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低磷环境下接种丛枝菌根真菌促进紫花苜蓿生长和磷素吸收的机理 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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长期施用磷肥对冬小麦根际磷、锌有效性及其作物磷锌营养的影响 总被引：11，自引：4，他引：11
以中国农业大学昌平试验站长期定位试验为基础,研究了长期施用磷肥对冬小麦根际磷锌有效性及其对作物磷锌营养的影响。结果表明,长期施用磷肥[P2O5,135.kg/(hm2.a)]导致土壤有效磷含量逐年提高;对根际和非根际土壤有效锌含量没有显著影响,但是根际土壤有效锌含量显著高于非根际土壤;长期施用磷肥冬小麦抽穗期植株锌含量显著低于不施磷处理;无论拔节期和抽穗期,植株含磷量和植株磷锌比(P/Zn)都随着施磷量的增加而显著增加。长期施用磷肥处理(P1和P2)在显著提高了冬小麦子粒含磷量的同时,显著降低了其含锌量;冬小麦子粒磷锌比(P/Zn)随着施磷量的增加也显著增加,子粒含磷量与含锌量呈极显著的负线性相关关系。 相似文献
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通过2年盆栽试验，探讨不同磷水平下玉米–大豆间作根际土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷含量及作物磷吸收的差异，明确土壤无机磷组分、土壤有效磷与作物磷吸收之间的相互关系。试验设置玉米单作、大豆单作、玉米–大豆间作3种种植方式以及3个P2O5施用水平(0、50、100 mg/kg，分别记作P0、P50、P100)，共9个处理。结果表明：与单作相比，2018年和2019年在P0、P50和P100水平下，间作显著提高玉米和大豆的籽粒产量，并显著提高玉米和大豆植株的磷素吸收量。与常规施磷水平(P100)下的单作处理相比，玉米–大豆间作在磷肥减少50%(P50)的条件下，并未降低玉米和大豆的磷吸收量与籽粒产量。3个磷水平下，间作提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤有效磷含量，而降低了根际土壤总无机磷以及Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P、O-P的含量；同时适当增施磷肥显著提高了玉米和大豆根际土壤总无机磷及各无机磷组分的含量。本试验条件下，间作促进土壤中Fe-P、Al-P、Ca-P和O-P的活化(尤其是Fe-P)，是低磷胁迫下间作土壤有效磷含量与作物磷吸收量增加的重要原因。玉米–大豆间作具有节约磷肥、维持作物产量及根际土壤有... 相似文献
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不同磷供应水平下小麦根系形态及根际过程的变化特征 总被引：16，自引：3，他引：13
以石麦15和衡观35两个品种小麦为试验材料,应用根袋栽培方式,研究了不同施磷量对小麦根系形态和根际特征的影响。结果表明,与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷（P2O5 0.3 g/kg）条件下石麦15地上部生物量和磷累积量增加幅度大于衡观35;但不施磷处理衡观35地上部生物量降低幅度小于石麦15,磷含量和累积量高于石麦15,衡观35耐低磷能力较强。土壤供磷不足时,衡观35总根长中直径0.16 mm细根所占比例高于石麦15,根系平均直径较小;而高磷供应下,石麦15根系中直径0.16 mm细根长度较长,在总根长中所占比例较高。总根长和直径0.16 mm的细根长度与植株地上部磷累积量之间呈显著正相关关系。总根长越长尤其是细根越多,有利于促进植株对磷的吸收。与非根际土壤相比,高磷供应下根际土壤有机磷含量增加,微生物量磷含量降低;而供磷不足时根际土壤碱性磷酸酶活性较高,有机磷含量较低。与施磷量P2O5 0.1 g/kg相比,高量供磷下根际土壤pH值升高、碱性磷酸酶活性下降,不施磷处理根际土壤pH值降低。本研究表明,供磷不足时,小麦根系形态和根际过程均发生适应性变化,而高量供磷条件下,小麦植株根系形态的改变因品种而异。 相似文献
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关中平原夏玉米临界磷浓度稀释曲线构建与磷营养诊断 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
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超高产栽培下磷肥运筹对春玉米根系特性的影响 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
以金山27为供试品种,研究了超高产栽培下不同施磷量（P2O5 0、100、150和200 kg/hm2）和施用方式（传统施磷和分层施磷）对春玉米根系特征及产量的影响。结果表明,根重、4060 cm土层根幅及根系活力均随施磷量的增加而增加,根系SOD和POD活性随施磷量的增加而提高,MDA含量则随施磷量的提高而降低。同一施磷水平下,分层施磷不仅能促进春玉米根重的增加和下层土壤中根条数的增多; 同时能延缓生育后期不同土层中根系活力下降,提高根系SOD和POD活性,降低MDA含量。在100 kg/hm2施磷量下,分层施磷较传统施磷增产7.1%,产量差异达到5%显著水平; 在150 kg/hm2和200 kg/hm2施磷量条件下,分层施磷与传统施磷的产量差异不显著。 相似文献
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施磷对玉米吸磷量、产量和土壤磷含量的影响及其相关性 总被引：16，自引：0，他引：16
