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1.
Abstract Incidence and geographical distribution of downy mildew (Peronosclerospora sorghi) on maize (Zea mays) were determined in a systematic survey of 181 maize fields in the major maize‐growing regions and ecological zones of Nigeria. Downy mildew was observed in the forest and Guinea savanna ecologies, but no disease was detected in other ecologies. Highest levels of disease incidence (63%) were observed in the forest zone, and progressively less disease incidence was found at the southern and northern Guinea savanna zones. Spatial pattern analysis indicated an aggregation and randomness of infected plants in the northern Guinea savanna and the forest zone, respectively. Disease incidence was positively correlated with the presence of downy mildew infected sorghum plants and relative amount of sporulation on infected sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) but negatively correlated with plant age and cropping pattern. Relative sporulation on maize plants was negatively correlated with age of maize plants. Higher levels of disease incidence were observed when the previous crop was either maize or sorghum than when previous crops were cassava, okra, tomatoes, or rice. 相似文献
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3.
Effect of intercropping beans with maize on the severity of angular leaf spot of beans in Kenya 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. A. BOUDREAU 《Plant pathology》1993,42(1):16-25
Angular leaf spot severity was evaluated on Phaseolus beans which had been planted alone (monocrop) and also simultaneously with maize (intercrop) at Kabete, Kenya, in November 1986 (short rains), and at Kabete and Thika in April 1987 (long rains). Intercropping reduced the area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) in the short rains at Kabete and at Thika in the long rains by 23–33% at bean: maize proportions of 2:1 for some leaf positions, but did not reduce AUDPC significantly at Kabete in the long rains. Additional treatments to evaluate bean density and planting pattern (row against random) conducted in the short rains had no effect on AUDPC, although disease was reduced by 12–17% at higher bean densities when maize was not present. Fertilization increased AUDPC by 135–205% in the long rains at both sites. Microclimatological observations made at Kabete during the long rains indicated reductions in leaf temperature and air temperature, and increases in relative humidity, in most plots. These changes were small, averaging 0·6°C, 0·2°C, and 1·8%, respectively. Wind velocity was reduced by 55–63% in the intercrop in relation to the monocrop. The results reflect the variable response of angular leaf spot to maize intercrops seen in other studies. 相似文献
4.
B. Reynaud H. Delatte M. Peterschmitt D. Fargette 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(3):269-280
The epidemiologies of Maize streak virus (MSV), Maize stripe virus (MSpV), and Maize mosaic virus (MMV) were compared in La Réunion over a three year-period. Disease incidence caused by each virus was assessed, and the
leaf and planthopper vector populations (Cicadulina mbila and Peregrinus maidis) were estimated in weekly sowings of the temperate, virus-susceptible maize hybrid INRA 508 and of the composite resistant
cv. IRAT 297. MSV caused the most prevalent disease and MMV the least, with lower incidences in cv. IRAT 297 than in INRA
508. For each plant–virus–vector combination, (a) disease incidence was positively correlated to vector abundance, often with
1 month of time lag; (b) annual periodicity of disease incidence and of vector numbers was consistent with highest autocorrelations
and a time lag of 12 months, (c) vector numbers and disease incidence were closely associated with temperature fluctuations,
both remaining relatively constant below 24°C and increasing rapidly above this threshold temperature. By contrast, relationships
with rainfall and relative humidity (RH) were less consistent. Overall, 63 to 80% of the variance of disease incidence was
explained through stepwise regression with vector number, temperature, and sometimes also rainfall or RH. The simple epidemiological
model proposed underlines the close link between increased temperature and possible (re-) emergence of these three diseases
in a maize cropping area. 相似文献
5.
Sulcotrione soil persistence in spring maize ( Zea mays L.) crops grown on a sandy loam soil was greater at pH 5·5 and 6·0 (soil half-life T 1/2 ≈58 days) than at pH 7·1 ( T 1/2 = 44 days). Sulcotrione was also applied as recommended on a summer maize crop at the five- to six-leaf growth stage, grown on a sandy loam soil. Sulcotrione soil half-life was 44 days, and the herbicide remained mainly in the 0- to 5-cm surface soil layer during the cropping period, in spite of the high water solubility and the heavy rains at the end of August; lower sulcotrione concentrations (10–18% of the total during the 2-month period after sulcotrione application) were detected in the 5- to 10-cm surface soil layer. The herbicide was applied pre-emergence to winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) at four sites that differed in their soil texture and composition: loamy sand, sandy loam, loam and clay loam. Persistence was greater in the soils containing more organic matter. In soils having similar organic matter contents, persistence was lower in the soil containing more sand relative to loam and clay. During the winter crops, sulcotrione moved down to the 10- to 15-cm soil layer, in spite of the fact that the rains were lower in winter than in summer. Sulcotrione most generally was not detected in the 15–20 cm soil layer of the maize and winter wheat crops. 相似文献
6.
