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1.
Microbial mineralization and immobilization of nutrients strongly influence soil fertility. We studied microbial biomass stoichiometry, microbial community composition, and microbial use of carbon (C) and phosphorus (P) derived from glucose-6-phosphate in the A and B horizons of two temperate Cambisols with contrasting P availability. In a first incubation experiment, C, nitrogen (N) and P were added to the soils in a full factorial design. Microbial biomass C, N and P concentrations were analyzed by the fumigation-extraction method and microbial community composition was analyzed by a community fingerprinting method (automated ribosomal intergenic spacer analysis, ARISA). In a second experiment, we compared microbial use of C and P from glucose-6-phosphate by adding 14C or 33P labeled glucose-6-phosphate to soil. In the first incubation experiment, the microbial biomass increased up to 30-fold due to addition of C, indicating that microbial growth was mainly C limited. Microbial biomass C:N:P stoichiometry changed more strongly due to element addition in the P-poor soils, than in the P-rich soils. The microbial community composition analysis showed that element additions led to stronger changes in the microbial community in the P-poor than in the P-rich soils. Therefore, the changed microbial biomass stoichiometry in the P-poor soils was likely caused by a shift in the microbial community composition. The total recovery of 14C derived from glucose-6-phosphate in the soil microbial biomass and in the respired CO2 ranged between 28.2 and 37.1% 66 h after addition of the tracer, while the recovery of 33P in the soil microbial biomass was 1.4–6.1%. This indicates that even in the P-poor soils microorganisms mineralized organic P and took up more C than P from the organic compound. Thus, microbial mineralization of organic P was driven by microbial need for C rather than for P. In conclusion, our experiments showed that (i) the microbial biomass stoichiometry in the P-poor soils was more susceptible to additions of C, N and P than in the P-rich soils and that (ii) even in the P-poor soils, microorganisms were C-limited and the mineralization of organic P was mainly driven by microbial C demand.  相似文献   

2.
对有机质水平差异较大的7种菜茶果园红壤和1种红壤性水稻土进行了微生物量P与土壤P以及P植物有效性之间的相关性研究。结果表明，红壤微生物量P与土壤全P、土壤有机P以及土壤速效P之间存在明显正相关，相关系数分别为0.840， 0.897和0.944。红壤微生物量P尤以与土壤速效P关系最为密切，红壤微生物量P有可能作为红壤供P能力的一个活指标；盆栽试验表明，微生物量C与黑麦草产量呈显著正相关，与黑麦草吸P量以及单位黑麦草吸P量相关性不明显；而微生物量P与黑麦草产量、黑麦草吸P量以及单位黑麦草吸P量之间均呈显著正相关，相关性依次增强；红壤微生物量P在指示土壤植物有效P上的作用不仅体现在植物的产量和植物吸P量上， 更体现在植物的品质～单位重量植物的吸P量上。  相似文献   

3.
Ecological stoichiometry provides the possibility for linking microbial dynamics with soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) metabolisms in response to agricultural nutrient management. To determine the roles of fertilization and residue return with respect to ecological stoichiometry, we collected soil samples from a 30-year field experiment on residue return (maize straw) at rates of 0, 2.5, and 5.0 Mg ha-1 in combination with 8 fertilization treatments:no fertilizer (F0), N fertilizer, P fertilizer, potassium (K) fertilizer, N and P (NP) fertilizers, N and K (NK) fertilizers, P and K (PK) fertilizers, and N, P, and K (NPK) fertilizers. We measured soil organic C (SOC), total N and P, microbial biomass C, N, and P, water-soluble organic C and N, KMnO4-oxidizable C (KMnO4-C), and carbon management index (CMI). Compared with the control (F0 treatment without residue return), fertilization and residue return significantly increased the KMnO4-C content and CMI. Furthermore, compared with the control, residue return significantly increased the SOC content. Moreover, the NPK treatment with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha-1 significantly enhanced the C:N, C:P, and N:P ratios in the soil, whereas it significantly decreased the C:N and C:P ratios in soil microbial biomass. Therefore, NPK fertilizer application combined with residue return at 5.0 Mg ha-1 could enhance the SOC content through the stoichiometric plasticity of microorganisms. Residue return and fertilization increased the soil C pools by directly modifying the microbial stoichiometry of the biomass that was C limited.  相似文献   

