共查询到17条相似文献，搜索用时 174 毫秒
1.
农艺措施及土壤消毒对设施草莓土传病害的防效 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
《中国植保导刊》2021,(5)
采用草莓残体和种植覆盖作物粉碎还田的农艺措施,并组合使用物理覆膜闷棚、生物还原法、化学药剂棉隆,及中蔬根保401消毒组合(化学药剂代森铵、噻唑膦加腐殖酸)等4种土壤消毒处理,比较处理前后土壤病原物、草莓植株发病率和病害防效及草莓长势。结果表明:农艺措施结合棉隆土壤消毒对草莓土壤病原物的抑制作用,对根腐病、疫病的防效均最佳,对镰刀菌、腐霉菌和疫霉菌的抑制效果均高于92.29%、对疫病、根腐病的防效为75.85%～82.05%;农艺措施结合中蔬根保401消毒组合(化学药剂代森铵、噻唑膦加腐殖酸)消毒次之,对2种病害的防效均高于76.23%～76.80%。生物还原法对2种病害防效为67.98%～70.22%;覆膜法防效为52.04%～60.57%。另外棉隆、中蔬根保401消毒组合(化学药剂代森铵、噻唑膦加腐殖酸)及生物还原法3种处理,均可增强草莓结果势,棉隆处理还促进了植株营养生长。在生产中,可根据生产需求及病害发生情况,选择不同的措施组合,以有效控制土传病害,并解决田园清洁和草莓残体运输处置等难题。 相似文献
2.
采用室内培养法研究棉隆熏蒸后添加常用剂量的生物炭和沸石对土壤微生态和土传病原菌的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,各处理土壤硝态氮的含量均显著增加。与仅棉隆熏蒸相比,熏蒸后添加沸石处理土壤硝态氮含量显著增加6.29%～11.74%。棉隆熏蒸后添加生物炭处理在培养期结束时土壤有效磷、速效钾、有机质含量以及电导率显著增加,土壤酸碱度降低,效果优于添加沸石处理。此外,与对照相比,棉隆熏蒸后添加生物炭还可提高土壤过氧化氢酶(5.68%～14.51%)和蔗糖酶(3.71%～12.08%)的活性。棉隆熏蒸后添加沸石的处理其土壤酶活性在培养期结束时和对照、仅棉隆熏蒸处理间无显著差异。对土壤微生物的分析结果表明,与仅棉隆熏蒸相比,棉隆熏蒸后添加生物炭和沸石处理其细菌数量显著增加3.49%～33.95%,真菌数量呈现先降低后增加的趋势。对病原菌数据分析表明,棉隆熏蒸后添加生物炭和沸石均可提高对镰刀菌和疫霉的防治效果,但沸石防治效果更好、更持久,培养期结束时对镰刀菌和疫霉的抑制率高达89.29%和72.58%。我们的研究结果表明棉隆熏蒸土壤后添加生物炭和沸石可提高土壤养分,改善土壤微生态环境,同时加强对病原菌的... 相似文献
3.
作物土传病害的危害及防治技术 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
近20年来,保护地在中国有了较大的发展,而保护地的发展和作物的连年栽培,导致土传病害和根结线虫发生越来越重,连续栽培3~5年后,作物产量和品质受到严重的影响,已成为生产中的突出问题。本文简述了我国重要作物如玉米、小麦、棉花、大豆、油菜的土传病害种类,以及高附加值作物黄瓜、番茄、茄子、辣椒、瓜类等作物的土传病害种类和20年来的变化。介绍了土传病害的防治方法,如农业防治包括轮作、抗性品种、嫁接、有机质补充、生物熏蒸、厌氧消毒;物理防治技术如太阳能消毒、蒸汽消毒、热水消毒、火焰消毒;化学防治技术如氯化苦、棉隆、威百亩、二甲基二硫、异硫氰酸烯丙酯、硫酰氟;生物防治技术如木霉、枯草芽胞杆菌、荧光假单胞菌、植物促生菌,以及预防为主的综合防治技术。种子、种苗消毒技术在本文中也进行了介绍。 相似文献
4.
