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1.
The results of bulk propagation of Norway spruce for one year are presented. The number of cuttings produced per seedling ranged from 21 to 38 between different families, with a large within-family variation. No clear relationship between family field performance and production of cuttings could be seen. Established cuttings produced more propagules per plant than seedlings in the first propagation. Misting gave about 92% rooting, with no significant differences between different rooting media used. A bulk propagation programme is proposed with a potential production of about 1000–1500 plants per germinated seed within 3 years of sowing.  相似文献   

2.
Leader shoots from juvenile succulent Norway spruce seedlings were used as cuttings 11 weeks after sowing. The seedlings were grown for 6 additional weeks and then apically dominant and lateral shoots were also used as cuttings. These three cutting categories, leaders, dominants and laterals, rooted 99.4, 99.0 and 97.5 % respectively and performed differently with respect to rooting development, number of roots per cutting and response to IBA and PIBA treatments (synthetic auxins). A large individual variation in number of roots per cutting, which auxin treatments did not reduce, was present within each cutting categoty. Laterals from the three different families included in the study showed a different variation than did leaders and dominants. Generally, the juvenile succulent cuttings were easy to root. Seedlings grown at a rather high light intensity (62 W/m2) had the potential to give good rooting even without hormonal treatments.  相似文献   

3.
Pinus pinaster Ait. is one of the main forest tree species planted in Spain, Portugal and France. Due to its high economic relevance, there is considerable interest in developing techniques for vegetative breeding aimed at mass propagation. In this study we present a mini-propagation protocol in order to define an efficient method to propagate families or clones of P. pinaster. We carried out three experiments using mini-cuttings of 3–5 cm in length with the aim of evaluating the effects of temperature (4°C vs. 25°C), plant growth regulator (IBA) and shoot age on rooting ability. Percentage of rooted cuttings and morphological root variables were recorded. The percentage of rooted cuttings per treatment ranged from 68 to 97%. Treatment with IBA significantly influenced the rooting process at 25°C but not at 4°C. The number of apexes, length, area and volume of roots were all positively affected by temperature treatment. Shoot age also had a positive effect on rooting capacity of cuttings, with the cuttings from the youngest shoots (70 days after pruning) having higher rooting percentages, ranging from 84.7 to 98.3%. The use of juvenile material, good environmental conditions and IBA all benefited the rooting of clonal material, resulting in high rooting capacity. This study presents an innovative propagation protocol for P. pinaster that can be used as a tool in breeding programs.  相似文献   

4.
Applying auxins to freshly cut basal ends of leafy single-node cuttings of Triplochiton scleroxylon, an important timber tree of West Africa, considerably enhanced rooting percentages. The optimal concentrations in 10 μl MeOH droplets of a 50 : 50 mixture of α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) ranged from 8–40 μg according to clone. Larger amounts, which tended to increase numbers of roots per rooted cutting, inhibited root production in some clones. When applied singly, IBA was more effective than NAA in most clones.Leafless cuttings rarely rooted even when treated with auxins. Rooting occurred following the retention of 5 cm2 of leaf lamina, and was maximal, as judged by rooting percentages, with 50 cm2. The inability of leafless cuttings to root was associated with the rapid depletion of all carbohydrates in stem tissues, while those in unshaded leafy cuttings tended to increase.Percentages of cuttings rooting increased when temperatures of propagating-beds were raised above 20°C, and 28°C was optimal for most clones, especially if treated with auxins. Cutting survival declined above 28°C, although up to 38°C surviving cuttings rooted equally well.  相似文献   

5.
杉木无性系扦插苗产量和质量的变异与相关分析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  
杉木无性系扦插试验结果表明，秋季扦插平均成活率８３％；比春、夏、冬季扦插平均成活率分别高５３％、６９％和６０％，１０２个无性系１年生秋插苗平均成苗率８１％，苗高２９．５％厘米，地径４．１毫米，直立率５９．２％，反映秋插苗质量的苗高、地径、直立率等性状受较强的遗传控制且遗传变异幅度较大。秋插苗直立率与成苗率、同、地径之间存在极显著的遗传正相关，根据直立率进行间接选择，入选１０个无性系的成活率，成苗率  相似文献   

