共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 15 毫秒
1.
High-precision measurements of total solar irradiance, made by the active cavity radiometer irradiance monitor on the Solar Maximum Mission satellite, show the irradiance to have been variable throughout the first 153 days of observations. The corrected data resolve orbit-to-orbit variations with uncertainties as small as 0.001 percent. Irradiance fluctuations are typical of a band-limited noise spectrum with high-frequency cutoff near 0.15 day(-1) their amplitudes about the mean value of 1368.31 watts per square meter approach +/- 0.05 percent. Two large decreases in irrradiance of up to 0.2 percent lasting about 1 week are highly correlated with the development of sunspot groups. The magnitude and time scale of the irradiance variability suggest that considerable energy storage occurs within the convection zone in solar active regions. 相似文献
2.
Hybrid nanorod-polymer solar cells 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
We demonstrate that semiconductor nanorods can be used to fabricate readily processed and efficient hybrid solar cells together with polymers. By controlling nanorod length, we can change the distance on which electrons are transported directly through the thin film device. Tuning the band gap by altering the nanorod radius enabled us to optimize the overlap between the absorption spectrum of the cell and the solar emission spectrum. A photovoltaic device consisting of 7-nanometer by 60-nanometer CdSe nanorods and the conjugated polymer poly-3(hexylthiophene) was assembled from solution with an external quantum efficiency of over 54% and a monochromatic power conversion efficiency of 6.9% under 0.1 milliwatt per square centimeter illumination at 515 nanometers. Under Air Mass (A.M.) 1.5 Global solar conditions, we obtained a power conversion efficiency of 1.7%. 相似文献
3.
太阳能LED特征光谱害虫诱杀器 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据17种农林业主要害虫的趋光特性及敏感波长范围,以特征光谱LED害虫诱杀灯为核心,设计太阳能LED特征光谱害虫诱杀器.提出害虫趋光性具有特征光谱的概念,并阐述了昆虫反应阈值光谱的研究方法. 相似文献
4.
为了阐明2种赤潮藻柔弱角毛藻(Chaetoceros debilis)和绿色巴夫藻(Pavlova viridis)对阳光紫外辐射(UVR, 280～400 nm)变化的响应,比较研究了它们在全波段阳光下和滤除UVR/UV-B条件下的有效光化学效率变化,同时探讨了室内无UVR的低光条件下其有效光化学效率的恢复。结果表明,阳光UVR抑制藻细胞的有效光化学效率,其抑制程度随着接受辐射处理时间的延长而增大,在10 min左右细胞内的修复与损伤速率达到平衡,抑制率不变,且阳光UVR对二种藻的抑制程度相差不大。转移到无UVR的弱光条件下,藻细胞的有效光化学效率得到恢复,但恢复过程中柔弱角毛藻恢复明显快于绿色巴夫藻,体现了不同藻细胞对阳光UVR响应的种间差异。 相似文献
5.
The absolute radiometer on Spacelab 1 was used to obtain solar irradiance observations from space. A number of effects must be taken into account in the data reduction. A provisional value was obtained for the mean solar constant during the observation period (6 to 8 December 1983). 相似文献
6.
SOLTRAN is a flexible computer model for the direct solar beam intensity spectrum at the earth's surface. It has been derived by combining the extra-terrestrial solar spectrum with the atmospheric transmittance spectrum. Application of SOLTRAN to the calculation of the potential efficiency of photovoltaic cells demonstrates the effect of atmospheric absorption bands. These bands prevent unequivocal assignment of optimum energy gap values. 相似文献
7.
Lewis JS 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1974,186(4162):440-443
The available compositional data on planets and satellites can be used to place stringent limits on the thermal environment in the solar nebula. The densities of the terrestrial planets, Ceres and Vesta, the Galilean satellites, and Titan; the atmospheric compositions of several of these bodies; and geochemical and geophysical data on the earth combine to define a strong dependence of formation temperature on heliocentric distance. The pressure and temperature dependences of the condensation process are separable in the sense that the variation of the deduced formation temperatures with heliocentric distance is insensitive to even very diverse assumptions regarding the pressure profile in the nebula. It is impossible to reconcile the available compositional data with any model in which the formation temperatures of these bodies are determined by radiative equilibrium with the sun, regardless of the sun's luminosity. Rather, the data support Cameron's hypothesis of a dense, convective solar nebula, opaque to solar radiation, with an adiabatic temperature-pressure profile. 相似文献
8.
