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1.
Germinated seeds of 'kabuli' chickpea cv. ICCV 4 were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the incompatible race 0 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. ciceris (Foc) or of nonhost F. oxysporum resistance 'inducers', and 3 days later were challenged by root dip with a conidial suspension of highly virulent Foc race 5. Prior inoculation with inducers delayed the onset of symptoms and/or significantly reduced the final amount of fusarium wilt caused by race 5. However, the extent of disease suppression varied with the nature of the inducing agent; the nonhost isolates of F. oxysporum were more effective at disease suppression than the incompatible Foc race 0. Inoculation with the inducers gave rise to synthesis of maackiain and medicarpin phytoalexins in inoculated seedlings; these did not accumulate in plant tissues but were released into the inoculum suspension. Inoculation with inducers also resulted in accumulation of chitinase, β-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase activities in plant roots. These defence-related responses were induced more consistently and intensely by nonhost isolates of F. oxysporum than by incompatible Foc race 0. The phytoalexins and, to a lesser extent, the antifungal hydrolases, were also induced after challenge inoculation with Foc race 5. However, in this case the defence responses were induced in both preinduced and noninduced plants infected by the pathogen. It is concluded that the suppression of fusarium wilt in this study possibly involved an inhibitory effect on the pathogen of preinduced plant defences, rather than an increase in the expression of defence mechanisms of preinduced plants following a subsequent challenge inoculation.  相似文献   

2.
Pseudomonas fluorescens-mediated induction of systemic resistance in radish against fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f. sp.raphani) was studied in a newly developed bioassay using a rockwool system. In this bioassay the pathogen and bacterium were confirmed to be confined to spatially separate locations on the plant root, throughout the experiment. Pathogen inoculum obtained by mixing peat with microconidia and subsequent incubation for four days at 22 °C, yielded a better percentage of diseased plants than a microconidial suspension drench, an injection of a microconidial suspension into the hypocotyl, or a talcum inoculum.Pseudomonas fluorescens strain WCS374 applied in talcum or peat, but not as a suspension drench, induced systemic resistance. A minimal initial bacterial inoculum density of 105 CFU WCS374 root–1 was required to significantly reduce the percentage diseased plants. At least one day was necessary between bacterization of strain WCS374 in talcum on the root tips and inoculation of the pathogen in peat on the root base, for an optimal induction of systemic resistance. Strain WCS374 induced systemic resistance in six radish cultivars differing in their susceptibility toF. oxysporum f. sp.raphani. Significant suppression of disease by bacterial treatments was generally observed when disease incidence in the control treatment, depending on pathogen inoculum density, ranged between approximately 40 to 80%. Strains WCS374 and WCS417 ofPseudomonas fluorescens induced systemic resistance against fusarium wilt, whereasP. putida WCS358 did not. This suggests that the induction of systemic resistance byPseudomonas spp. is dependent on strain-specific traits.Abbreviations CFU colony forming units - IFC immunofluorescence colony-staining - ISR induced systemic resistance - PBS phosphate buffered saline - SAR systemic acquired resistance  相似文献   

3.
Downy mildew of pearl millet, caused by Sclerospora graminicola, is a devastating disease, resulting in high economic losses in the semi-arid regions of the world. Recently, induction of host plant resistance using biotic and abiotic inducers are included among disease management practices as an eco-friendly approach. Unsaturated fatty acids are considered as a new generation of plant disease resistance inducers. In the present study, six unsaturated fatty acids, viz. docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), arachidonic acid (AA), linolenic acid, linoleic acid and oleic acid, all originally detected in the zoospores of S. graminicola,were applied to seeds of susceptible cultivars of pearl millet to examine their ability to protect against downy mildew under greenhouse and field conditions. In greenhouse experiments, EPA and AA induced a maximum of 78.6% and 76.5% protection, whereas linoleic acid, DHA and linolenic acid provided up to 66.3%, 61.2% and 24.5% protection, respectively. Oleic acid was not effective in protecting pearl millet (only 5.1% protection). A time interval of four days between treatment of seeds and challenge inoculation was required to obtain optimum protection. Plants raised from treated seeds and challenge inoculated at the tillering and inflorescence stages showed enhanced resistance, resulting in higher grain yield compared to untreated plants of the same cultivar. Chitinase activity was found to be higher in susceptible seedlings of pearl millet after treatment with the fatty acids and pathogen inoculation than in seedlings only inoculated with the pathogen. This indicates that host defence responses are activated and thus that induced resistance is involved in the protection observed. The role of unsaturated fatty acids as activators of resistance against downy mildew in pearl millet is discussed.  相似文献   