6.
The commercial use of conifer rooted cuttings in forestry: a world overview   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Conifer reforestation programs have traditionally been carried out using natural seeding, direct seeding or, more recently, planting with nursery-grown stock. Only within the past decade have rooted cuttings found use in large scale commercial operations. To assess the current status of this technology questionnaires were developed and mailed to 50 individuals and organizations around the world. The questionnaires were designed to collect information on: (1) annual production by region and species, (2) objectives of rooted cutting programs, (3) production procedures, (4) field performance of cuttings as compared to seedlings, and other topics.According to the 36 responses received more than 65 million conifer rooted cuttings are being produced around the world annually, with this number growing rapidly. Fully half the production is in Japan where valuable sugi (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) cultivars have been vegetatively propagated for at least five centuries. Another 10 million or more cuttings of radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) are being grown in Australia and New Zealand annually. Canada, Scandinavia, and the British Isles together produce about 21 million Norway Spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst), Sitka spruce (P. sitchensis [Bong.] Carr) black spruce (P. mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) and other species annually. Programs of one million or less exist in France, West Germany, Belgium, Eastern Europe, the United States and the USSR.Aside from the Japanese program and some European and Scandinavian programs, where cloning valuable genotypes is the main aim of vegetative propagation, the primary use of rooted cutting technology is for bulk production of genetically improved half or full-sib families. Other uses include production of air pollution-resistant clones in eastern Europe, and production of species which have high commercial value but are difficult to propagate from seed.Propagation methods have changed little during the past 15 years. Most cuttings are produced from hedges, stock plants, nursery seedlings or field grown trees, and rooted under mist in glass or plastic covered houses. Rooting hormones are often, but not always, used. Roughly half are grown in containers and half bareroot, generally reflecting the preferred method of seedling production in a given region. Although relatively few detailed studies have been reported, field performance of rooted cuttings appears similar to that of seedlings provided donor plants are juvenile. Key research needs are juvenility maintenance, stock plant culture, root system improvement, mechanization, and field testing.  相似文献   

7.
By propagating lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) cuttings in vivo, we obtained after 7 growing cycles (ca 3.5 years) in a greenhouse, sufficient number of cuttings from most families to establish clonal progeny tests. Twenty-one full-sib families with approximately 20 clones per family were studied for five years. Years when cuttings were set, families within latitude and clones within families differed significantly in rooting percentages, with the variance components 4.2%, 8.2% and 9.5%, respectively. One way to get a frequent and uniform rooting is to take cuttings from non-leading shoots since they have higher rooting percentage than leading shoots. Neither total length of the cuttings nor length of the primary needles were significantly correlated to rooting percentage. With appropriate management of the ortets and the cuttings during rooting, most clones could be included in a cutting propagation program.  相似文献   

8.
Effects of genotype, collection date, auxin treatment, crown position and artificial chilling on rooting and subsequent vegetative growth of Cupressus sempervirens L. softwood cuttings taken from 13-year-old plants were evaluated. Three different clones (318, 296 and 22) previously selected for resistance to cypress cortical cancer caused by Seiridium cardinale were used. In all these clones, both the IBA treated and the untreated cuttings showed seasonal periodicity of rooting. Untreated cuttings rooted best when collected in April (up to 49% for the best clone, i.e. 296) and rooted very poorly in July and October. Auxin treatments appeared unable to overcome this periodicity, as the cuttings taken in July and October did not respond to IBA stimulation. However, in January and April, IBA treatments enhanced adventitious root formation of poorly rooting clones (318 and 22), as well as of clone 296, which performed best (89%) when cuttings were treated in April with 1.5% IBA. Cuttings of each clone collected in the lower third of the crown of the donor trees showed a significantly higher rooting percentage, when compared with those from the upper third. A 4-week post-severance chilling treatment (4°C) significantly enhanced the rooting capacity of cuttings taken in January, while a longer chilling treatment (8 weeks) had a negative effect. The subsequent growth of the rooted cuttings was not affected by either the crown position of the severed cuttings, or the genotype.  相似文献   