4.
A 45‐d pot experiment was carried out to investigate the response of white mustard and the soil microbial biomass after Zn and P addition to a P deficient silt loam. The underlying hypothesis was that P application reduces the Zn availability to crops and microbial biomass. White mustard was supplied with different levels of P (0, 50, and 100 µg g?1 soil) and Zn (0, 10, and 20 µg g?1 soil). Amendments of P generally reduced extractable Zn, shoot Zn and soil microbial biomass Zn. Amendments of P generally decreased the microbial biomass C/P ratio. At 20 µg Zn g?1 soil, a negative effect on the microbial biomass C/P ratio was observed, suggesting that high contents of extractable Zn have a negative impact on the microbial P uptake. However, the minimum Zn requirements of soil microorganisms and the consequences of microbial Zn deficiency for soil microbiological processes are completely unknown.  相似文献   

5.
盆栽和大田试验表明,作物根系显著影响土壤微生物体氮的含量。在田间试验条件下,根际土壤微生物体氮比非根际土壤平均高出N54.7μg/g;盆栽试验中,根际土壤微生物体氮平均含量为N77.1±13.6μg/g,而非根际土壤为N65.2±17.0μg/g,差异达显著水平,根际微生物体氮含量为非际根际土壤的1.10～2.04倍。施肥能明显增加土壤微生物体氮含量,但影响程度因肥料种类而不同。秸秆和富含有机物质的厩肥对土壤微生物体氮的影响远大于化学肥料,而且土壤微生物体氮含量随秸秆施用量增加而增加。在红油土上进行的20年长期田间定位试验结果表明,对不施肥和施氮磷处理,0—20cm土层的微生物体氮分别是N102.2和110.4μg/g;在施氮磷的基础上,每公顷配施新鲜玉米秸秆9375kg、18750kg、37500kg和厩肥37500kg时,相应土层微生物体氮分别是N147.5、163.2、286.4和265.3μg/g。培养条件下,当有效能源物质缺乏时,微生物对NH4+-N的同化固定能力远大于NO3--N,但在加入有效能源物质葡萄糖后,微生物对2种形态氮的固定量大幅度增加,且对2种形态氮的固定量趋于一致。  相似文献   

6.
Soil microorganisms play a key role in soil organic matter dynamics, nutrient cycling, and soil fertility maintenance in forest ecosystems, and they are influenced by stand age and soil depth. However, few studies have simultaneously considered these two factors. In this study, we measured soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), soil microbial biomass nitrogen (SMBN), soil basal respiration (SBR) rate, and potential extracellular enzyme activity (EEA) in soil to a depth of 60 cm under 10-, 30-, and 40-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) stands (Y10, Y30, and Y40, respectively) in plantations in northern China in 2011. Soil water content (SWC), soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and soil total nitrogen (STN) were also measured to explore their effects on soil microbial indices across different stand ages and soil depths. Our results showed that SMBC, SMBN, and the SBR rate were generally higher for the Y30 stand than for the Y10 and Y40 stands. Potential EEA, except forα-glucosidase, decreased significantly with increasing stand age. Soil organic carbon,STN, SWC, and soil pH explained 67%of the variation in soil microbial attributes among the three stand ages. For the same stand age, soil microbial biomass and the SBR rate decreased with soil depth. Lower microbial biomass, lower SBR rate, and lower EEA for the mature Y40 stand indicate lower substrate availability for soil microorganisms, lower soil quality, and lower microbial adaptability to the environment. Our results suggest that changes in soil quality with stand age should be considered when determining the optimum rotation length of plantations and the best management practices for afforestation programs.  相似文献   

7.
Ecological soil functions are protected in Germany. Thus, for the sustainable use of urban soil resources data on the function of soils to serve as a habitat are required. Soil microbial biomass and activities were studied in two surface horizons in two consecutive years at nine sites in Stuttgart, Germany, differing in land use. Microbial biomass (chloroform‐fumigation extraction, substrate‐induced respiration) and microbial activities (potential N mineralization, potential ammonium oxidation, and enzyme activities of dehydrogenase, urease, arylsulfatase, and phosphatase) were determined in 2001 and 2002. DIN/ISO standard methods were applied as far as they were available. Furthermore, soil chemical properties were determined in the 2001‐samples. Large differences in chemical and microbiological properties among surface horizons were found. Concentrations of microbial biomass and microbial activities were, however, often comparable to agricultural or forest surface soils. The lowest microbial biomass and activities were observed at a highly disturbed railway area where vegetation was missing and total organic C (TOC) had been altered by anthropogenic organic particles. In contrast, microorganisms were promoted at vegetated sites and where organic impurities were negligible. As TOC was altered by obscure organic matter, total N (TN) and not TOC closely correlated with soil microbiological properties. Biomass and activity generally decreased with depth, but mixing of organic matter resulted in more uniform depth distribution of microbial properties in one garden soil. In 2002, microbial biomass and activity were often lower compared to 2001, but interpretation of this difference hampered as the number of samples taken was probably not sufficient to address the spatial variability in soil properties. Additional studies are needed to develop simple and cost‐effective procedures for the evaluation of ecological quality of urban soils by combined efforts of city planners and soil scientists.  相似文献   