4.
Alfalfa (Medicago sativa), the world’s most influential forage crop, is infected by many diseases such as alfalfa bacterial wilt disease. The causal agent of bacterial crown and root rot and wilt disease is Pseudomonas viridiflava, which is a substantial pathogen of alfalfa worldwide. This pathogen spreads through the xylem and under field conditions, plants show growth stunting, chlorosis and wilting symptoms not previously reported. In this study- the first on Pseudomonas viridiflava on alfalfa from Iran, we have investigated the pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Pseudomonas viridiflava in some parts of Iran. To survey the causal agent of the disease, symptomatic plants were collected from the main alfalfa growing area. Pathogenicity of the collected strains was confirmed on alfalfa plants under green-house conditions using a completely randomized design. Determination of bacterial strains was done based on standard bacteriological methods and PCR assay using specific primers. Effects of bacterial strains on wet weight, dry weight, stem length and root length of infected plants were measured and the data were analyzed by SAS software and Duncan’s assessment. The diversity of liquid cellular proteins of bacterial strains was examined on Polyacrylamide gel. To delineate of genetic diversity the total DNA was drawn out. Fourteen random primers were used in a RAPD test. To sketch the dendrogram, RAPD fragments were used to calculate genetic diversity with NTSYS software. This data showed pathogenicity and genetic diversity of Pseudomonas viridiflava in Iran.  相似文献   

5.
When lower leaves of rice plants were inoculated with powder formulation of a saprophytic strain ofPseudomonas fluorescens, Pfl, upper leaves, in addition to the inoculated lower leaves, showed resistance to the rice bacterial blight pathogenXanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae. When the leaves were challenge-inoculated withX. oryzae pv.oryzae 4 days afterP. fluorescens application on lower leaves, the disease intensity in upper leaves decreased from 6.7 to 1.1. When rice seeds were treated with the formulation ofP. fluorescens Pfl and sown, 30-day-old seedlings showed resistance toX. oryzae pv.oryzae and the disease intensity decreased from 6.8 to 1.2. The induced resistance was transient; leaves sprayed withP. fluorescens Pfl at 30 days after treatment and leaves of 60-day-old seedlings fromP. fluorescens-treated seeds did not show resistance to the pathogen. In field trials, seed treatment followed by foliar application of the powder formulation ofP. fluorescens Pfl effectively controlled rice bacterial blight and increased the yield. In the induced resistant leaves a sharp increase in lignification and activities of peroxidase, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and 4-coumarate: CoA ligase was observed when the leaves were challenge-inoculated withX. oryzae pv.oryzae. An approximately threefold increase in lignin content, peroxidase activity and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase activity and a fivefold increase in 4-coumarate: CoA ligase activity were observed 5 days after challenge inoculation withX. oryzae pv.oryzae in rice leaves pretreated withP. fluorescens for 5 days. A similar increase in defense-related activities was not observed in susceptible interactions or inP. fluorescens-treated plants at later stages of interactions when no resistance to the pathogen was observed.  相似文献   