9.
To assess the potential to integrate somatic clones (SC) of desired characteristics in production of high genetic quality seed, controlled crosses between different SCs of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill) B.S.P.) were used to assess their suitability for the production of viable pollen, cones, seeds and seedlings. These SC produced male and female strobili at an early stage. Pollen, cones and seeds produced were characterized (mass, size, germination); their characteristics were similar to those produced by trees in natural forests or seed orchards. A maternal effect was demonstrated for the cone size and seed mass. Although seeds had excellent germination rates, the somatic biparental crosses were divided into three distinct groups with different germination curves using the Weibull function. Seeds from controlled crosses between different SC enabled the production of high morpho-physiological quality seedlings in a forest nursery. Using black spruce as a model, we showed, for the first time, that SC can be used as seed producers. These encouraging results open new perspectives on the tangible integration of somatic embryogenesis (SE) in the chain of seed, vegetative propagation (cuttings and SE) and production of plants for high productivity plantations. Controlled crosses can be made between SC with the desired characteristics (fewer large branches, fewer nodes, good growth, high wood density, performance, improved yield, etc.), vegetative propagules produced and deployed to clonal tests. After elimination of the worst performing SC, clonal tests can be converted into seed orchards that produce a new generation of seeds of high genetic quality. This will allow the rapid introduction of new materials in elite breeding programs of forest species.  相似文献   

10.
Taxus globosa (Mexican yew) is a conifer endemic to México and Central America. It produces a substance known as taxol, which is useful in treatment of ovarian cancer. Because seed production for this dioecious tree is limited, and seed germination is extremely difficult, the use of cuttings could facilitate propagation of this species. With the intention of massively propagating individuals selected for taxol content, two trials were established in which the effect of substrate temperature (average temperatures 18 and 23°C), age (i.e., young vs. old shoots) and management of cuttings, as well as clone variation in rooting capacity, were evaluated. Low temperature favored rooting (53 vs. 34% on average for the two trials); younger shoots rooted three times (61 vs. 23%) more than mature ones, while basal wounding did not affect rooting capacity. A wide variation was found in rooting capacity of clones (8–76%), which could be associated with genetic or physiological differences among donor trees.  相似文献   

11.
After about 20 days, hypocotyl cuttings from 20-day-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings rooted easily in the presence of the auxin indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), with roots forming directly from xylem parenchyma. In contrast, woody cuttings from 1-2-year-old hedged seedlings formed roots indirectly from callus tissue in 60-90 days, but IBA had little effect on rooting. Variation in rooting among hypocotyls from both half- and full-sib families was highly significant in response to IBA, and rooting did not occur within 20 days unless IBA was applied. Hypocotyls from poor rooting families tended to produce fewer roots per cutting than hypocotyls from good rooting families. Rooting by woody cuttings and hypocotyl cuttings from the same nine full-sib families was weakly correlated, raising the possibility that at least some common genetically controlled processes were affecting rooting by both types of cutting. The phytotropin N-1-naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), supplied at 1 micro M with 10 micro M IBA, significantly inhibited rooting by hypocotyl cuttings from both good and poor rooting families, but there was no significant family x treatment interaction. Family variation in rooting ability may be a function of the frequency of occurrence of auxin-responsive cells in the hypocotyls.  相似文献   

12.
Propagation of subtropical eucalypts is often limited by low production of rooted cuttings in winter. This study tested whether changing the temperature of Corymbia citriodora and Eucalyptus dunnii stock plants from 28/23°C (day/night) to 18/13°C, 23/18°C or 33/28°C affected the production of cuttings by stock plants, the concentrations of Ca and other nutrients in cuttings, and the subsequent percentages of cuttings that formed roots. Optimal temperatures for shoot production were 33/28°C and 28/23°C, with lower temperatures reducing the number of harvested cuttings. Stock plant temperature regulated production of rooted cuttings, firstly by controlling shoot production and, secondly, by affecting the ensuing rooting percentage. Shoot production was the primary factor regulating rooted cutting production by C. citriodora, but both shoot production and root production were key determinants of rooted cutting production in E. dunnii. Effects of lower stock plant temperatures on rooting were not the result of reduced Ca concentration, but consistent relationships were found between adventitious root formation and B concentration. Average rooting percentages were low (1–15% for C. citriodora and 2–22% for E. dunnii) but rooted cutting production per stock plant (e.g. 25 for C. citriodora and 52 for E. dunnii over 14 weeks at 33/28°C) was sufficient to establish clonal field tests for plantation forestry.  相似文献   

