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杀螨剂生物测定的三种新方法 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15
在杀螨剂毒力测定和害螨抗药性监测中,国内常用的生物测定方法是FAO推荐的玻片浸渍法,国外70年代也主要采用这种方法。但Dennehy等(1983)发现该法与田间防效相关性差,不能有效地监测叶螨(Tetranychus spp.)对三氯杀螨醇、克螨特和羟基薯瘟锡等杀螨剂的抗性,因此近年国外在害螨抗药性研究中已很少应用玻片浸渍法。现将杀螨剂生物测定的三种新方法简要介绍如下。 1.浸叶法 国际杀虫剂抗性行动委员会(IRAC)(1990)建议的杀虫/杀螨剂生物测定方法之四,适用于常见杀螨剂对叶螨属、苹果全爪螨(Panongchus ulmi)及柑桔全爪螨(P.citri)成螨的测定,具体步骤是: 相似文献
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苹果害螨主要包括山楂红蜘蛛(Tetranychus viennsis)、苹果全爪螨(Panonychus ulmi)、苜蓿苔螨(Bryobia redikorzeui)3种,属蛛形纲、蜱螨目,分属叶螨科和苔螨科.3种害螨发生的主次种类在不同时期有所变化,我市目前以山楂红蜘蛛分布最广,为害较重,苹果全爪螨发生及为害程度亦有逐年加重的趋势,苜蓿苔螨数量逐年减少,仅局部地区发生.依据我所近几年对山楂红蜘蛛和苹果全爪螨的系统调查研究和防治试验、示范结果本文就两种苹果害螨的有关生物学及有效杀螨剂的利用问题提出如下浅见,供商榷. 相似文献
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柑橘全爪螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素的抗性选育及交互抗性 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过室内抗性品系选育,研究了柑橘全爪螨对甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素的抗性发展情况,并就其与柑橘园常用11种杀螨剂的交互抗性进行了分析。结果表明:在柑橘全爪螨19代中用甲氰菊酯和阿维菌素分别不连续汰选16次和11次后,柑橘全爪螨对两者的抗性分别为29.92和3.80倍;甲氰菊酯抗性品系(FeR)对哒螨灵、三氯杀螨醇和三唑锡产生了明显的交互抗性,阿维菌素抗性品系(AbR)对甲维盐产生了明显的交互抗性。试验结果可为柑橘全爪螨抗性治理提供参考。 相似文献
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桔全爪螨 Panonychus citri(McGregor)是我国柑桔的主要害螨。以成、若螨吸取叶片、嫩梢及果实表皮汁液,影响叶片光合作用,严重时造成落叶,对树势及产量影响很大。由于此螨世代历期短,繁殖力强,抗药性形成迅速,从而防治工作困难较大。笔者在工作中发现,有些地方的果农,在防治该螨时滥用农药,未能合理地进行防治,从杀螨剂的选择到用药时机、使用剂量等都有不当之处。其结果是,达不到良好的防效,也浪费了人工及费用,且化学农药的大量使用,还带来了果品 相似文献
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桔始叶螨可为害多种果树,以刺吸式口器吸食叶片汁液,对桃树等果树的生长、结果影响很大.近年来,由于不合理的使用化学药剂,致使该螨产生严重抗性,为了解西昌地区桃树桔始叶螨的抗药性问题,有效地抑制其抗性发展和升级,我们于去年4月对桃树桔始叶螨进行了室内抗药性测定,为果园合理使用化学药剂防治害螨提供依据 . 相似文献
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Data from nine trials conducted from 1990 to 1998 in apple orchards in Nova Scotia and Quebec, Canada, were used to estimate the predator-prey selectivity of miticides and their potential compatibility with biological control of mites. The European red mite Panonychus ulmi (Koch) was the dominant and more harmful phytophagous species, followed by the apple rust mite, Aculus schlechtendali (Nalepa). Two predacious mites, the phytoseiid, Typhlodromus pyri Sheuten, and the stigmaeid, Zetzellia mali (Ewing), were often found in the orchards. We used one minus the ratio of mite-days in treated plots to those in the control plots as an index of population suppression and toxicity of the miticides. Miticides were then categorized into classes similar to those employed by the International Organization for Biological Control to rate pesticide toxicity to natural enemies of insect and mite pests. Selectivity of miticides was mostly based on toxicity to P ulmi, the major pest, versus toxicity to T pyri, the major predator, with some consideration of the two lesser species, A schlechtendali and Z mali. In most cases, our findings were in accord with other studies. Abamectin and clofentezine had favourable selectivity (more toxic to the two phytophagous mites than to T pyri). The higher recommended rate of pyridaben (450 g ha(-1)) and two rates of spirodiclofen (180 and 240 g ha(-1)) were neutral (equally toxic to pests and predators). The lower rate of pyridaben (216 g ha(-1)), dicofol, formetanate hydrochloride and propargite were unfavourably selective (more toxic to T pyri). A higher than recommended rate of pyridaben (2160 g ha(-1)) applied before bloom was disruptive--P ulmi-days after treatment were actually greater than with the untreated control. P ulmi resistance to dicofol and propargite were probable complicating factors in some of the orchard trials. 相似文献
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应用伪钝绥螨防治苹果全爪螨初报 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
伪钝绥螨是叶螨的有效天敌,1986年引入天水,1987、1988年在苹果园进行了释放试验,6月中、下旬按1:50的益害比释放于苹果树上,结果表明经过35～40天,苹果全爪螨从峰期(1987、7、31)7.79头/叶和(19888、2)21.84头/叶开始减退,至50～60天,分别减退为1.76头/叶和1.90头/叶,而对照树分别为19.43头/叶(8、20)和44.15头/叶(8、2)。该螨对苹果全爪螨越冬卵的控制效果明显,释放树平均一年生枝条单枝含卵量为15.95粒,化防树为93.64粒。 相似文献