6.
BACKGROUND: The present study investigated the effect of chitosan seed priming on the induction of disease resistance in pearl millet against downy mildew disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola (Sacc.) Schroet. RESULTS: Pearl millet seeds were primed with chitosan at different concentrations: 0.5, 1.5, 2.5 and 3 g kg?1 seed. Of the different concentrations, 2.5 g kg?1 was found to be optimum, with enhanced seed germination of 99% and seedling vigour of 1782, whereas the untreated control recorded values of 87% and 1465 respectively. At optimum concentration, chitosan did not inhibit sporulation and release of zoospores from sporangia. Furthermore, pearl millet seedlings raised after seed treatment with chitosan showed an increased level of the defence‐related enzymes chitosanase and peroxidase as compared with the untreated pearl millet seedlings on downy mildew pathogen inoculation. The effect of chitosan in reducing downy mildew incidence was evaluated in both greenhouse and field conditions, in which respectively 79.08 and 75.8% disease protection was obtained. CONCLUSION: Chitosan was effective in protecting pearl millet plants against downy mildew under both greenhouse and field conditions by inducing resistance against the pathogen. Thus, chitosan formulation can be recommended for seed treatment in the management of downy mildew disease. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

7.
An experiment was conducted to study the effectiveness of contact, systemic and botanical fungicides, and indigenous biocontrol agents in controlling red root rot disease of tea plants. In general, all tested bioagents, the combination of Pseudomonas fluorescens and Trichoderma atroviride reduced red root disease incidence recorded in two consecutive field experiments. Among the fourteen treatments tested, soil drenching of systemic fungicides was superior but similar to the combination between P. fluorescens and T. atroviride. In contrast, the maximum green leaf yield and plant growth was achieved when soil application of biocontrol agents was carried out. However, the performance of these biocontrol agents under various combinations was on par with systemic fungicides, but superior to botanical fungicides. Correspondingly, the physiological and biochemical parameters were also greatly increased in plants in several treatments when compared to untreated control. The disease increased from 31.5 % to 40.0 % in untreated control plots and those plants were unhealthy in terms of leaf yellowing, stunted growth with heavy flowering, drying of branches and sudden death of bushes. The tea quality parameters were significantly improved in treated plants including total liquor colour, thearubigins, theaflavins, highly polymerized substance and caffeine contents.  相似文献   

8.

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis is a very important pathogen that causes bacterial wilt of tomato (BWT). Biological control of plant diseases is a critical tool for protecting the environment from chemical pollution. Twenty-five isolates of the genus Trichoderma were obtained from a healthy tomato root. Of the 25 isolates, KABOFT4 showed highly antagonistic activity that controlled the growth of C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm7) under in vitro conditions. The 5.8S ribosomal RNA gene and internal transcribed spacer identified the isolate as Trichoderma harzianum KABOFT4. The effect of this isolate as a soil drench and/or foliar application on bacterial wilt under greenhouse conditions was studied. The germination percentage of tomato seed treated with KABOFT4 increased by 36.7% compared to infected seed treated with only the pathogen Cmm7. Under greenhouse conditions, tomato seedlings treated with KABOFT4 as a soil drench, foliar and soil treatment, and foliar treatment had a 61.3, 26.7, and 40% reduced disease severity relative to the infected control, respectively. All treatments had a positive effect on tomato plants that presented as greater vegetative growth and accumulation of dry matter. The best fresh and dry weight was recorded when plants were treated with KABOFT4 as a soil and foliar application. Tomato plants treated with KABOFT4 also had increased total phenol and flavonoid contents in inoculated and non-inoculated plants compared to untreated plants. Under greenhouse conditions, T. harzianum strains can be used as an environmentally friendly way to manage the most economically important tomato disease. The results showed that a native endophytic strain of T. harzianum was a potent biocontrol agent against C. michiganensis subsp. michiganensis. Application of this strain to tomatoes in the greenhouse resulted in a decrease in disease severity and an increase in crop biomass.