13.
Single-node leafy cuttings from 8- and 15-month-old seedlings of the large Bornean Dipterocarp Shorea macrophylla (Illipe nut) rooted easily under continuous mist, both with and without the application of auxins. Callus production was greatest in the untreated cuttings. Rate of rooting was enhaced by 1200 ppm and 3600 ppm IBA, but the overall level of rooting after 61 days was unaffected by auxin treatment. In a second experiment, 3600 ppm IBA was found to be more effective than 3600 ppm NAA and mixtures of 1800 ppm NAA + 1800 ppm IBA. Mortality of cuttings was greatest with IBA especially at 10800 ppm. Cuttings from the second node below the apex rooted best, with rooting ability of those from nodes 3, 4 and 5 being progressively worse, and mortalities rising with distance from the apex. Cuttings from the uppermost node, which included the developing apex, had the lowest rooting ability. When continuous misting was replaced with misting for alternate hours, rooting was still good, but the absence of misting overnight resulted in much increased cutting mortality and, subsequently, in decreased rooting. It is suggested that Shorea macrophylla could be domesticated for fruit or timber production by the propagation of superior clones.  相似文献   

14.
Eight trees were selected at age eight years from seed in each of 52 full‐sib families of Picea abies and were propagated by rooted cuttings. The parents were both of Norwegian and German origin. Results are presented for the variation in height growth in the progeny test and in the clonal test, for rooting percentages, and for plagiotropic growth. More than 40% of the total variance of rooting percentages is of genetic origin. In the set of crosses between Norwegian and German parents 18% of the clones were classified as plagiotropic, while the same number was 27% in the crosses between Norwegian parents. The plagiotropic growth reduces the correlations between ortets and ramets both at the individual and at the family level. Family information is important in the selection of ortets, and a culling of plagiotropic clones seems necessary to obtain a substantial gain from selection.  相似文献   

15.
DesRochers  Annie  Thomas  Barb R. 《New Forests》2003,26(1):17-32
Rooting and early growth of four hybrid poplar clones (Populus spp.) planted in a greenhouse were examined after applying 40 pre-rooting treatment combinations to dormant cuttings. Treatments included 2 cutting lengths (5 and 10 cm), 5 soaking times (0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 days), and 4 dips (chitosan, rooting hormone powder, liquid rooting hormone added to the soaking water, and none). Significant differences in both rooting percentages and growth were shown between clones after 7 weeks of growth. Ten cm cuttings had 29% greater rooting success, 28% more above-ground growth, and 12% lower root/shoot ratios than 5 cm cuttings. Cuttings planted without soaking had the lowest rooting success, at less than 45% on average. Commercial rooting hormones decreased the number of rooted cuttings but increased root/shoot ratios. For optimal rooting, we recommend using 10 cm cuttings, soaked for 2 days in water (4 days for the Jackii10 clone) without any additional dipping/hormone substance.  相似文献   

16.
Tests were conducted to assess rootability of red alder softwood cuttings from shoots of young trees and epicormic sprouts of mature individuals. Ortets were 3 to 34 years old, and treatments with and without indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) were compared. The extent of rooting and root vigor on the cuttings varied greatly among ortets and treatments. Among nonterminal cuttings, the best overall rooting success, with and without IBA, was obtained with cuttings of the youngest ortet. Average rooting of terminal and nonterminal cuttings of one clone were 100% and 64%, respectively. Although cuttings of some trees rooted well without IBA, the IBA treatment appeared to be generally beneficial. For all nonterminal cuttings of all clones, best results (80.0%/x) were obtained with a 10-sec dip in 2,000 or 4,000 ppm IBA. Vigorous planting stock was obtained from the rooted cuttings of all clones. Using epicormic sprouts from mature trees of proven performance will presumably allow propagation of superior trees and establishment of new plantations with improved stock.  相似文献   

17.
To determine whether brassinosteroids promote clonal propagation of mature coniferous trees, cuttings of adult Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) trees were harvested in late March, treated with (22S,23S)-28-homobrassinolide (SSHB), and stored at 2 degrees C in darkness until they were planted in May. Treatment of the cuttings with SSHB significantly enhanced the formation of adventitious roots by increasing percent rooting from 50% in the control cuttings to 92% in the 60 ppm SSHB treatment. N(6)-Benzyladenine (BA) stimulated rooting slightly although not significantly, but it counteracted the stimulative effect of SSHB when cuttings were treated with both compounds together. In a second study, the above-ground parts of medium-sized mature clonal Norway spruce trees were pretreated from the end of June till August with SSHB or BA or both. Needle retention of cuttings taken from the pretreated trees the following spring was prolonged until September and the cuttings flushed, but did not root, whereas cuttings from untreated stock plants died before September. No interaction between BA and SSHB was observed. When these pretreatments were repeated the following year on the same mature clonal trees rooting of cuttings was significantly improved in the 5 ppm SSHB treatment.  相似文献   