8.
Accumulation of inorganic and labile organic phosphorus (P) in intensive agricultural systems leads to P loss from soil which can cause serious environmental problems. Soil microbes are important in mobilizing soil non-available P, however, little is known about the role of soil microbes in immobilizing P to reduce P loss. Here, we test whether stimulating microbial biomass to immobilize P could reduce the amount of labile P available for leaching. The distribution characteristics of Olsen P, organic P and microbial biomass P were determined in three intensive agricultural systems. In addition, we conducted a pot experiment with three P and four carbon (C) levels. CaCl2 extractable P was measured and used to indicate the risk of P leaching. We found that there was a positive relationship between soil organic C and microbial biomass P. Carbon addition drove the process of P immobilization and reduced CaCl2 extractable P. Microbial biomass P increased by 64% (p < .05) with the addition of C, and Olsen P and CaCl2 extractable P decreased by 28% and 17%, respectively. Our results show that C addition increased microbial immobilization of P and reduced forms of labile P susceptible to leaching. Stimulating microbes to immobilize P by adding C to soils may have the potential to reduce P loss from intensive agricultural systems, reducing their environmental impact.  相似文献   

9.
Degradation of humic substances by soil microorganisms — a review Humic substances which represent differently extractable fractions of the soil organic matter exert multifarious effects on soil as a site for plant growth and a part of terrestrial environments. Among them especially humic acids and fulvic acids are subject to degradation and/or transformation by soil microorganisms. Several authors demonstrated the participation of different species of fungi, actinomycetes and also of non-mycelial aerobic or anaerobic bacteria in those processes under laboratory conditions. Indications exist that humic substances irrespective of their structure undergo degradation on cell surfaces due to the activity of exoenzymes. In this respect microbial phenoloxidases play an extraordinarily important role. The degradation rate of humic substances can be followed by optical, gravimetric and chemoanalytical methods as well as using biochemical and microbiological procedures (CO2 release, microbial growth, biomass formation). An objective evaluation, however, can be hindered by the adsorption of humic substances on microbial biomass and sometimes also by formation of novel humic-like microbial metabolites. Therefore it is necessary to apply a multifactorial approach in the study of the degradation of humic substances which includes both quantitative and qualitative parameters. To better elucidate how these processes may occur under natural conditions, mixed populations of soil microorganisms should be predominantly involved in future studies.  相似文献   

10.
  【目的】  土壤微生物数量和结构普遍受到碳 (C)，氮 (N)、磷 (P)等养分有效性的影响，研究不同施肥措施对东北黑土区土壤理化性质、微生物量和酶活性的影响，深入了解土壤微生物养分资源限制状况及其变化规律，为提高土壤生物肥力提供理论依据。  【方法】  试验设在黑龙江省哈尔滨市，土壤类型为黑土，种植制度为玉米单作。试验开始于2019年，共设9个处理:不施肥 (CK)、习惯施肥 (FP)、推荐施肥 (OPT)、推荐施肥不施氮 (–N)；有机氮替代推荐施氮量的10% (M1)、20% (M2)、30% (M3)、40% (M4) 和50% (M5)。玉米收获后，采集0—20 cm土壤样品，测定土壤含水量、pH、有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、可溶性有机碳、可溶性有机氮、微生物量碳、微生物量氮和4种土壤酶 (酸性磷酸酶、β-D-葡萄糖苷酶、L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶、β-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶) 活性。  【结果】  与OPT处理相比，有机氮替代化肥氮处理提高了土壤速效养分含量 (可溶性有机碳、有效磷、速效钾) 和微生物量 (微生物量碳、微生物量氮)，其中可溶性有机碳、有效磷和速效钾的含量随替代比例的增加分别增加了15.5%～46.6%、1.4%～18.5%和2.4%～18.8%；MBC和MBN的含量随有机替代比例的增加分别增加了1.4%～19.9%和0.04%～22.7%。PCA分析显示出CK、化肥处理 (FP、OPT、–N) 和有机氮替代化肥氮处理 (M1、M2、M3、M4、M5) 下的土壤酶活性具有显著差异；RDA分析进一步表明有效磷 (F = 14.1，P = 0.002) 是影响酶活性变化的主要理化因子，解释了不同处理间酶活性差异的36.1%。酶化学计量散点图显示出试验点的土壤微生物均受到磷的限制，FP处理下的土壤微生物还受到碳的限制。此外，与CK相比，有机氮替代化肥氮显著提高了β-D-葡萄糖苷酶与酸性磷酸酶的比值，但是矢量角度在不同有机替代处理间并无显著差异。  【结论】  在本试验区中，未施肥处理下土壤微生物受到碳和磷的共同限制，习惯施肥和优化施肥均会加剧微生物的碳限制。有机氮替代化肥氮可以显著提高土壤的养分含量与生物肥力，解除土壤微生物的碳限制，并显著减轻土壤微生物的磷限制。但是磷限制的减轻效果并未随有机氮替代化肥氮比例的增加而显著增加，考虑到有机肥养分释放较为缓慢，具体的有机替代比例还需开展长期试验。  相似文献   