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9.
Corynebacterium wilt of tomato causes severe losses in France and Belgium. The disease can be seed-transmitted and sanitary selection of seedlots is a direct prophylactic control method. It must be selective, objective and sensitive and must provide information on the pathogenicity of the bacteria detected. A method is proposed that associates immunofluorescence (IF) staining with bioassay and isolation. In a preliminary comparison of inoculation on different host plants, tomato seedlings with two or four leaves were the most sensitive. Artificially and naturally contaminated seed extracts were IF-screened and confirmed by isolation of the pathogen from inoculated seedlings. The detection method consists of maceration of tomato seeds in PBS-cycloheximide buffer, filtration and centrifugation of the seed extract, and IF screening of the pellets with two antisera. Pellets with positive or suspect IF reading (threshold 5 × 103 cells in the pellet) are inoculated into tomato seedlings incubated at 25°C. Within 30 days the seedlings are inspected for typical wilt symptoms and isolation experiments are carried out from the vessels. The method has been tested on commercial seedlots.  相似文献   

10.
DNA methylation plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression in biotic and abiotic stresses. In the present study, a methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analysis was performed to profile DNA methylation changes in seven resistant and sensitive chickpea genotypes following inoculation with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. In all, 27468 DNA fragments, each representing a recognition site cleaved by either or both of two isoschizomers, were amplified using nine selective primer pairs. DNA methylation was evaluated in leaves, stems and roots in control and inoculated plants. Extensive cytosine methylation alterations were found in the pathogen-treated genotypes compared with the corresponding control, including hypermethylation and demethylation as well as the potential conversion of methylation types. For all genotypes, the percentage of demethylated sites were more than methylated sites in infected plants compared with the corresponding control. No significant differences were observed for banding patterns in infected and control leaf tissues, while the differences between percentage of unchanged, methylated and demethylated sites were significant in stem and root tissues. The total numbers of methylated polymorphic bands ranged from 137 to 154 bands in Sel95th1716 and Arman, accounting for 36.81%–44.64% of all bands, respectively. Ten fragments that were differentially amplified between infected and control plants were isolated and sequenced in three tissues separately. Most of sequenced fragments showed homology with disease related genes in GenBank. The results suggest that significant differences in cytosine methylation exist between resistant and sensitive chickpea genotypes, and that hypermethylation or hypomethylation of specific genes may be involved in the chickpea resistance to Fusarium wilt.  相似文献   

11.
Bacterial wilt is a serious problem affecting many important food crops. Recent studies have indicated that treatment with biotic or abiotic stress factors may increase the resistance of plants to bacterial infection. This study investigated the effects of magnesium oxide nanoparticles (MgO NP) on disease resistance in tomato plants against Ralstonia solanacearum, as well as its antibacterial activity. The roots of tomato seedlings were inoculated with R. solanacearum and then immediately treated with MgO NP; the treated plants showed very little inhibition of bacterial wilt. In contrast, when roots were drenched with a MgO NP suspension prior to inoculation with the pathogen, the incidence of disease was significantly reduced. Rapid generation of reactive oxygen species such as O2?˙ radicals was observed in tomato roots treated with MgO NP. Further O2?˙ was rapidly generated when tomato plant extracts or polyphenols were added to the MgO NP suspension, suggesting that the generation of O2?˙ in tomato roots might be due to a reaction between MgO NP and polyphenols present in the roots. Salicylic acid‐inducible PR1, jasmonic acid‐inducible LoxA, ethylene‐inducible Osm, and systemic resistance‐related GluA were up‐regulated in both the roots and hypocotyls of tomato plants after treatment of the plant roots with MgO NP. Histochemical analyses showed that β‐1,3‐glucanase and tyloses accumulated in the xylem and apoplast of pith tissues of the hypocotyls after MgO NP treatment. These results indicate that MgO NP induces systemic resistance in tomato plants against R. solanacearum.  相似文献   