对河北省26个主推玉米品种进行抗玉米粗缩病性鉴定,并对其发病率及病情指数与产量损失率的相关性进行了研究。结果表明:河北省目前玉米生产上主推品种中没有免疫和抗病品种,但感病后品种之间的病情严重度有显著差异,病情指数分布在35.37～80.05,产量损失率为15.55%～74.01%。以邢抗2号、费玉2号、费玉4号、沈玉17和农大108的病情严重度较轻,病情指数低于40,表现为感病,其他品种病情指数都在40以上表现为高感。产量损失率与病株率和病情指数呈显著相关,且产量损失率与病情指数的相关性(R=0.982)比产量损失率与病株率的相关性(R=0.756)更强。 相似文献
7.
During 1975 and 1976 barley yellow dwarf virus was isolated, using the aphid Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) from five maize cultivars in the Exeter area. The isolates produced interveinal flecking, often accompanied by leaf reddening, in the maize cultivar Anjou 210 and several other susceptible cultivars. ln 1976 visual assessment of six commercial maize plantings indicated natural infections ranging from 11 to 14% of plants, whilst infection in a disease observation plot ranged from 0.8 to 27.5%. Population counts for the three aphid vectors Sitobion avenae (F.), Metopolophium dirhodum (W.) and Rhopalosiphum padi (L.), associated with the crop, corresponded closely with the Rothamsted Insect Survey results from Starcross, Devon.
The maize cultivars Anjou 210 and De Kalb 202 were grown in experimental plots with individual rows containing 0, 25, 50, or 100% barley yellow dwarf-infected plants. Infection caused severe stunting of Anjou 210 but had less effect on De Kalb 202. Dry matter yield losses of 50% for Anjou 210 and 27% for De Kalb 202 were recorded; there were also significant changes (p<0.05) in dry matter content, metabolisable energy, digestible crude protein and water soluble carbohydrate. 相似文献
The maize cultivars Anjou 210 and De Kalb 202 were grown in experimental plots with individual rows containing 0, 25, 50, or 100% barley yellow dwarf-infected plants. Infection caused severe stunting of Anjou 210 but had less effect on De Kalb 202. Dry matter yield losses of 50% for Anjou 210 and 27% for De Kalb 202 were recorded; there were also significant changes (p<0.05) in dry matter content, metabolisable energy, digestible crude protein and water soluble carbohydrate. 相似文献
8.
Abstract A preliminary survey was made in the most important maize‐growing regions of Ethiopia to record the species of Cicadulina present, their distribution and abundance. Five species of Cicadulina were found, including two not previously reported from Ethiopia. The maize strain of maize streak geminivirus (MSV) occurred predominantly between 450 and 1800 m above sea level, which coincides with the altitudinal range of C. mbila implicating this species as the principal vector of MSV in Ethiopia. The maize strain isolate was indistinguishable from others from elsewhere in Africa. 相似文献
9.
Lett JM Granier M Hippolyte I Grondin M Royer M Blanc S Reynaud B Peterschmitt M 《Phytopathology》2002,92(1):65-74
ABSTRACT Spatial and temporal distribution of Maize streak virus (MSV, family Geminiviridae, genus Mastrevirus) was monitored in the vector species Cicadulina mbila and the nonvector species C. china? using conventional and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Sustained feeding on MSV-infected plants showed that virus accumulation reaches a maximum in C. china?, but not in C. mbila. After a 3-day acquisition access feeding period (AAP), MSV was detected in the gut, the hemolymph, and the head of C. mbila, but only in the gut of C. china?. Similarly, Digitaria streak virus (genus Mastrevirus), which is not transmitted by either of the two species, was only detected in the gut. MSV was detected in the hemolymph of C. mbila 3 h after the beginning of the AAP. Although viral DNA progressively decreases in the vector and nonvector species after a 3-day AAP, MSV DNA remained stable in the salivary glands of C. mbila. 相似文献
10.