11.
In non-flooded lowland rain forests with low soil phosphorus (P) in parts of Amazonia, P cycling largely occurs via leaf litter recycling by arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal symbionts. Occasional high input of P into these ecosystems occurs during drought years with increased litterfall. As the length and frequency of drought events are projected to increase in the region, a single-dose nutrient addition experiment was carried out to test how this would impact P cycling. An application rate of 4 kg P ha-1 was used, which corresponds to twice the amount of litter-derived P in an average year. It was hypothesized that i) the added mineral P would be immobilized by soil microorganisms, leading to measurable increase in soil microbial biomass carbon (C) and P and ii) AM colonization rate would be reduced by the pulse in mineral P available for plant uptake. The results did not support either of our hypotheses. The addition of P did not have an effect on AM root colonization, nor was P immobilized by soil microbiota during the experimental period. The lack of a difference between the control and treatment at our study site could be attributed to the relatively low one-off dose of P applied that did not change either the colonization rate of roots by AM fungi or the amount of soil available labile P. To obtain a mechanistic understanding of the availability, capture, and use of P by plant-symbiont associations in tropical rain forest ecosystems, further integrated studies of the soil-plant system combining long-term nutrient manipulations, modeling, and experimental approaches are required.  相似文献   

12.
为提高城市绿地生态系统服务功能和促进城市可持续发展，本文研究了南京市不同功能区绿地表层土壤养分和微生物量的分布特征。结果显示，土壤pH整体呈碱性且容重偏大；公园绿地土壤全氮、速效磷和速效钾含量显著高于道路绿地；不同功能区绿地土壤有机质含量无显著差异，但公园绿地土壤微生物量碳含量和微生物熵显著高于居住区和道路绿地；公园绿地土壤结构和养分均优于道路绿地。土壤微生物量碳含量与有机质、全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量呈显著正相关，与容重呈极显著负相关；土壤有机质与全氮和速效钾含量呈极显著正相关，与速效磷含量和pH无显著相关性，与容重呈显著负相关。因此，勤松土，合理施肥，增加枯枝落叶等凋落物覆盖，提高土壤养护管理水平对修复城市土壤生态和建设生态城市具有重要意义。  相似文献   

13.
不同耕作方式下玉米农田土壤养分及土壤微生物活性变化   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  
通过连续3年的野外调查与室内分析试验,研究了不同耕作方式（翻耕、旋耕、免耕）对玉米农田土壤养分及土壤微生物活性的影响。结果表明,不同耕作方式下土壤pH值略显酸性,土壤容重与土壤总孔隙度变化趋势相反;土壤容重基本表现为:免耕 > 翻耕 > 旋耕;土壤总孔隙度TSP基本表现为:翻耕 > 旋耕 > 免耕,不同耕作方式差异均显著（p<0.05）。不同耕作方式下土壤养分（有机碳、全氮含量）和有效养分（有效磷、铵态氮和硝态氮）均呈现出一致性规律,大致表现为翻耕 > 旋耕 > 免耕,不同耕作方式下土壤全磷含量差异均不显著（p > 0.05）;与免耕相比,土壤微生物量碳和氮、土壤微生物数量（细菌、真菌、放线菌、固氮菌和纤维素菌）均有明显的增加,大致表现为:翻耕 > 旋耕 > 免耕。土壤微生物活度的变化范围为0.38~0.69,依次表现为翻耕 > 旋耕 > 免耕,不同耕作方式下土壤微生物活度差异均显著（p<0.05）。不同耕作方式下土壤微生物量碳周转率高于氮周转率,说明微生物量碳更新比微生物量氮快,其中翻耕处理下土壤微生物量碳和氮更新较旋耕和免耕快。通径分析发现,不同土壤环境因子对土壤微生物活度产生直接和间接负作用,其中有机碳、全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、细菌数量对土壤微生物活度产生直接效应;土壤微生物量碳、微生物量氮、真菌数量和固氮菌数量对土壤微生物活度产生间接效应。  相似文献   