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叶螨为害苹果树的产量损失估测 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：5
1987—1989年研究苹果全爪螨(Panonychus ulmi)与山楂叶螨(Tetranychus viennenses)为害对苹果产量的影响。结果表明:①叶螨为害后,叶片的各项生理指标皆有反应,其中以光合作用强度最敏感;②叶螨为害对果实质量无显著影响,但不同螨量的果实体积之间存在明显差异;③平均累积雌成螨螨日(MDi)与平均减产率(Qi)之间有正相关关系,为害当年表现出果实变小单果重减轻,次年表现出花量减少,果实数下降。1987与1989年以苹果全爪螨为主,减产率分别为3.31%—11.25%与2.89%—10.75%。1988年以山楂叶螨为主,减产率为2.36%—13.48%;④上年受害树次年继续测产,看出叶螨的持续影响更为严重。以苹果全爪螨为主的持续减产率第二年达2.0%—86.2%;第三年的影响又相对减轻。以山楂叶螨为主的减产率第二年为-14.4%—69.4%。 相似文献
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BACKGROUND: Phytophagous mites such as the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi (Koch), are serious pests in European fruit tree orchards, and a number of acaricides are frequently used to control them. Spirodiclofen (Envidor®) has been a commonly used acaricide for several years. In the present study, European field populations collected in 2009 and 2010 were checked for their susceptibility to spirodiclofen by using discriminating dose and full dose response bioassays. RESULTS: In 2009 and 2010, a total of 63 field populations (including winter eggs) of European red mites were collected in different European countries, and in several populations from south‐western Germany a shifting in susceptibility against spirodiclofen was observed. Full dose response bioassays on different developmental stages of field‐collected strains suggested an age‐dependent expression of resistance because eggs remain fully susceptible to spirodiclofen. Artificial selection with spirodiclofen of one of the field strains resulted in resistance ratios of > 7000. Synergism studies suggest a possible role of cytochrome‐P450‐dependent monooxygenases in spirodiclofen detoxification. Most of the other acaricides from different chemical classes displayed no or low cross‐resistance in a spirodiclofen‐selected strain. CONCLUSION: In order to preserve spirodiclofen as an important tool in spider mite resistance management, the efficacy situation should be continuously monitored, and it is suggested that spirodiclofen be alternated with acaricides coming from different mode‐of‐action classes. An observed age‐specific expression of resistance revealed full susceptibility of eggs, so targeting spirodiclofen particularly against eggs is likely to reduce the selection pressures imposed on other life stages. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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D. J. Rae D. M. Watson M. D. Huang Y. J. Cen B. Z. Wang G. A. C. Beattie 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):125-140
The efficacy of pest control of three different oil formulations in multiple low-concentration spray programmes on sweet orange and pummelo were compared with unsprayed and normal farmer-treatments over three years. Phytotoxicity of sprays was assessed in terms of fruit and leafdrop, fruityield and external fruitquality. Trees sprayed with any type of oil had lower pest numbers than unsprayed trees. On sweet orange, the heaviest oil was better than the normal farm practice at controlling chaff scale on fruit and red mite and whitefly on leaves. On pummelo it provided the best control of red mite on leaves. All three oils were as effective as the normal farm practice in control of rust mite on sweet orange fruit and leaves and red mite, rust mite and red scale on pummelo fruit. On sweet orange trees there was no evidence of phytotoxicity, and the external quality of fruit generally improved over time. On pummelo trees, oil sprays were unable to improve the external fruitquality. The number of pummelo per tree was reduced in three of the oil spray schedules in 1995 and one in 1996, but the total weight of fruit harvested per tree was unaffected. 相似文献