18.
观赏桉作为一个桉树类型在外表形态上比一般桉树更为特别,具有很高的园林观赏价值及广阔的应用前景。本试验对观赏桉七花铁木桉在不同基质、不同激素和浓度的作用下其生根存活率进行了研究,以探讨促进观赏桉插穗生根的最佳处理措施。结果表明：当基质为泥炭土＋珍珠岩时,浓度为100mg·L-1的ABT对七花铁木桉生根具有最好效果;当基质为黄心土＋河沙时,NAA对其生根效果较好且最稳定。七花铁木桉是首次从澳大利亚引进的新种观赏桉,对其扦插育苗技术的探索在国内尚属第一次,可为今后开发利用此自然资源提供依据。  相似文献   

19.
A study was conducted on the twelve clones of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). These clones were obtained from India and Nepal. Single-node leafy cuttings were prepared from the vegetative multiplication garden to examine the clonal variation, effect of IBA treatment on rooting response and associated metabolic changes during adventitious root formation. A remarkable and significant variation was observed due to treatment of 2,000 ppm IBA in the rooting parameters. Clonal variations were also significant for root and shoot growth while length of root was insignificant. Among the twelve clones studied; C3 (Tulsipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India) and C4 (Laxmipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India) clone cuttings have given the highest rooting response. Interaction (clone × IBA) was significant only for production of number of roots per cutting. Periodic sampling for clone C3 was performed at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days to examine the contents of total soluble sugars, starch, protein and peroxidase (PER) activity in the rooting zone of cuttings (∼0.5 cm) during adventitious root primordium development. A significant increase in all the metabolic activities was noted due to IBA. Total soluble sugars and starch contents of cuttings decreased with the passage of time. Protein content and PER-activity started to increase in the early stage and reached the highest level on day 21, followed by a decline at the 35th day of sampling. These trends were common for both IBA treated and untreated cuttings. Protein content and PER-activity remained higher in the rooting zone of IBA treated cuttings. Overall these findings suggested that exogenous application of IBA may have activated carbohydrate metabolism for release of energy, while protein and PER-activity were necessary for cell division and differentiation during adventitious root primordium initiation and development in the rooting zone of cuttings.  相似文献   

20.
Pterocarpus santalinoides is a multipurpose tree species, native to Africa and South America. However, excessive pruning for fodder is jeopardising its seed production leading to poor regeneration in the Sahel region. Efficient vegetative propagation techniques may overcome this concern. To address this issue, four experiments were conducted to determine the effects of substrate (Experiment 1), cutting type (Experiments 2 and 3), genotype (Experiment 4) and auxins (Experiments 1, 2, and 4) on rooting ability in a non-mist propagating unit in Mali. Among the four tested substrates, no significant differences were found in rooting parameters, including the percentage of rooted cuttings, the number of roots and secondary roots per rooted cutting, and the length of the longest root per rooted cutting. Semi-hardwood cuttings rooted significantly better than softwood cuttings with a higher percentage of rooted cuttings (31.7?±?6.5% vs. 9.2?±?2.7%), greater number of roots (8.2?±?4.8 vs 1.5?±?0.7), greater number of secondary roots (16.7?±?4.2 vs 4.6?±?1.8) and longer root length (17.8?±?12.0?cm vs 2.3?±?1.0?cm) per rooted cutting. In addition, one-node cuttings cut below the second and third nodes, respectively, had the highest rooting success (88% and 90%, respectively) followed by cuttings cut below the fourth node (68%) and the first node (62%). Significant differences in the percentage of rooted cuttings were found among 12 randomly selected genotypes with rooting varying from 2% to 75%.The results also showed that auxin application, especially IBA, had a significant effect on rooting success, the number of roots and secondary roots per rooted cutting. Single-node cuttings, and cuttings of 10?cm length with multiple softwood and semi-hardwood nodes, can be used with or without auxin treatment for successful clonal propagation of P. santalinoides. The results of the present study indicated that P. santalinoides is amenable to clonal propagation using low-cost propagators and sand-based rooting media.  相似文献   

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