12.
Ralstonia solanacearum causes a lethal bacterial wilt disease in many plants by colonizing the vascular tissues of the hosts. Upon inoculation of tomato seedlings through either leaf or root, the wilting symptoms occur first at the apical region and then proceed downward along the shoot. The systemic order of the disease initiation and progression in the host, independent of the site of pathogen inoculation, is yet to be investigated. To understand the disease progression more clearly, we have carried out a systematic study of the pathogen localization by GUS staining of inoculated tomato seedlings, at 24-hour intervals from 0 days post-inoculation (dpi) to 5 dpi. In both inoculation methods, pathogen colonization was observed at 1 dpi at the apical meristem as well as the cotyledon leaves, where the disease initiates. As the disease progressed, colonization by the pathogen towards the lower region of the shoot was observed. Disease consistency and pathogenicity magnitude were observed to be higher using the leaf inoculation method than the root inoculation method. Several R. solanacearum transposon-induced mutants that were reduced in virulence by root inoculation but virulent by leaf inoculation were obtained. Using GUS staining, it was observed that these mutants were unable to localize in the shoot region when inoculated in the root. Our study indicates that the apical meristem and the cotyledon leaves are the first regions to be colonized in inoculated tomato seedlings, which might explain the disease initiation from this region.  相似文献   

13.
Seed treatments with essential oils (from savory and thyme) and biocontrol agents (Pseudomonas spp. and Fusarium oxysporum) have been evaluated in vivo after dry hot air treatments against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. basilici on basil seeds. The savory and thyme essential oils showed a significant pathogen control activity because of their innate antifungal activity and because of the seed application method, but the dry hot pre-treatment did not show any obvious effect on the performance of the essential oil treatments. The dry heat treatment improved the Pseudomonas seed dressing effect against F.oxysporum f. sp. basilici, and showed important reductions in plant infection and the disease index on the treated seed plants, without any negative effect on seed germination. However, the pathogen control provided by the heat treatments combined with the application of the biocontrol agents never reached the same performance as the chemical treatments considered as the reference. Thus, short dry heat treatments on basil seeds have been shown to be a valid but complementary seed disinfection method against Fusarium wilt.  相似文献   

14.
BACKGROUND: The biological control of plant pests and diseases using a single organism has been reported to give inconsistent and poor performance. To improve the efficacy, bioformulations were developed possessing mixtures of bioagents. RESULTS: Bioformulations combining Pseudomonas fluorescens Migula strains Pf1 and AH1 and Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuill. isolate B2 were developed and tested for their efficacy against leaffolder pest and sheath blight disease on rice under glasshouse and field conditions. The combination of Pf1, AH1 and B2 effectively reduced the incidence of leaffolder insect and sheath blight disease on rice compared with other treatments. An in vitro assay of leaffolder preference to rice leaf tissues treated with Pf1 + AH1 + B2 biformulation showed variation from normal growth and development of leaffolder larvae. Plants treated with the Pf1 + AH1 + B2 combination showed a greater accumulation of enzymes, lipoxygenase and chitinase activity against leaffolder insect compared with other treatments. Similarly, the plants showed a higher accumulation of defence enzymes, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity against sheath blight pathogen in Pf1 + AH1 + B2 treatment compared with the untreated control. The bioformulation mixture attracted the natural enemy population of leaffolder under field conditions. In addition, a significant increase in rice grain yield was observed in Pf1 + AH1 + B2 treatment compared with the untreated control. CONCLUSION: The combination of P. fluorescens strains and B. bassiana isolate effectively reduced the incidence of leaffolder insect and sheath blight disease on rice plants and showed the possibility of controlling both pest and disease using a single bioformulation. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