5.
低剂量棉隆熏蒸联合生物菌肥防治黄瓜根结线虫病的应用效果 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
为明确土壤熏蒸联合生物菌肥对根结线虫及土壤微生态的影响,采用低剂量棉隆熏蒸处理后沟施YB-04菌肥的方法在日光大棚进行黄瓜根结线虫病的防治试验。结果显示,棉隆熏蒸联合YB-04菌肥沟施处理土壤中的根结线虫数和黄瓜植株根系的根结指数均比单独使用棉隆或YB-04菌肥的处理及对照显著降低,黄瓜移栽后90 d时线虫减退率为89.1%,根结指数为0.5,防治效果达87.8%。棉隆熏蒸联合YB-04菌肥沟施处理也具有显著的促生作用,黄瓜的产量、株高、鲜重以及有效叶数均比对照显著提高了46.4%、18.8%、63.0%和17.7%。另外,棉隆单独熏蒸处理土壤中的细菌和真菌数量、细菌/真菌比值及土壤酶活性均较对照显著降低,而棉隆熏蒸联合YB-04菌肥沟施处理土壤中的细菌数量、细菌/真菌比值及土壤酶活性均较棉隆单独熏蒸处理显著增加,其中,细菌数量及细菌/真菌比值分别达28.4×106CFU/g和201.2,蔗糖酶活性达86.0 mg·g~(-1)·24 h~(-1)。表明低剂量棉隆熏蒸联合YB-04菌肥沟施可以安全高效地防治黄瓜根结线虫病。 相似文献
6.
生物熏蒸结合阳光消毒治理温室根结线虫技术 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
根结线虫病是危害北方大棚蔬菜的重要病害,严重影响蔬菜的产量。利用“麦秆+石灰氮”及“麦秆+鸡粪+碳酸氢铵”两种方法进行生物熏蒸,结合夏季高温闷棚进行阳光消毒,探讨了对温室蔬菜根结线虫的控制效果。结果表明,生物熏蒸结合阳光消毒措施处理后2个月,根结线虫数量减少40.8%~49.6%、防治效果达60.3%~68.1%;采摘期增产率达18.5%~22.1%,显著高于生防制剂Sr18的控制效果,但低于熏蒸性杀线虫剂棉隆的控制效果。生物熏蒸结合阳光消毒治理蔬菜根结线虫,具有操作简便、防治效果好、投入产出比高等优点,适宜夏季在北方温室蔬菜上使用。 相似文献
7.
棉隆对病原细菌、真菌、根结线虫及杂草均有较高防效,而且作为固体微颗粒剂具有使用简单、安全的特性,被广泛用于作物种植前熏蒸土壤以防治土传病虫害。施用过程中,土壤环境因素（包括土壤类型、土壤温湿度、土壤有机质及pH等）、施药方式、施药季节和施药剂量均会对棉隆的熏蒸效果产生显著影响,不正确的使用方式常会导致熏蒸效果不理想或产生药害问题。该文系统综述土壤熏蒸剂棉隆的使用概况（包括作用机制、适用作物、施用方式和施用效果等）、存在的问题及原因分析（包括施用深度、水分、温度对棉隆有效成分含量的影响及其熏蒸对土壤微生物群落结构的影响等）、解决对策（包括改善施药方式、优化土壤环境和活化熏蒸后土壤微生物等）以及未来发展趋势,以期为棉隆的高效应用提供借鉴。 相似文献
8.