Viral inclusions in monocotyledons infected by maize streak and related geminiviruses 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Isolates of maize streak virus (MSV) were examined by thin-section electron microscopy in plants, assessed for characteristic features of infection and compared with other related geminiviruses infecting monocotyledons from Africa, islands in the Indian Ocean, and the Pacific Island of Vanuatu. Arrays of virus particles, often crystalline, were most often seen in the nucleus. The morphology of the nuclear crystalline arrays was characteristic of certain isolates or groups of isolates (strains). Infected nuclei could be seen in cells from the phloem parenchyma, vascular bundle sheath and mesophyll tissue, and also in epidermal guard cells of plants infected with the maize strain of MSV. The particle arrays varied in morphology from regular rows of virions forming distinctive blocks, to randomly arranged aggregates in certain areas of the nucleus. We consistently failed to find viral crystalline arrays associated with infection of panicum streak virus (PSV) and sugar cane streak virus (SSV) isolates either in these hosts or in maize. Occasionally arrays of MSV particles were found outside the nuclear envelope in physiologically active cells. Accumulations or sheets of MSV particles were seen lining the walls of some phloem companion cells. Crystalline aggregates of particles were frequently observed in the cell vacuole, after lysis of the nuclear membrane of dead cells which made up the chlorotic lesions, the typical symptom of virus infection. Virus preparations from all hosts contained typical geminate particles regardless of the morphology of the virion arrays. The effect on chloroplasts appeared to vary between isolates and this is discussed in relation to lesion colour. The arrangement of virions in the nucleus as a taxonomic character is diagnostic for MSV. Inclusions with crystalline structure found in sieve elements of infected plants were not immunogold labelled when thin sections were probed using antiserum to the virus particles. 相似文献
11.
玉米弯孢菌叶斑病传播梯度模型 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
根据植物病害流行学原理,采用人工接种方法,在田间造成玉米弯孢菌叶斑病不同的发病梯度,分析连续2年玉米弯孢菌叶斑病传播动态。利用SPSS统计软件构建了此病害的传播梯度模型,结果表明指数模型是沈阳地区玉米弯孢菌叶斑病传播梯度的最佳模型。接种2个月,掖单13玉米弯孢菌叶斑病传播梯度最佳模型是x=9.606×EXP (-0.2829×d),海试16最佳模型是x=7.154×EXP (-0.2351×d)(x:病情指数,d:距菌源中心的距离)。预测玉米弯孢菌叶斑病在2个月最远传播距离为28 m;传播速度为0.4~0.5 m/d。 相似文献
12.
Twenty-four isolates of maize streak virus (MSV) derived from maize, sugarcane and grasses were compared to a maize isolate of the virus (M(N)M) from Nigeria, using symptoms, gel diffusion and ELISA. Fourteen isolates were identified as maize strains, eight other isolates were serologically related to M(N)M but were distinct. In most cases the maize strain could be identified by the symptoms in Zea mays cv. Golden Bantam but symptom expression in grasses was not always sufficient to identify the economically important maize strain. In general, however, symptoms were similar in both grass and maize hosts. Identification by symptoms alone was further complicated by the possibility that some isolates were mixtures. There was no evidence that adaptation to grass hosts occurred, as all isolates could be transmitted to maize. It was not possible to transmit certain strains to the host species from which they were derived, even though they were transmissible to other hosts. This was assumed to be related to vector feeding behaviour. Insect toxin was responsible for certain stunting symptoms, leaf curling and vein enations often associated with MSV. 相似文献
13.
黄淮海地区夏玉米灰斑病病原菌鉴定及主栽品种抗性分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为明确黄淮海夏玉米区玉米灰斑病的病原菌种类,于2017年从河北、河南、山东、安徽、天津五省市疑似发生玉米灰斑病的76个市县采集样本,采用组织分离法和显微单孢分离法获得病原菌,通过形态与分子生物学手段进行病原菌种类鉴定,并对黄淮海地区、陕西、辽宁、黑龙江的37个菌株进行ISSR聚类分析。结果表明,引起黄淮海地区玉米灰斑病的病原菌为玉蜀黍尾孢(Cercospora zeae-maydis),玉蜀黍尾孢的变异具有地理种群特征。同时对黄淮海夏玉米区主栽品种进行人工接种鉴定,结果显示6个主栽品种中郑单958、登海605、先玉335、浚单20等4个品种对玉米灰斑病抗性较差,玉米灰斑病在本区域具有大面积发生和流行的风险。本研究为黄淮海夏玉米区灰斑病的综合防控提供支撑和理论依据。 相似文献
14.