14.
Arid ecosystems are characterized by stressful conditions of low energy and nutrient availability for soil microorganisms. It has been observed that the ecoenzymes needed for the transformation of organic compounds into assimilable products show similar scaling relationships in different habitats (logarithmic C:N:P scaling ratios ∼1:1:1). In this study in Cuatro Ciénegas Basin (CCB) in the Chihuahuan desert of México, we report among the lowest ecoenzymatic activities yet quantified in soil. Nevertheless, activities for both organic N and organic P acquisition enzymes scale with C acquisition with a slope of ∼1.0, indicating that the soil microbial communities of this ultra-oligotrophic desert ecosystem follow the global ecoenzymatic stoichiometry patterns. CCB soil microbial communities were co-limited by C and either by N or P but this co-limitation played out differently in different parts of the CCB as indicated by microbial ecoenzymatic shift to allocate more resources to acquire and immobilize the scarcer nutrient. By extending ecoenzymatic analyses to these ultra-oligotrophic soils, our findings support the broad utility of the approach in illuminating how microbes acquire limiting resources in arid ecosystems.  相似文献   

15.
土壤微生物生物量是土壤中的活性养分库,直接参与土壤碳氮磷硫等元素的形态转化与生物地球化学循环过程,是反映土壤肥力与质量的重要生物指标。基于网格法采样,运用地统计学方法分析华北平原典型农田土壤微生物生物量碳氮磷库的空间分布特征及影响因子。结果表明:河北省曲周县域农田耕层(0~30 cm)土壤微生物生物量库在空间上呈斑块状分布,具有中等变异强度和明显的空间自相关性,微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)库储量分别为(C)64.14×103t、(N)24.55×103t、(P)2.80×103t,作物产量与MBC和MBN存在显著正相关关系。不同种植体系下单位质量土壤MBC、MBN、MBP的量存在显著差异,小麦/玉米轮作体系下单位质量土壤微生物生物量的平均量高于棉花连作。土壤微生物生物量库的大小和空间分布均受种植体系和土壤肥力的影响,其中土壤有机碳含量是影响土壤微生物生物量库容及空间分布的一个主要因子。研究结果表明土壤微生物生物量库是我国北方典型农田土壤中不可忽视的潜在有效养分库。  相似文献   

16.
Plants respond to their external environment to optimize their nutrition and production potential to minimize the food security issues and support sustainable agriculture system. Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient for plants and is involved in plant metabolic processes. It is mostly available as orthophosphate and has a tendency to form complexes with cations. It has low mobility in soil, thus becoming unavailable for plant uptake that causes a reduction in plant growth and yield. Besides free P, phytate is the major form of organic P in soil and plant tissues. Phytases obtained from different sources, that is, plants, animals, and microorganisms, catalyze the hydrolysis of phytate and release available forms of inorganic P. The knowledge of mechanisms involved in catalytic activity of phytase obtained from microorganisms in soil is limited. This review summarizes the role of microbial phytase in releasing organic P by hydrolysis of phytate and factors affecting its activity in the soil.  相似文献   