棉隆与淡紫拟青霉联合防治番茄根结线虫病的效果评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
为明确土壤熏蒸与生防微生物对番茄根结线虫病的联合作用效果,采用移栽前棉隆熏蒸处理后穴施淡紫拟青霉Paecilomyces lilacinus YES-2-14生防菌剂的方法在温室大棚开展了联合防治试验。结果表明,棉隆用量为35 g/m~2时,24周拉秧时线虫数量减少90%以上,防效达到85.5%;移栽时穴施浓度10~7~10~8CFU/g的淡紫拟青霉菌剂,24周拉秧时防效为44.4%~59.6%;而当线虫初始密度达到674头/100 g土时,单一菌剂防效只有12.5%,但番茄长势和产量显著提高。棉隆熏蒸后再联合施用淡紫拟青霉菌剂,2个月和5个月时防效比单一棉隆处理分别提高14.1%和21.8%,比单一菌剂处理提高14.3倍和4.1倍,产量较对照、棉隆熏蒸和单一菌剂处理分别提高22.1%、9.5%和2.4%,且该处理地块线虫数量始终最低,与对照差异显著,而淡紫拟青霉数量则高于单一淡紫拟青霉菌剂处理。表明棉隆和淡紫拟青霉菌剂联合使用不仅能显著降低线虫数量,有效防治番茄根结线虫病,还能够促进植株生长并提高产量。 相似文献
9.
土壤熏蒸是目前防治土传病、虫、草害有效且快速的方法,但随着作物的种植,一些病原物可能会再次繁殖,导致病害持续发展,并且土壤经熏蒸处理后,会导致土壤微环境处于一种失衡状态,而土壤改良剂可以有效改善土壤环境、减少作物根部疾病、减少土壤养分流失并可提高农产品的品质。将熏蒸剂与改良剂联合使用在一定程度上可以修复或改良土壤,使受熏蒸剂影响的微生物群落得到恢复或有益微生物的相对丰度增加,防止土壤病原菌再次侵染,更有利于作物的生长。本文简单概述了常用熏蒸剂和土壤改良剂的分类信息,重点综述了土壤改良剂与熏蒸剂联合使用,对熏蒸后土壤的理化性质、酶活性、微生物群落及作物生长方面的影响,可为土传病害的防治、熏蒸剂与土壤改良剂的联合使用及相关机制研究提供参考。 相似文献
10.
棉隆与粉红螺旋聚孢霉67-1协同防治黄瓜枯萎病的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
本文通过温室大棚试验,开展了设施栽培条件下土壤熏蒸剂棉隆与生防真菌粉红螺旋聚孢霉Clonostachys rosea 67-1协同防治黄瓜枯萎病Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.cucumerinu(FOC)的研究。结果表明,采用棉隆熏蒸土壤(1‰,W:W)结合生防菌剂拌土(106孢子/g土),可以有效降低土壤中枯萎病菌对直播黄瓜种子和幼苗的侵染,30 d黄瓜死苗率为0,而单一使用棉隆或菌株67-1菌剂,死苗率分别为13.3%和44.5%。田间大棚试验表明,采用25 g/m2剂量的棉隆熏蒸土壤,并在移苗时穴施107孢子/穴生防菌液,对黄瓜枯萎病防效达到98.5%,显著高于单独使用棉隆(88.8%)和菌株67-1菌剂(62.2%),黄瓜产量增加48.5%。布里斯模型分析表明,棉隆与菌株67-1菌剂结合使用具有增效作用。对土壤中微生物数量监测表明,二者联合处理可有效降低土壤中尖孢镰刀菌种群数量,提高生防菌在根际的定殖水平,并且有利于被病原菌污染土壤的生态修复。本研究为土传病害的有效防治和生防菌剂的高效利用提供了理论依据。 相似文献
11.
土壤消毒主要用于土壤病虫草害防控。过去几十年,土壤主要采用化学药品熏蒸消毒,不合理使用容易造成环境污染。土壤蒸汽消毒、火焰消毒和热水浇灌等需要专门的仪器设备,且存在能耗较高、灭生性强、容易破坏土壤结构等缺点。目前,土壤日晒技术受到意大利、美国、以色列等70多个国家农业科学家的广泛关注,但在中国依然处于初级阶段。本文总结了国内外学者关于土壤日晒对农业病虫草害、土壤肥力、农作物产量等方面的影响与应用,分析了土壤日晒存在的局限性,并对土壤日晒在未来农业绿色防控上的应用前景进行了展望,以期为农产品无公害生产提供理论依据和实践参考。 相似文献
12.