为明确黄淮海夏玉米区玉米灰斑病的病原菌种类,于2017年从河北、河南、山东、安徽、天津五省市疑似发生玉米灰斑病的76个市县采集样本,采用组织分离法和显微单孢分离法获得病原菌,通过形态与分子生物学手段进行病原菌种类鉴定,并对黄淮海地区、陕西、辽宁、黑龙江的37个菌株进行ISSR聚类分析。结果表明,引起黄淮海地区玉米灰斑病的病原菌为玉蜀黍尾孢(Cercospora zeae-maydis),玉蜀黍尾孢的变异具有地理种群特征。同时对黄淮海夏玉米区主栽品种进行人工接种鉴定,结果显示6个主栽品种中郑单958、登海605、先玉335、浚单20等4个品种对玉米灰斑病抗性较差,玉米灰斑病在本区域具有大面积发生和流行的风险。本研究为黄淮海夏玉米区灰斑病的综合防控提供支撑和理论依据。 相似文献
15.
During the period 1986–1988 field studies were conducted on the epidemiology of the tar spot disease complex (TDC) of maize ( Zea mays ) caused by Phyllachora maydis, Monographella maydis and Coniothyrium phyllachorae. Under field conditions we found that P. maydis symptoms always appeared first, followed by symptoms of either M. maydis or C. phyllachorae. M. maydis causes leaf necrosis and has the most devastating effect. The primary symptoms covered about 12% of the leaf area below the ear leaf, whereas the total necrotic leaf area amounted to 30–60%, here considered as a secondary effect. Maximum TDC severity occurred during the winter season of 1988, which was characterized by a temperature range of 17–22°C, a mean RH >75%, and > 7h of leaf wetness per night. The highest numbers of windborne ascospores of P. maydis were trapped at an RH > 85% and at temperatures of 17 to 23°C in the winter of 1987 and 1988, although large numbers were also caught at temperatures of >23°C and RH <70%. Spore release was strongly influenced by light conditions and followed a similar diurnal curve throughout three seasons, reaching a maximum at 17.00–21.00 hours. The spread off. maydis within the field was very homogeneous. The incubation period of P. maydis was 12 to 15 days, and most of the ascospores were released within 3 weeks after formation of the ascostromata. M. maydis inoculum in plant debris was reduced by 90% within 3 to 4 months. 相似文献
16.
为明确近年来云南省严重发生的玉米白斑病病原菌及不同玉米品种对玉米白斑病的抗性差异,2021年于云南省昆明市阿子营乡和曲靖市罗平县九龙镇采集病样,进行病斑组织分离纯化,通过形态学特征和分子生物学方法对病原菌进行鉴定,并在云南省曲靖市罗平县九龙镇采用田间自然发病方法对622份玉米品种的抗性进行鉴定。从2个采样地点的病叶中各分离出5株和9株菌株,经柯赫氏法则验证,确定了菌株WS-1、WS-191为白斑病致病菌;经形态学观察以及基于ITS、rpb2、tub2和LSU基因序列构建的系统发育树分析结果确定其分类学种名为宽颈附球菌Epicoccum latusicollum。田间抗病性试验结果表明,在622份区域试验品种中对白斑病表现高抗、抗病、中抗、感病和高感的品种分别为4、184、216、186和32份,分别占品种总数的0.64%、29.58%、34.73%、29.90%和5.14%。 相似文献
17.
