes in the KET5 group, and at 20 minutes in the KETVAL group. The mean IOP increased up to 5.7, 3.2, and 3.1 mm Hg over mean baseline in the KET5, KET10, and KETVAL groups, respectively. All dogs in the KET5 group and the majority in the KETVAL and KET10 groups had an increase in their IOP over baseline. Ketamine caused a clinically and statistically significant elevation in IOP over baseline and compared to SAL. The concurrent addition of diazepam did not blunt this increase. Ketamine should be avoided in dogs with corneal trauma, glaucoma, or in those undergoing intraocular surgery.  相似文献   

13.
Pancuronium bromide, a neuromuscular blocking agent, was evaluated in canine cataract surgical patients under general anesthesia to determine its effects on respiratory function and globe position. Two paralytic, anesthetic regimes were studied: one using a standard dosage of 0.066 mg kg−1 pancuronium bromide, given intravenously while providing the patient with ventilatory support, and one using a dosage of 0.022 mg kg−1 in which no ventilatory support was provided. Eye position and anterior vitreal position/displacement were recorded by a surgeon who was blinded as to treatment group. Physiological parameters indicative of respiratory function were monitored. Both dosages of pancuronium produced comparable, neutral globe position within 30 s following administration which lasted for 20–30 min. All patients in the standard dose group experienced uneventful anesthetic episodes with physiological parameters well within the normal ranges. Within 5 min after administration, all patients in the low-dose group developed a pronounced respiratory acidosis (mean arterial pH = 7.07 ± 0.08; mean PaCO2 = 79.8 ± 10.7 mmHg), which exceeded a set of predetermined safety limits, and subsequently these dogs received ventilatory support. We conclude that 0.022 mg kg−1 pancuronium rapidly produces an unacceptable level of respiratory acidosis and, as a result, patients receiving neuromuscular blocking agents should routinely receive ventilatory support.  相似文献   

14.
The objectives of this study were to evaluate in vivo tolerance, and antimicrobial and clinical activities of a topical otic preparation containing EDTA tromethamine (Tris) and chlorhexidine digluconate 0.15% solution (Otodine®) in dogs with chronic bacterial otitis externa. Eleven dogs were included. The affected ears were filled with the solution once daily during a 2-week period. Dogs were evaluated on days 0, 14 and 28. Three clinical parameters (exudate, erythema, pain) and three cytologic parameters ( Malassezia , cocci, rods) were scored (0–4 scale) by otoscopic and cytological examinations of otic exudate. Bacterial cultures were performed at each time point. If there were bacteria on cytological examination on day 14, the dogs were treated with the original product, with the addition of enrofloxacin (5%) applied 10 min after the original product, for a further 2 weeks. All 11 cases yielded isolates of resistant gram-negative bacteria; gram-positive bacteria were also isolated from six of 11 dogs. On day 14, six of 11 dogs were negative on culture examination; on day 28, 10 of 11 were negative and only one case had a positive culture. On day 14, clinical and microbial scores (cytology) were reduced by 54.6 and 71.1%, respectively, and by 85.7 and 94% on day 28. All cases reported good tolerance of the treatment. The results show that this ear solution was helpful in the management of chronic bacterial otitis externa in dogs and was well tolerated. There seems to be a synergistic effect of the combination of Tris-EDTA/chlorhexidine digluconate 0.15% solution, and an antimicrobial agent (enrofloxacin) against resistant gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.
Funding: Self-funded.  相似文献   

15.
Background: Intravenous administration of human immunoglobulin G (hIVIgG) has been suggested to potentiate thromboembolism in dogs, but supportive scientific reports are lacking.
Objectives: To determine if hIVIgG therapy promotes hypercoagulability and inflammation in dogs.
Animals: Twelve healthy Beagle dogs.
Methods: Prospective, experimental trial. An hIVIgG/saline solution was infused IV at 1 g/kg BW over 8 hours to 6 dogs, and physiological saline was infused to the other 6 dogs. Blood samples were drawn before, during, and after infusion for serial measurement of indicators of coagulation and inflammation. Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results: Dogs administered hIVIgG developed mildly decreased blood platelet concentrations without thrombocytopenia (median, 200 × 103/μL; range, 150–302 × 103/μL; P < .01), leukopenia (median, 3.5 × 103/μL; range, 20–62 × 103/μL; P < .001), and mildly increased plasma total protein concentrations (median, 6.3 g/dL; range, 5.6–6.7 g/dL; P < .001). Administration of hIVIgG was also associated with increases in fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in all dogs (either 5 μg/mL or 10 μg/dL), thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (median, 7.2 ng/mL; range, 4.9–14.2 ng/mL; P < .001), and C-reactive protein concentrations (median, 2.5 mg/dL; range, 0.5–4.3 mg/dL; P < .01).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Administration of hIVIgG to dogs promotes hypercoagulability and an inflammatory state. This should be further evaluated and considered when using hIVIgG in dogs with IMHA or other prothrombotic conditions.  相似文献   