17.
The conversion of secondary forests to larch plantations in Northeast China has resulted in a significant decline in soil available nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), and thus affects plant productivity and ecosystem functioning. Microbes play a key role in the recycling of soil nutrients; in turn, the availability of soil N and P can constrain microbial activity. However, there is little information on the relationships between available soil N and P and the microbial biomass and activity in larch plantation soil. We studied the responses of soil microbial respiration, microbial biomass and activity to N and P additions in a 120-day laboratory incubation experiment and assessed soil microbial properties in larch plantation soil by comparing them with the soil of an adjacent secondary forest. We found that the N-containing treatments (N and N + P) increased the concentrations of soil microbial biomass N and soluble organic N, whereas the same treatments did not affect microbial respiration and the activities of β-glucosidase, N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase and acid phosphatase in the larch plantation. In addition, the concentration of microbial biomass P decreased with N addition in larch plantation soil. In contrast, N and N + P additions decreased microbial respiration, and N addition also decreased the activity of N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase in the secondary forest soil. The P treatment did not affect microbial respiration in either larch plantation or secondary forest soils, while this treatment increased the activities of β-glucosidase and acid phosphatase in the secondary forest soil. These results suggested that microbial respiration was not limited by available P in either secondary forest or larch plantation soils, but microbial activity may have a greater P demand in secondary forest soil than in larch plantation soil. Overall, there was no evidence, at least in the present experiment, supporting the possibility that microbes suffered from N or P deficiency in larch plantation soil.  相似文献   

18.
The effects of different integrated farming systems on microbial biomass was studied 20 years after their adoption at Meghalaya, India. The soil fertility was relatively greater in agricultural and agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral systems as a result of accumulation of leaf litter/crop residues and addition of inorganic and organic manures. Microbial biomass carbon was greatest in agricultural (378 mg kg?1) followed by the agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral systems (291 mg kg?1). The most microbial biomass nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) (32.4 and 17.07 mg kg?1, respectively) were recorded in agricultural followed by agri‐horti‐silvi‐pastoral systems. Microbial biomass carbon (C) had a significant relationship with organic C, microbial biomass N, and biomass P, indicating that the living part of soil organic matter is involved in the transformation of nutrients into the labile pool and governs their availability to the plants. Application of inorganic fertilizers and organics along with lime has contributed more microbial biomass that led to more biological activity attributed in nutrient transformations and also maintained the soil fertility.  相似文献   

19.
小麦生长期间施肥后土壤微生物生物量C和P的变化   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A pot experiment was carried out with a clay loam in a green house.The results showed that soil microbial biomass C increased with the application of organic manure at the beginning of the experiment and then gradually decreased with declining of the temperature .The soil biomass C increased at the tillering stage when the temperature gradually increased,and rose to the highest value at the anthesis stage,being about 554.9-794.4mg C kg^-1,The applicatio of organic manure resulted in the highest increase in biomass C among the fertiliztion treatments while that of ammonium sulphate gave the lowest At the harvest time the soil biomass C decreased to the presowing level. Like the soil biomass C the amount of biomass P was increased by the incorporation of organic manure and was the highest among the treatments,with the values of the check and ammonium sulphate treatments being the lowest ,Meanwhile,the changing patterns of the C/P ratio of soil microbial biomass at stages of wheat growth are also described.  相似文献   

20.
A 12-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different tillage methods and fertil-ization systems on microbial biomass C,N and P of a gray fluvo-aguic soil in rice-based cropping system .Five fertilization treatments were designed under conventional tillae(CT) or on tillage(NT) system:no fertilizer(CK) ; chemical fertilizer only(CF) ; combining chemical fertilizer with pig manure(PM); combining chemical fertilizer with crop straw (CS) and fallow (F). The results showed that biomass C,N and P were enriched in the surface layer of no-tilled soil,whereas they distributed relatively evenly in the tilled soil,which might result from enrichment of crop resdue,organic manure and mineral fertilzer,and surficial developent of root systems under NT.Under the cultivation system NT had slightly greater biomass C,N and P at 0-5 cm depth ,significantly less biomass C,N and P at 5-15 cm depth ,less microbial biomass C,N and equivalent biomass P at 15-30 cm depth as compared to CT,indicating hat tillage was beneficial for the multiplication of organims in the plowed layer of soil.Under the fallow system,biomass C,N and P in the surface layer were significantly greater for NT than CT while their differences between the two tillage methods were neligible in the deeper layers.In the surface layer,biomass C,N and P in the soils amended with oranic manure combined with mineral fertilizers were significantly greater than those of the treatments only with mineral fertilizers and the control.Soils without fertilzer had the least biomass nutrient contents among the five fertilization treatments.Obviously,the long-term application of organic manure could maintain the higher activity of microorganisms in soils.The amounts of biomass C,N and P in the fallowed soils varied with the tillage methods;they were much greater under NT than under CT,especially in the surface layer,suggesting that the frequent plowing could decrease the content of organic matter in the surface layer of the fallowed soil.  相似文献   

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