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Hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic kaolin particle film treatments to peach (Prunus persica (L) Batsch) trees were evaluated for crop and pest management capabilities in six studies from 1997 to 2000. Unsprayed control and standard treatments, the latter consisting of a commercial pesticide program, were included for comparison. Treatments in initial studies were applied via handgun, which resulted in a uniform and heavy deposit of kaolin after the first application. In contrast, treatments in subsequent studies used airblast equipment, which provided a uniform but less dense coverage, even after multiple applications. Results showed that both formulations of kaolin provided control of oriental fruit moth (Grapholita molesta (Busck)), plum curculio (Conotrachelus nenuphar (Herbst)) and Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) that was comparable with or better than the standard pesticide program. Effective management of late season catfacing insects (tarnished plant bugs Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) and stinkbugs Acrosternum hilare (Say), Euschistus servus (Say), and E tristigmus (Say)) and leafrollers (undetermined species) was also observed, although kaolin applications significantly increased phytophagous mite (Panonychus ulmi (Koch)) levels. In contrast to arthropod management, kaolin failed to control either peach scab (Cladosporium carpophilum (Von Thumen)) or rusty spot (Podosphaera leucotricha (Ell and Ev) ES Salmon) in any of the 4 years of the study. However, hydrophobic kaolin provided effective brown rot (Monilinia fructicola (G Winter) Honey) control when applied via handgun, and partial control when applied via airblast; hydrophilic kaolin failed to provide any control. These results suggest that hydrophobicity and deposit density may be important factors for effective disease management. The application of kaolin significantly delayed fruit maturation, increased fruit size and increased soluble solids relative to the standard. This effect, attributed to a reduction in plant stress, also resulted in increased fruit number and yield on young trees, indicating that an accentuated beneficial response from kaolin applications may be possible. 相似文献
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Reinhold Gottwald 《Gesunde Pflanzen》2016,68(1):27-32
A large-scale three-year study on apple orchards in Havelland uncovered key knowledge about the ecology and control of significant pests for 3 different varieties. Experiments included a range of different blocks and varieties and focussed on the apple blossom weevil (Anthonomus pomorum), the rose tortrix moth (Archips rosana), the reticulated tortrix moth (Adoxophyes reticulana) and the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi). The experiments were divided according to season, from budding through flowering and finally at harvest. Infestation by the apple blossom weevil depended on the timing of flowering for the variety. The “Breuhahn” variety was the most heavily infested. Later and more delayed flowering resulted in higher infestation rates. The attack by pests had a thinning effect with corresponding flower infestation rates. There was no effect on yield when flowering tendency was normal. The flower clusters and leaves of the early-harvest variety “James Grieve” was most heavily infested by the rose tortrix moth (Archips rosana). The extent of the damage from pests that attack leaves could be determined exactly using the drying method. The rose tortrix showed significant differences only in the number of leaves in infected and healthy plants. There were significant differences in leaf mass between untreated controls and fruit clusters infested by the reticulated tortrix (Adoxophyes reticulana) for all 3 varieties. The “James Grieve” variety was most heavily infested. The results of the experiments involving the European red mite (Panonychus ulmi) in healthy and infested leaves and leaf number revealed preferential infestation of the “Golden Delicious” and “James Grieve” varieties. Overall, the study provided key information for the prognosis and control of key pests in apple cultivation. 相似文献