15.
A blood disease pathogenic strain, Ralstonia syzygii subspecies celebesensis was used to study the possible association of biofilm-forming bacteria with the development and severity of blood disease in banana plants. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effects of mono-culture and co-culture inoculation of isolated biofilm-forming bacteria with the blood disease pathogen in banana pseudostems in glasshouse conditions. Putative biofilm-forming bacteria were isolated from an infected banana plant and were further identified using 16SrRNA sequencing. Four isolates, identified as Enterobacter hormaechei, Enterobacter cloacae, Kosakonia radicincitans and Klebsiella pneumoniae, were inoculated as a mono- and co-culture with R. syzygii subsp. celebesensis into 2 months old banana plants. The observation after the 8 weeks of post inoculation showed that plants which were co-inoculated with the pathogen and K. radicincitans, a biofilm-forming bacterium, were the most susceptible towards the infection. In contrast, plants under two treatments (which were co-inoculated with the pathogen and E. cloacae and the pathogen with E. hormaechei) were less susceptible towards the infection. This study revealed the antagonistic effects of two biofilm-forming strains which reduced the severity of infection caused by the pathogenic agent. Scanning electron micrographs of the cross section of plant rhizomes indicated the dissimilarity of adhesion and host colonization conditions of the pathogen in each infected plant from different treatments.  相似文献   

16.
Compared to conventional planting material, micropropagated plantlets are highly susceptible to Fusarium wilt because they are free from beneficial root inhabitants. We aimed to introduce mixtures of beneficial microbes in the plantlets in the rooting medium under in vitro conditions rather than by field applications. Endophytes and rhizobacteria from different banana cultivars and plantation areas were screened and characterized. Under in vitro conditions, banana tissue culture plantlets were bacterized with the prospective endophytes, Bacillus subtilis strain EPB56 and EPB10 and the rhizobacteria, Pseudomonas fluorescens strain Pf1 and effects of in vitro bacterization were investigated against Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 1 under glasshouse and field conditions. Inoculation of bananas during micropropagation allowed for the omission of minerals and salts as well as vitamins from the growing media while resulting in plantlets close to double size compared to the controls with full strength media. All endophyte and rhizobacteria strains tested resulted in significant reductions in Fusarium infection in the glasshouse and field and in significantly better plant growth. The three-way combination of bacteria resulted in 78% disease reduction and more than doubled the yields compared to the untreated controls across two field experiments. Three-way inoculation led to yields of 23 and 24 kg/ bunch compared to chemical disease control (13; 15 kg/bunch) and untreated controls (10; 13 kg/bunch) in the two field experiments. Under glasshouse conditions, activity of defence enzymes was significantly increased by all inoculation treatments. Inoculation in vitro led to the establishment of the microorganisms in the plant system before delivering to the farming community. Micropropagation combined with the establishment of a beneficial microbial consortium should complement the micropropagated plants for easier adaptation under field conditions.  相似文献   

17.
铵态氮和硝态氮对香蕉枯萎病发生的比较研究   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
 为寻找降低香蕉枯萎病发生的防治措施,通过室内盆栽接种试验,研究了铵态氮(NH4+-N)和硝态氮(NO3--N)对香蕉枯萎病发生及其植株叶绿素含量、气体交换参数、病原菌在植物体内的数量分布和植物钙(Ca)、镁(Mg)、铁(Fe)、钼(Mo)、可溶性糖和木质素含量的效应。结果表明:不接种病原菌的条件下,不同氮素处理对香蕉幼苗生长影响无差异;接菌情况下,与NH4+-N处理相比,NO3--N处理显著降低植株各器官的病原菌数量、发病率和发病严重程度。病原菌侵染后,不同氮素处理下植株光合作用均显著下降:NO3--N处理香蕉苗保持比NH4+-N处理更高的光合速率;病原菌侵染后NH4+-N处理的植株Ca、Mg、Fe和Mo含量相对于侵染前没有显著差异,但NO3--N处理下此4种元素含量均显著升高。病原菌侵染后的植株叶片可溶性糖含量在不同氮素处理中都没有显著变化,但在根系中,NO3--N处理的侵染植株可溶性糖含量显著降低。与此同时,病原菌侵染后,木质素含量在NH4+-N处理植株中变化不显著,但其含量在NO3--N处理侵染后显著上升。综上所述,NO3--N处理可增加植株抗病相关矿质元素的吸收,诱导香蕉苗木质素形成,使其木质化程度增加,从而维持较高的光合作用,保持较高的抗病水平。  相似文献   