为了给玉米磷高效利用提供理论依据, 在低磷土壤(Olsen-P 4.9 mg·kg-1)上, 通过田间试验, 研究了施磷0(T0)、50 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(T1)、100 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(T2)、200 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(T3)、1 000 kg(P2O5)·hm-2(T4)对两个玉米品种"鲁单9002" (LD9002)、"先玉335"(XY335)的产量、磷素吸收利用及根际磷动态变化的影响。结果表明: 两玉米品种根际土、非根际土速效磷含量在不同生育时期都表现为T12O5)·hm-2的T3处理非根际土转化为根际土土壤磷的量最大, 同时玉米生物量、产量、磷转移量也达到最高, 而施磷1 000 kg(P2O5)·hm-2处理玉米生物量、产量与中磷水平相比没有显著增加, 但植株吸磷量较高。XY335的花后磷转移量小于LD9002。相关分析表明, LD9002根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶吸磷量之间显著相关, 以播种后79 d与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关系数最高; 而XY335根际土、非根际土速效磷含量与茎、叶磷浓度之间显著相关, 在播种后47 d期间与茎、叶磷浓度、吸磷量、生物量、产量之间的相关性最好。因此, 在低磷土壤上, LD9002和XY335分别在播种后79 d和47 d时是植株对磷的敏感期, 可以通过测试根际土、非根际土速效磷含量来反映土壤的供磷状况; LD9002在79 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为54.95 mg·kg-1、32.99 mg·kg-1, XY335品种在47 d时最大吸磷量需要的根际土、非根际土速效磷含量分别为51.24 mg·kg-1、35.35 mg·kg-1; 施磷量1 000 kg(P2O5)·hm-2处理两品种玉米产量、生物量、磷积累量与施磷量100~200 kg(P2O5)·hm-2处理没有显著差异。 相似文献
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采用随机区组设计,以塔额盆地主栽甜菜品种 (Beta796)为试验材料开展大田试验。在氮、钾施用量相同的情况下,设置滴灌施磷(P2O5)0 kg·hm-2(P0)、120 kg·hm-2(P1)、180 kg hm-2(P2)和240 kg·hm-2(P4)4个处理,研究甜菜主要生育时期磷养分吸收、积累和分配规律,分析甜菜磷养分利用效率,以期为甜菜高产、优质、高效生产中磷肥管理提供理论依据。结果表明,滴灌施磷能增加甜菜干物质积累量,P1、P2和P3处理干物质积累量较P0处理分别增加16.6%、24.7%和27.9%,其中P2、P3处理间差异不显著。甜菜干物质积累Logistic方程显示施磷能显著提高甜菜干物质最大累积速率和平均积累速率,最高分别可达443.7和185.7 kg·hm-2·d-1。甜菜磷积累总量随施磷增加而增加,有利于提高生育后期甜菜磷积累量,尤其是甜菜地下部的磷积累量;收获期P3处理地下部磷积累量为74.25 kg·hm-2,较P0、P1和P2处理分别显著增加76.7%、24.8%和12.1%。施磷对收获期甜菜磷素在地上部、地下部分配无显著影响。试验结果表明滴灌施磷显著提高了甜菜产量,增加了甜菜块根的含糖量及产糖量。 P1、P2和P3处理块根产量比P0处理分别增加11.57%、18.58%和20.89%,甜菜蔗糖含量比P0处理分别增加1.18%、2.90%和3.37%。施磷对甜菜品质影响不大。施磷增加了磷肥的当季利用率,不同处理磷肥利用率可达31.54%～39.66%。P2处理能增加磷素农学效率,磷肥偏生产力则随着施磷量增加而减少。综合甜菜相对产糖量、经济效益及磷肥利用效率,滴灌施磷(P2O5)85.1～187.4 kg·hm-2,可以实现甜菜高产和磷肥高效利用的目的。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(6):717-729
Abstract A study was conducted to evaluate the use of P vectors to predict the amount of P required on a yearly basis to maintain a constant solution‐solid phase P relationship in an irrigated calcareous and a dryland acid soil. Irrigated potato‐spring barley and dryland spring pea spring‐barley crop rotations established at the two locations. Mono‐calcium phosphate (0–45–0) was applied annually at five levels, ranging from 0–4 times estimated crop removal. Phosphorus vectors were determined on soil samples by equilibration with standard P solutions. Yields tended to increase with added P on the calcareous soil; however, significant responses were not recorded at either location. Consequently, critical P vectors were not established. A constant solution‐solid phase P relationship was maintained by addition of P equal to that removed by the crop on the calcareous soil. A constant solution‐solid phase P relationship was not maintained on the acid soil. 相似文献