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Umina PA 《Pest management science》2007,63(12):1185-1190
BACKGROUND: The redlegged earth mite (Halotydeus destructor Tucker) is an important pest of field crops and pastures. Control of this pest relies heavily on chemicals, with few genuine alternatives presently available. Pesticide responses of H. destructor from the field with reported chemical control failures were compared with mites from susceptible 'control' populations. Toxicology bioassays were conducted on adult mites across multiple generations. RESULTS: Very high levels of resistance to two synthetic pyrethroids, bifenthrin and alpha-cypermethrin, were detected in this species for the first time. For bifenthrin, LC(50) estimates showed a difference in resistance of greater than 240 000-fold. Resistance to alpha-cypermethrin was almost 60 000-fold. This resistance was shown to be heritable, persisting after several generations of culturing. There was no evidence that resistance to organophosphorus chemicals had evolved, which is likely to be a direct consequence of the history of chemical applications these mites have experienced. CONCLUSION: These results highlight the need for more judicious management decisions in order to control pest species in a sustainable manner. The implications of these findings in regard to the management and future research of the redlegged earth mite are discussed. 相似文献
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Jiankang Cao Kaifang Zeng Weibo Jiang 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,114(4):363-370
The Ya Li pear (Pyrus bretschneideri) trees were sprayed three times with 2.5 mM salicylic acid (SA) around 30, 60 and 90 days after full flowering. The fruit
were harvested at commercial maturity (about 120 days after full flowering), inoculated with Penicillium expansum, and incubated at 20 °C, 95–100% RH. The results showed that resistance to the pathogen of the mature pear fruit was remarkably
enhanced by the SA sprays. Disease incidence in the SA-treated fruit was 58.0% or 26.5%, and lesion diameter on SA-treated
fruit was 58.4% or 29.0% lower than that in/on fruit without SA treatment (control) on day 12 or 17 after incubation, respectively.
The SA spray applied to the trees around 30 days after full flowering notably enhanced accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in
the young fruit. Meanwhile, activities of defense enzymes, including peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), chitinase
or β-1,3-glucanase in the young fruit from SA-treated trees was 29.5%, 60.0%, 24.4% or 35.7% higher than that in the control
fruit 4 days after the SA spraying. Furthermore, after harvest, activities of PAL, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase were still
significantly higher in the mature pear fruit from the trees sprayed three times with SA than those of the control fruit.
Activities of the antioxidant enzymes including catalase and ascorbate peroxidase in the young fruit were significantly reduced
by SA spraying. However, the activity of another antioxidant enzyme, glutathione reductase in the young fruit was significantly
enhanced by SA spraying. These results suggest that enzymes exerting their functions in different ways may be coordinately
regulated by SA in the pear fruit. Our study indicates that treatment of SA sprays on the trees may provide further protection
against postharvest disease of Ya Li pear fruit in practice and could be used as an alternative and economical approach to reduce application of chemical fungicides. 相似文献