18.
Ralstonia solanacearum is a phytopathogenic bacterium that colonizes the xylem vessels of host plants leading to a lethal wilt disease. Although several studies have investigated the virulence of R. solanacearum on adult host plants, infection studies of this pathogen on the seedling stages of hosts are less common. In a preliminary observation, inoculation of R. solanacearum F1C1 on 6‐ to 7‐day‐old tomato seedlings by a simple leaf‐clip strategy resulted in a lethal pathogenic condition in seedlings that eventually killed these seedlings within a week post‐inoculation. This prompted testing of the effect of this inoculation technique in seedlings from different cultivars of tomato and similar results were obtained. Colonization and spread of the bacteria throughout the infected seedlings was demonstrated using gus‐tagged R. solanacearum F1C1. The same method of inoculating tomato seedlings was used with R. solanacearum GMI1000 and independent mutants of R. solanacearum GMI1000, deficient in the virulence genes hrpB, hrpG, phcA and gspD. Wildtype R. solanacearum GMI1000 was found to be virulent on tomato seedlings, whereas the mutants were found to be non‐virulent. This leaf‐clip technique, for inoculation of tomato seedlings, has the potential to be a valuable approach, saving time, space, labour and costs.  相似文献   

19.
Fusarium wilt, one of the destructive diseases of cucumber can be effectively controlled by using biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma harzianum. However, the mechanisms controlling T. harzianum-induced enhanced resistance remain largely unknown in cucumber plants. Here we screened the potent T. harzianum isolate TH58 that could effectively control F. oxysporum (FO). Glasshouse efficacy trials also showed that TH58 decreased disease incidence by 69.7 %. FO induced ROS over accumulation, while TH58 inoculation suppressed ROS over accumulation and improved root cell viability under F. oxysporum infection. TH58 inoculation could reverse the FO-induced cell division block and regulate the proportional distribution of nuclear DNA content through inducing 2C fraction. Moreover, the expression levels of cell cycle-related genes such as CDKA, CDKB, CycA, CycB, CycD3;1 and CycD3;2 in TH58 - pre-inoculated seedlings were up-regulated compared with those infected with FO alone. Taken together, these results suggest that T. harzianum improved plant resistance against Fusarium wilt disease via alterations in nuclear DNA content and cell cycle-related genes expression that might maintain a lower ROS accumulation and higher root cell viability in cucumber seedlings.  相似文献   

20.
A liquid based Pseudomonas fluorescens (Pf1) bioformulation was found to contribute the restriction of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato roots by inducing defence enzymes. Induction of defence enzymes such as phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL), peroxidase (PO), polyphenoloxidase (PPO), catalase, β-1,3 glucanase and super oxide dismutase (SOD), was studied in tomato plants pretreated with liquid as well as a talc based formulation of Pf1 challenged with F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in glasshouse vegetable production systems. There were increased activities of PAL, PO, PPO, catalase and β-1 3-glucanases in tomato plants treated with a combined application of seedling dip?+?soil application?+?foliar spray of liquid and talc formulation of Pf1 when compared to pathogen inoculated and untreated healthy controls. The activities of the above enzymes started to increase at 3rd day, reached maximum levels on 8-9th day and thereafter declined gradually. Similarly, native polyacralamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) analysis revealed that one to six isoforms of the defence enzymes each with a higher intensity were expressed in these treatments, whereas fewer isoforms with less intensity were noticed in inoculated controls. These results suggest that the retardation of the invasion of F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici in tomato roots resulting from treatment with the liquid formulation of Pf1 was due to enhancement of activities of enzymes involved in the phenylpropanoid pathway. These results suggest that induced systemic resistance occurred in the treated tomato plants.  相似文献   

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