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为阐明施磷对不同质地棉田土壤磷素有效性及磷肥利用率的影响,以盆栽试验为基础,在不同质地(粘土、壤土、砂土)上设计5个磷素水平(P0、P150、P300、P600、P1200)研究棉田磷素状况和棉花磷素积累及磷肥利用率。结果表明:不同质地棉田土壤有效磷含量在苗期和蕾期均随施磷量的增加而增加,苗期时粘土、壤土、砂土的土壤有效磷含量在P1200处理下与对照相比分别增加了80.94%、85.78%、94.41%,蕾期则分别增加了76.82%、85.10%、94.20%。苗期时,土壤全磷含量分别在粘土P600、壤土P1200、砂土P600处理下达到最大值;蕾期时粘土、壤土和砂土的全磷含量均在P1200处理达到最大值,土壤磷素活化系数在苗期时表现为粘土砂土壤土,蕾期磷素活化系数在粘土和砂土基本呈持续递增状态,最大值与对照(P0)相比分别增加了34.22%、85.71%。植物整株干物质积累在不同土壤质地表现为粘土砂土壤土。植物全磷含量则是壤土略低于粘土,砂土最低。棉花整株磷素积累量在不同土质上表现为粘土最高,壤土次之,砂土最低,且分别在P600、P300、P600处理时达到最大值。不同磷水平下,磷肥表观利用率在3种土壤质地上表现不同,粘土、壤土、砂土分别在P150、P300、P600时达到最大值,与P0相比分别提高了16.84%、29.19%、10.68%。同一磷水平下不同土壤质地磷素生理利用率表现为砂土壤土粘土。因此,在生产中应针对土壤质地合理施磷,粘土土质下棉田施磷量应控制在约150 kg/hm~2,壤土土质应控制在150～300 kg/hm~2,砂土土质施磷量总体应控制在300～600 kg/hm~2,才能促进土壤中磷的有效性和棉花磷素吸收,从而提高磷肥利用率。 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(8):1127-1139
Abstract The rates of applied phosphorus required for 90% maximum yield of Desmodiim intortum cv. Greenleaf were calculated from pot experiments using 24 fertilized and unfertilized soils from the Atherton Tableland, Queensland, Australia. Phosphorus required was highly correlated (r2 = 0.94) with the phosphorus sorbed (P sorbed) by the soils at a supernatant solution P concentration of 0.08 ppm. P sorbed was found to be a function of phosphorus buffer capacity at 0.08 ppm ("PBC") and phosphorus extractable by acid (0.005 M H2S04) or bicarbonate (0.5 M NaHCO3). PBC was highly correlated (r2 = O.84) with a phosphorus sorption index ("PSI") derived from one addition of 500 μg P g‐1 soil. Combining PSI with acid or bicarbonate extractable P in a multiple regression equation allowed the estimation of phosphorus required with multiple correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.80 and R2 = 0.83 respectively. 相似文献
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通过田间试验,研究不同磷肥对滴灌棉田土壤有效磷及棉花产量和磷肥利用效率的影响。试验选取5种滴灌用磷肥:磷酸一铵(MAP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)以及大量元素水溶肥固体型(SF)、悬液型(LSF)、清液型(LCF),并以不施磷肥为对照(CK),共6个处理。测定土壤有效磷含量以及棉花生长、磷素吸收和产量。结果表明:在一个灌溉施肥周期内,施用清液型水溶肥(LCF)和聚磷酸铵(APP)较其它处理显著增加了土壤有效磷含量;在棉花各生育期,聚磷酸铵(APP)0～20 cm土层土壤有效磷含量较其它处理显著增加,清液型水溶肥(LCF)20～40 cm土层土壤有效磷含量最高,在盛铃期时较聚磷酸铵(APP)显著增加了21.41%;聚磷酸铵(APP)较磷酸一铵(MAP)显著促进了吐絮期棉花茎、叶的干物质及磷素积累量,而清液型水溶肥(LCF)干物质和磷素吸收在棉铃的分配比例最高,分别为64.89%、69.28%;清液型水溶肥(LCF)产量最高,聚磷酸铵(APP)次之,分别较磷酸一铵(MAP)提高了8.97%、2.87%;施用清液型水溶肥(LCF)较其它处理显著提高了棉花的磷肥偏生产力和磷肥农学效率,而聚磷酸铵(APP)的磷肥表观利用率最高。综上,施用聚磷酸铵(APP)和清液型水溶肥(LCF)能使土壤有效磷含量保持在较高水平,但清液型水溶肥有更强的磷素迁移能力。两种肥料(聚磷酸铵、清液型水溶肥)均能促进棉花干物质积累和磷素吸收,但聚磷酸铵的磷肥表观利用率最高,而清液型水溶肥则是增加了磷肥偏生产力和磷肥农学效率,增产效果最为显著。 相似文献