16.
Five Ayrshire cows were given enrofloxacin (5 mg/kg body weight) intravenously (i.v.), intramuscularly (i.m.) and subcutaneously (s.c). The antimicrobial activity was measured in milk and serum samples using the agar-diffusion technique. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) assay was used to study the extent of metabolism of enrofloxacin to dprofloxacin. Analysis of the serum concentration-time data was based on statistical moment theory. Mean t 1/2β of antimicrobial activity in serum was 1.7, 5.9 and 5.6 h after i.v., i.m. and s.c. administration, respectively. Both i.m. and s.c. routes were associated with a marked flip-flop phenomenon. Based on HPLC analysis of serum samples, the half-lives of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were approximately the same. A marked proportion of enrofloxacin was metabolized to ciprofloxacin. The enrofloxacin fraction bound in vitro to serum proteins was 36–45%. About 0.2% of the total enrofloxacin dose was found in milk during the first 24h and the amount transferred did not depend on the route of administration. Based on the HPLC data, enrofloxacin concentration in milk was parallel to that in serum, while ciprofloxacin was concentrated in milk. After i.v. injection, the peak concentration of enrofloxacin in milk was reached between 0.7 and 1.3 h but occurred much later for ciprofloxacin ( t max 5–8 h). After i.m. and s.c. administration the concentration-time curves for both enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in milk were shallow and there were no obvious peaks.  相似文献   

17.
Eight dogs with generalized demodicosis and five with sarcoptic mange were treated with 1.25% amitraz solution applied weekly and associated with an antidote treatment (atipamezol, 0.1 mg kg−1 IM once: and yohimbine 0.1 mg kg−1 once daily for 3 days, orally). Results of skin scrapings were used to determine whether therapy should be continued or stopped. The median number of treatments for demodicosis and sarcoptic mange was three (range 2–5) and two (range 1–3), respectively. Some side-effects were observed but all were stopped with antidote treatment; no failure or relapses occurred at 6–36 months after treatment.  相似文献   

18.
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19.
Thirty dogs with atopic dermatitis were given tepoxalin (Zubrin®, Intervet/Schering-Plough Animal Health, Boxmeer, the Netherlands) or placebo once daily for 4 weeks, followed by a wash-out period of 1 week before reversing the treatments. Pruritus was scored by the owners using the Edinburgh Pruritus Scale and one investigator employed a modification of the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index-01 (mCADESI-01) to score the physical lesions. After administration of tepoxalin there was a ≥ 50% reduction in pruritus and mCADESI-01 scores in 36% and 25% of the dogs, respectively, whereas following administration of the placebo there was a ≥ 50% reduction in pruritus and mCADESI-01 scores in only 25% and 16% of the dogs, respectively. Analysis of pooled data indicated that tepoxalin resulted in a significant reduction in pruritus ( P  = 0.012) and mCADESI-01 ( P  = 0.002) scores but there was no significant change after placebo. The median pruritus scores before and after tepoxalin were 2 (range 1–5) and 1 (range 0–5), respectively, and before and after placebo were 2 (range 0–4) and 2 (range 0–4), respectively. The median mCADESI scores before and after tepoxalin were 23 (range 0–68) and 16 (range 0–72), respectively, and before and after placebo were 18 (range 3–79) and 24 (range 0–65), respectively. At the dose used in this study (10.0–19.1 mg kg−1), tepoxalin was well-tolerated and no adverse effects were noted.  相似文献   

20.
Twenty-two dogs diagnosed with generalized demodicosis were treated with milbemycin oxime (MO) because of poor response to previous therapies or because the dog was a breed known to be susceptible to ivermectin toxicosis. Fifteen of the 22 dogs were herding breeds. Doses of MO ranged from 1.0 to 2.2 mg kg−1 day−1 per os. Cheek swab samples were obtained in order to determine each dog's ABCB 1 genotype. Adverse drug reactions were recorded for each dog by the owners and/or veterinarians. The ABCB 1-1Δ genotype was significantly associated with the development of an adverse reaction (neurological toxicity) after treatment with MO. None of the 19 dogs with the wild-type ABCB1 allele experienced adverse reactions, whereas two dogs homozygous for the ABCB1-1Δ mutation developed ataxia. Assessing the ABCB1-1Δ genotype prior to MO administration may prevent neurological toxicity in these patients.  相似文献   

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