Fusarium wilt of watermelon in Cyprus and its management with soil solarization combined with fumigation or ammonium fertilizers 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Fusarium wilt is a limiting factor to watermelon production in Cyprus. In previous studies, soil solarization applied in 1-m-wide strips provided only partial disease control. In order to improve the effectiveness of solarization, three field experiments were carried out in heavily infested soils, using various solarization techniques, alone or in combination with methyl bromide fumigation or soil amendments with ammonium-based fertilizers. Increasing the width of the solarization strip from 1 to 2 m had no significant influence on its effectiveness. Solarization with a double rather than single polyethylene sheet, in either 1- or 2-m-wide strips, improved slightly the level of wilt control but had no significant effect on yield. Combined solarization–methyl bromide treatments, however, improved significantly the level of wilt control and increased marketable yield by up to 100% over that obtained with either method alone. The low rate of methyl bromide (50gm−2 ) was as effective as the normal rate used by growers (100 g m− ). Soil amendment with ammonium-based fertilizers improved even more the effectiveness of solarization and increased yield by up to 200% over that obtained with solarization alone. Best results were obtained with ammonium sulphate or monoammonium phosphate at a rate equivalent to 180 kg N ha−1 . 相似文献
13.
N. Ioannou 《Phytoparasitica》2000,28(3):248-256
Preplant soil fumigation with methyl bromide (MB) is presently standard practice in greenhouse tomato production. Since this
compound is scheduled to be phased out by 2005, the possibility of using solarization as an alternative soil disinfestation
method was examined in four greenhouse tomato trials. Solarization was applied for 8 weeks in July-August, using transparent
polyethylene sheets for soil mulching, and compared with MB fumigation applied in September, before planting, at 80 g/m2. Solarization raised the maximum soil temperature by 9°C and reduced the population density ofFusarium spp. in soil by 91–98%. Similar reductions of soil inoculum (95–99%) were obtained with MB fumigation. Both methods provided
effective control of Fusarium wilt, Verticillium wilt and corky root rot on tomato plants. MB fumigation was in addition highly
effective against root-knot nematodes, whereas nematode control with solarization did not exceed 50%. Both treatments resulted
in similar fruit yield increases, ranging within 90–140% compared with plants grown in untreated soil. During the second cropping
season following soil treatment, solarization exhibited two times higher residual effectiveness against vascular wilt diseases
compared with MB fumigation. The latter treatment, however, was superior to solarization in its residual effectiveness against
root-knot nematodes and to a lesser extent against corky root rot. Fruit yields from solarized and MB-fumigated soil during
the second cropping season were higher than those obtained from untreated soil by approximately 35% and 60%, respectively.
In Cyprus, solarization appears to be an effective alternative to MB fumigation in greenhouse tomato production, especially
if integrated with other approaches enabling more effective nematode control. 相似文献
14.
Solarization and natural heating of irrigated soil amended with cruciferous residues for improved control of Macrophomina phaseolina 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
The efficacy of summer irrigation and soil solarization combined with cruciferous residues was tested against the dry root rot pathogen Macrophomina phaseolina in an arid climate. In irrigated amended soil, polyethylene mulching during May increased the soil temperature to 57°C and 50°C at depths of 0–15 and 16–30 cm, respectively. As a result, within l5 days the population of M. phaseolina was almost eradicated (93–99%) at both soil depths. A considerable reduction (75–96%) was also achieved by natural heating of irrigated soil (46–53°C) for l5 days after amending with cruciferous residues. Mulching alone was only partially effective (69–89% reduction). These results suggest a new approach to controlling soil-borne pathogens in hot, arid regions by combining summer irrigation with soil amendment. Amendment with residues alone or in conjunction with soil solarization also increased the population of lytic bacteria against M. phaseolina . 相似文献
15.