建立了温室内各表面太阳辐照度计算模型,并对沈阳地区跨度为12 m的日光温室进行模拟,分析了温室建筑参数改变对温室内各表面太阳辐射照度的影响。结果表明:冬季最冷月(2003 12至2004 02)温室内后坡单位面积太阳辐射照度分别为土壤表面及后墙面的1.45和1.49倍;温室地面太阳辐射照度模拟结果与实际测试结果差值不超过5%。改变温室跨度和高度分别对地面及北墙面太阳辐射照度有较大影响,且呈线性关系;改变温室后坡仰角对温室内各表面太阳辐射照度的影响不显著。 相似文献
9.
Length of the solar cycle: an indicator of solar activity closely associated with climate 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
It has recently been suggested that the solar irradiance has varied in phase with the 80- to 90-year period represented by the envelope of the 11-year sunspot cycle and that this variation is causing a significant part of the changes in the global temperature. This interpretation has been criticized for statistical reasons and because there are no observations that indicate significant changes in the solar irradiance. A set of data that supports the suggestion of a direct influence of solar activity on global climate is the variation of the solar cycle length. This record closely matches the long-term variations of the Northern Hemisphere land air temperature during the past 130 years. 相似文献
10.
Kim JY Lee K Coates NE Moses D Nguyen TQ Dante M Heeger AJ 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5835):222-225
Tandem solar cells, in which two solar cells with different absorption characteristics are linked to use a wider range of the solar spectrum, were fabricated with each layer processed from solution with the use of bulk heterojunction materials comprising semiconducting polymers and fullerene derivatives. A transparent titanium oxide (TiO(x)) layer separates and connects the front cell and the back cell. The TiO(x) layer serves as an electron transport and collecting layer for the first cell and as a stable foundation that enables the fabrication of the second cell to complete the tandem cell architecture. We use an inverted structure with the low band-gap polymer-fullerene composite as the charge-separating layer in the front cell and the high band-gap polymer composite as that in the back cell. Power-conversion efficiencies of more than 6% were achieved at illuminations of 200 milliwatts per square centimeter. 相似文献
11.
The energy spectrum of solar cosmic-ray particles of the iron group has been determined for the first time over the energy range from 1 to 100 million electron volts per nucleon by the use of glass removed from the Surveyor 3 spacecraft. The difference between the observed (energy)(-3) spectrum and the limiting spectrum derived previously from tracks in lunar rocks gives an erosion rate of 0 to 2 angstroms per year. High-energy fission of lead, induced by galactic cosmicray protons and alpha particles, has also been observed. 相似文献
12.
Simpson JA Connell JJ Lopate C McKibben RB Zhang M Anglin JD Ferrando P Rastoin C Raviart A Heber B Muiller-Meliin R Kunow H Sierks H Wibberenz G Bothmer V Marsden RG Sanderson TR Trattner KJ Wenzel KP Paizis C 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1995,268(5213):1019-1023
Observations of galactic cosmic radiation and anomalous component nuclei with charged particle sensors on the Ulysses spacecraft showed that heliospheric magnetic field structure over the south solar pole does not permit substantially more direct access to the local interstellar cosmic ray spectrum than is possible in the equatorial zone. Fluxes of galactic cosmic rays and the anomalous component increased as a result of latitude gradients by less than 50% from the equator to -80 degrees . Thus, the modulated cosmic ray nucleon, electron, and anomalous component fluxes are nearly spherically symmetric in the inner solar system. The cosmic rays and the anomalous nuclear component underwent a continuous, -26 day recurrent modulation to -80.2 degrees , whereas all recurring magnetic field compressions and recurring streams in the solar wind disappeared above approximately 55 degrees S latitude. 相似文献
13.