E. Adipala J. P. Takan M. W. Ogenga-Latigo 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》1995,101(1):25-33
Effect of plant density (37,037, 44,444 and 55,555 plants/ha) on the increase of northern leaf blight in time and space on two maize cultivars planted at spacings of 90, 75 and 60 between rows and 30 cm within rows was investigated.Exserohilum turcicum infested maize residue was used as an inoculum source. Maize density did not significantly affect the disease indices, but significantly influenced the grain yield of the two cultivars. In contrast, the two cultivars differed significantly (P0.01) in disease severity, but not grain yield. Higher disease severities and grain yields were associated with higher plant densities, whereas the apparent infection rate was lower in higher plant density. Distance from the maize residue (inoculum source) significantly influenced disease severity. The percentage leaf area blighted, area under disease progress curve and disease progress curve intercept decreased with distance from the maize residue area, but the apparent infection rate on EV8429-SR appeared to increase with distance. Disease gradients (b) were higher in closely planted maize and flattened with time in one location only. 相似文献
18.
在河北省春播玉米WN2000和山东省夏播普通玉米上发现一种叶斑病,其病斑圆形或椭圆形,中心灰白色,边缘褐色,有黄褐色褪绿圈,糯玉米WN2000病斑较大,(3~10)mm×(3~5)mm;普通玉米病斑较小,(1~2)mm×(2~3)mm。通过病原菌分离培养、致病性测定、形态特征观察及r DNA-ITS和1,3,8-三羟基萘还原酶基因(3HNR)序列分析,证明两种大小病斑是由同一种病原菌—麦根腐平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)引起。田间调查结果表明,在山东省夏播玉米各品种苗期叶片上均有不同程度的发病,发病率最高的为冠玉6号,病株率52%,最低的为五岳88,病株率2%;鲜食玉米仅在河北春播玉米WN2000上发生,发病率为32%。麦根腐平脐蠕孢侵染不同玉米品种产生两种大小不同的病斑在国内外尚属首次报道。 相似文献
19.
Jonathan Scauflaire Olivier Mahieu Julien Louvieaux Guy Foucart Fabien Renard Fran?oise Munaut 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(1):59-66
In order to investigate the pre-harvest contamination of maize plants by Fusarium species in Belgium, a three-year survey has been performed in five fields in which three hybrids differing in susceptibility
to maize stalk rot were sampled at four different physiological stages. An extensive collection of 5,659 Fusarium isolates characterized at the species level was established during the 2005, 2006, and 2007 growing seasons, with a total
of 23 different Fusarium species identified to occur on ears and stalks. A high number of plants was already contaminated by Fusarium spp. at the anthesis stage, although no symptoms were visible on ears or on stalks. As the season progressed, the incidence
of Fusarium-infected maize plants reached 100% in several fields. At the end of the growing season, the most frequently isolated species
in maize ears were F. graminearum, sometimes associated with F. avenaceum, F. crookwellense, F. culmorum, F. poae, and F. temperatum, a new species recently described on maize. The predominant Fusarium species detected in stalks at the end of the growing season were F. graminearum and F. crookwellense, often associated with F. culmorum and F. temperatum. Year-to-year variability observed for the incidence of F. graminearum can most likely be associated with differences in climatic conditions among the three years. 相似文献
20.
Effect of soil temperature on disease development in melon plants infected by Monosporascus cannonballus 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The effect of soil temperature on melon collapse induced by Monosporascus cannonballus was studied in the laboratory and in the field. In the laboratory, ascospore germination and hyphal penetration into melon roots were enhanced by increasing the temperature from 20 to 32°C. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth of five isolates of M. cannonballus was 30°C. In the field, the effect of temperature was studied in experiments conducted during the winter and autumn cropping seasons from 1995 to 1998. Disease progress was much faster in the autumn than in the winter crop seasons. Disease incidence reached 100% in the three consecutive autumn seasons studied. In the winter seasons, however, planting date influenced disease incidence. Early planting, at the beginning of January, resulted in a low disease incidence (6–26%, 125 days after planting), whereas planting at the end of January resulted in higher disease incidence (72–88%, 95–119 days after planting). In plots in which the soil was artificially heated to 35°C during the winter season, disease incidence reached 85%, as in the autumn season. Plants grown during the winter in unheated soil, or in artificially heated soil disinfected with methyl bromide, did not collapse. Root colonization by the pathogen was higher in the autumn and in heated soil than in the winter season in nonheated soil. Fifty per cent of root segments were colonized 35, 42 and 67 days after planting in the winter-heated, autumn and winter-unheated plots, respectively. A high correlation was found between soil temperatures above 20°C during the first 30 days after planting and disease severity. It is suggested that soil temperature during the early stages of plant development is an important factor in disease development and the expression of melon collapse caused by M. cannonballus. 相似文献