R. GONZALEZ-TORRES J. M. MELÉRO-VARA J. GÓMEZ-VÁZQUEZ R. M. JIMÉNEZ DÍAZ 《Plant pathology》1993,42(6):858-864
The effects of pre-planting solarization or fumigation with metham-sodium of sand-mulched soil on fusarium wilt of watermelon in plastic house culture were investigated at Almeria, south-eastern Spain. In two trials, 2 months' solarization increased the average maximum soil temperature by c. 5°C to 44-48° C at 10 cm depth and by 4-5° C to 40-42° C at 20-30 cm. The amount of Fusarium oxysporum in the upper 15 cm of a naturally infested soil was reduced by solarization and by fumigation. During the 9 months following treatment, the F. oxysporum population stabilized at a low level in soil solarized for 2 months, but fluctuated in soil solarized for 1 month and increased in fumigated soil. The amount of wilt in watermelon sown into this soil after treatment was generally low; plants growing in solarized or fumigated soil suffered less wilt than plants in untreated soil but the differences were not significant. In a soil artificially infested with the highly pathogenic race 2 of F. oxysporum f. sp. niveum, F. oxysporum populations were greatly reduced following solarization or fumigation, and fluctuated erratically thereafter. Solarization for 2 months completely controlled wilt in watermelon and gave a fruit yield almost five times that of plants in untreated soil. Solarization for 1 month only slowed disease development slightly but gave a yield more than twice that in untreated soil. Fumigation with metham-sodium retarded disease development considerably and tripled fruit yield. Plant performance was significantly better in soil solarized for 2 months than in uninfested control soil, suggesting beneficial effects of this treatment additional to wilt control. 相似文献
16.
微生物菌肥对熏蒸剂处理后土壤微生态的影响研究进展 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
土壤熏蒸是防治土传病害的有效手段，但化学熏蒸剂在杀死病原微生物的同时也会对有益微生物群落的组成与活性造成影响。微生物菌肥不仅能够减少农作物的病虫害侵染，而且能够改善农产品的品质与产量。将土壤熏蒸剂与微生物菌肥配合使用将有利于连作土壤修复、土壤-植物微生态环境的改良与重塑。一方面，土壤熏蒸剂用于消灭前茬作物遗留下的土壤病原物，给土壤进行消毒处理；另一方面，施用微生物菌肥给“纯净”的土壤环境输入有益菌群，引导更利于植物生长的土壤微生态环境(土壤理化性质、土壤微生物群落结构)形成。本文简述了土壤熏蒸剂、微生物菌肥以及微生物菌肥介入熏蒸后的土壤对土壤理化性质、土壤酶系及土壤微生物群落变化的研究进展，旨在系统解析微生物菌肥对经熏蒸剂处理后土壤微环境变化的影响，以期为解决连作障碍、防治土传病害、恢复植物根际功能提供相关理论与技术参考。 相似文献
17.
M. Lodovica Gullino 《Pest management science》1992,36(4):335-340
The area of land under protected cropping in the sub-tropical region is surveyed. In the northern part of the region, glasshouses are prevalent, while in the southern part, plastic houses are more common. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) strategies under the different cultural and climatic conditions are presented, with special emphasis on the use of alternative control measures. The most important soil-borne and foliar diseases of vegetable and ornamental crops grown in the area are considered with respect to the most effective and widely used control methods. Use of resistant varieties and appropriate cultural practices is one of the control measures most frequently adopted. Particularly, control of environmental conditions can strongly decrease the severity of some foliar pathogens. In the case of soil-borne diseases, soil solarization is already carried out in practice. Antagonists, isolated from suppressive soils, can be used successfully against some plant pathogens and, in the future, could provide another option. 相似文献