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P. J. A. Withers H. Hartikainen E. Barberis N. J. Flynn G. P. Warren 《European Journal of Soil Science》2009,60(6):994-1004
Accumulation of surplus phosphorus (P) in the soil and the resulting increased transport of P in land runoff contribute to freshwater eutrophication. The effects of increasing soil P (19–194 mg Olsen‐P (OP) kg−1) on the concentrations of particulate P (PP), and sorption properties (Qmax, k and EPCo) of suspended solids (SS) in overland flow from 15 unreplicated field plots established on a dispersive arable soil were measured over three monitoring periods under natural rainfall. Concentrations of PP in plot runoff increased linearly at a rate of 2.6 μg litre−1 per mg OP kg−1 of soil, but this rate was approximately 50% of the rate of increase in dissolved P (< 0.45 μm). Concentrations of SS in runoff were similar across all plots and contained a greater P sorption capacity (mean + 57%) than the soil because of enrichment with fine silt and clay (0.45–20 μm). As soil P increased, the P enrichment ratio of the SS declined exponentially, and the values of P saturation (Psat; 15–42%) and equilibrium P concentration (EPCo; 0.7–5.5 mg litre−1) in the SS fell within narrower ranges compared with the soils (6–74% and 0.1–10 mg litre−1, respectively). When OP was < 100 mg kg−1, Psat and EPCo values in the SS were smaller than those in the soil and vice‐versa, suggesting that eroding particles from soils with both average and high P fertility would release P on entering the local (Rosemaund) stream. Increasing soil OP from average to high P fertility increased the P content of the SS by approximately 10%, but had no significant (P > 0.05) effect on the Psat, or EPCo, of the SS. Management options to reduce soil P status as a means of reducing P losses in land runoff and minimizing eutrophication risk may therefore have more limited effect than is currently assumed in catchment management. 相似文献
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《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2012,43(17-18):2659-2673