通过测量太阳能电池的内部低频噪声,可以快速、无损地实现太阳能电池的可靠性筛选分类。提出基于马氏距离的筛选方法分析噪声数据,进而得到全频段的噪声筛选判据。实验结果表明,本文方法和基于个别频率点的噪声分类方法相比,马氏距离筛选方法更加全面地反映了太阳能电池的整体低频噪声水平,不仅可以剔除1/f噪声大的太阳能电池,还可以剔除G-R(genera-tion-recombination)噪声和爆裂噪声大的太阳能电池,因此能将一批太阳能电池进行更为准确、精细的可靠性分类。 相似文献
14.
Chupp EL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1990,250(4978):229-236
Understanding how individual charged particles can be accelerated to extreme energies (10(20) electron volts), remains a foremost problem in astrophysics. Within our solar system, the active sun is capable of producing, on a short time scale, ions with energies higher than 25 gigaelectron volts. Satellite and ground-based observation over the past 30 years have greatly increased our knowledge of the properties of transient bursts of energetic particles emitted from the sun in association with solar flares, but a real understanding of the solar flare particle acceleration process requires greatly refined experimental data. On the practical side, it is also imperative that this problem be solved if man is to venture, for long periods of time, beyond the protective umbrella of Earth's magnetic field, which excludes much of the biologically damaging solar energetic particles. It is only through an understanding of the basic acceleration problem that we can expect to be able to predict the occurrence of a solar flare with lethal solar radiations. For our knowledge of these effects to advance, a new space mission dedicated to studying the high-energy aspects of solar flares at high spatial and energy resolution will be required. 相似文献
15.
In this study, different approaches to the modelling of flat-plate solar collectors are introduced and analysed. Among the physically based models, the heat network model and Hottel–Vhillier (H–V) models are discussed. The parameters of the latter model are identified for three different types of these solar collectors. The identification exhibited good agreement with the measured values. Finally, modelling simulations with an artificial neural network (ANN) technique were carried out. A sensitivity study was performed on the parameters of the neural network. The possible ANN structures, the size of training data set, the number of hidden neurons, and the type of training algorithm were analysed in order to identify the most appropriate model. The same ANN structures were trained and validated for the three solar collectors, using data generated from the H–V model and long-term (17 days) measurements. 相似文献
16.
S. A. Rodikov 《Russian Agricultural Sciences》2008,34(3):162-164
The previously unknown selective effect of solar radiation on the development of apple superficial scald is established. Superficial scald doesn’t occur on the sun-exposed side of certain green fruits after storing for 2 to 4 months, and in certain colored fruits it is possibly the consequence of a delay in penetration of solar radiation of the blue-green spectrum by anthocyans. 相似文献
17.
García RA Turck-Chièze S Jiménez-Reyes SJ Ballot J Pallé PL Eff-Darwich A Mathur S Provost J 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,316(5831):1591-1593
Solar gravity modes have been actively sought because they directly probe the solar core (below 0.2 solar radius), but they have not been conclusively detected in the Sun because of their small surface amplitudes. Using data from the Global Oscillation at Low Frequency instrument, we detected a periodic structure in agreement with the period separation predicted by the theory for gravity dipole modes. When studied in relation to simulations including the best physics of the Sun determined through the acoustic modes, such a structure favors a faster rotation rate in the core than in the rest of the radiative zone. 相似文献
18.
Climatically significant variation of the solar constant (the energy output of the sun) implies measurable change in the solar radius. The available data limit variations of the solar radius between 1850 and 1937 to about 0.25 arc second; modeling of the sun indicates that the solar constant did not vary by more than 0.3 percent during that time. 相似文献
19.
20.
The cost of photovoltaic power can be reduced with organic solar concentrators. These are planar waveguides with a thin-film organic coating on the face and inorganic solar cells attached to the edges. Light is absorbed by the coating and reemitted into waveguide modes for collection by the solar cells. We report single- and tandem-waveguide organic solar concentrators with quantum efficiencies exceeding 50% and projected power conversion efficiencies as high as 6.8%. The exploitation of near-field energy transfer, solid-state solvation, and phosphorescence enables 10-fold increases in the power obtained from photovoltaic cells, without the need for solar tracking. 相似文献