Abstract In an attempt to search for a cheaper source of phosphorus (P), both for direct application and industrial use, three P fertilizers were evaluated in incubation and greenhouse studies. Indigenous Sokoto rock phosphate (SRP) imported, Togo rock phosphate (TRP), and conventional single superphosphate (SSP) were applied on three soil types namely Oxisol, Ultisol, and Alfisol at rates ranging from 0–800 mg P kg‐1 soil. Evaluation of the P sources was conducted for 12 weeks in incubation study, and five weeks in the greenhouse using maize as test crop. Evaluation of direct application of SSP and SRP on an oxic paleudult was carried out in the field for three years. The results of incubation studies revealed in general, that P availability increased as fertilizer rates increased. The P availability was, however, greater when SSP was applied on the Alfisol than on the Oxisol and Ultisol. The rock phosphates on the other hand were more efficient on acid soils than on soils neutral in pH. Optimum P availability from the fertilizers was observed to occur predominantly between four and eight weeks of incubation. In the greenhouse study, SSP gave the highest cumulative P uptake and optimum rate of application was 200 mg P kg‐1 soil, while optimum rate for rock phosphate was 400 mg P kg‐1 soil. The agronomic effectiveness (EA) of the rock phosphates was about 40% relative to SSP on the Alfisol. The EA, however, for TRP and SRP was 120% and 160%, respectively, on the Oxisol, while on the Ultisol, SRP was equally effective as SSP and TRP had 65% effectiveness. The results of the field trial indicated that the SRP had 54%, 83%, and 107% agronomic effectiveness of SSP, respectively, in the first, second, and third year of cropping. Optimum rate for SSP and SRP application was considered to be 50 and 75 kg P2O5 ha‐1, respectively. 相似文献
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为探究反硝化除磷-诱导结晶磷回收工艺中缺氧池污泥释磷、吸磷以及微生物特征,利用荧光原位杂交(fluorescence in situ hybridization,FISH)技术、电子扫描显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)观察了微生物的数量、分布和形态;通过批次试验考察了污泥在厌氧/好氧和厌氧/缺氧2种模式下的释磷和吸磷特征。结果表明:该双污泥系统缺氧池中聚磷菌占总细菌比例的69.7%,明显高于单污泥系统中富集的聚磷菌比例,污泥中的微生物多呈杆状;厌氧/好氧、厌氧/缺氧模式下单位污泥浓度(mixed liquor suspended solids,MLSS)总吸磷量(以PO43--P计)分别为22.84、18.60 mg/g,反硝化聚磷菌(denitrifying polyphosphate-accumulating organisms,DPAO)占聚磷菌(polyphosphate-accumulating organisms,PAO)的比例为81.44%,表明在长期的厌氧/缺氧运行条件下可以富集到以硝酸盐为电子受体的反硝化聚磷菌,同时还存在着仅以氧气为电子受体的聚磷菌;通过pH值和氧化还原电位(oxidation reduction potential,ORP)的实时监测可以快速地了解污水生物处理系统中各类反应的进程,对调控工艺参数有着重要的意义。综上所述,为保证污水生物处理工艺的正常稳定运行,将微生物分析与常规的化学参数分析结合起来考察将是未来发展的必然趋势。 相似文献