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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of a low-dose constant rate infusion (LCRI; 50 microg kg(-1) minute(-1)) and high-dose CRI (HCRI; 200 microg kg(-1) minute(-1)) lidocaine infusion on the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane (I) in dogs. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective experimental study. ANIMALS: Ten mongrel dogs (four females, six males), weighing 20-26.3 kg. METHODS: Dogs were anesthetized with I in oxygen and their lungs mechanically ventilated. Baseline MAC was determined using mechanical or electrical stimuli. Lidocaine (2 mg kg(-1) IV) was administered over 3 minutes, followed by the LCRI and MAC determination commenced 30 minutes later. Once MAC was determined following LCRI, the lidocaine infusion was stopped for 30 minutes. A second bolus of lidocaine (2 mg kg(-1), IV) was administered, followed by the HCRI and MAC re-determined. Concentrations of lidocaine and its metabolites were measured at end-tidal I concentrations immediately above and below MAC. Heart rates and blood pressures were measured. RESULTS: Minimum alveolar concentration of I was 1.34 +/- 0.11 (%; mean +/- SD) for both types of stimulus. The LCRI significantly reduced MAC to 1.09 +/- 0.13 (18.7% reduction) and HCRI to 0.76 +/- 0.10 (43.3% reduction). Plasma concentrations (ng mL(-1), median; value below and above MAC, respectively) for LCRI were: lidocaine, 1465 and 1537; glycinexylidide (GX), 111 and 181; monoethylglycinexylidide (MEGX), 180 and 471 and for HCRI were: lidocaine, 4350 and 4691; GX, 784 and 862; MEGX, 714 and 710. Blood pressure was significantly increased at 30 minutes after high dose infusion. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Lidocaine infusions reduced the MAC of I in a dose-dependent manner and did not induce clinically significant changes on heart rate or blood pressure. 相似文献
2.
Honkavaara JM Raekallio MR Kuusela EK Hyvärinen EA Vainio OM 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2008,35(5):409-413
Objective To investigate the influence of L-659,066, a peripheral α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, on dexmedetomidine-induced sedation and reduction in pulse rate (PR) in dogs.
Study design Randomized, cross-over.
Animals Six healthy laboratory Beagles.
Methods All animals received dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg−1 IV, DEX) alone or in combination with L-659,066 (250 μg kg−1 IV, DEX + L) with a 7-day rest period between treatments. Sedation was assessed using a composite sedation score and PRs were recorded. Atipamezole (50 μg kg−1 IM, ATI) was administered to reverse the sedation. Overnight Holter-monitoring was carried out to obtain a minimum heart rate (MHR) at rest.
Results Bioequivalence was shown for clinical sedation between DEX and DEX + L. Heart rate was significantly higher with DEX + L during the period of sedation. Bioequivalence was demonstrated between MHR and PR in the DEX + L group during the period of sedation. Recoveries after ATI were uneventful.
Conclusions L-659,066 did not affect the quality of dexmedetomidine-induced sedation whilst it attenuated the reduction in PR. Thus, L-659,066 could prove a useful adjunct to reduce the peripheral cardiovascular effects attributed to dexmedetomidine in dogs.
Clinical relevance The clinical safety of α2-adrenoceptor agonists could be markedly improved with less peripheral cardiovascular effects. 相似文献
Study design Randomized, cross-over.
Animals Six healthy laboratory Beagles.
Methods All animals received dexmedetomidine (5 μg kg
Results Bioequivalence was shown for clinical sedation between DEX and DEX + L. Heart rate was significantly higher with DEX + L during the period of sedation. Bioequivalence was demonstrated between MHR and PR in the DEX + L group during the period of sedation. Recoveries after ATI were uneventful.
Conclusions L-659,066 did not affect the quality of dexmedetomidine-induced sedation whilst it attenuated the reduction in PR. Thus, L-659,066 could prove a useful adjunct to reduce the peripheral cardiovascular effects attributed to dexmedetomidine in dogs.
Clinical relevance The clinical safety of α2-adrenoceptor agonists could be markedly improved with less peripheral cardiovascular effects. 相似文献
3.
Eduardo Raposo Monteiro DVM PhD Adolfo Rodrigues Junior DVM Hemir Martins Quirilos Assis DVM Daniela Campagnol† DVM MSc & Juliany Gomes Quitzan DVM MSc 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2009,36(1):25-33
Objective To compare the effects of morphine (MOR), methadone (MET), butorphanol (BUT) and tramadol (TRA), in combination with acepromazine, on sedation, cardiorespiratory variables, body temperature and incidence of emesis in dogs.
Study design Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals Six adult mixed-breed male dogs weighing 12.0 ± 4.3 kg.
Methods Dogs received intravenous administration (IV) of acepromazine (0.05 mg kg−1 ) and 15 minutes later, one of four opioids was randomly administered IV in a cross-over design, with at least 1-week intervals. Dogs then received MOR 0.5 mg kg−1 ; MET 0.5 mg kg−1 ; BUT 0.15 mg kg−1 ; or TRA 2.0 mg kg−1 . Indirect systolic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate ( f R ), rectal temperature, pedal withdrawal reflex and sedation were evaluated at regular intervals for 90 minutes.
Results Acepromazine administration decreased SAP, HR and temperature and produced mild sedation. All opioids further decreased temperature and MOR, BUT and TRA were associated with further decreases in HR. Tramadol decreased SAP whereas BUT decreased fR compared with values before opioid administration. Retching was observed in five of six dogs and vomiting occurred in one dog in MOR, but not in any dog in the remaining treatments. Sedation scores were greater in MET followed by MOR and BUT. Tramadol was associated with minor changes in sedation produced by acepromazine alone.
Conclusions and clinical relevance When used with acepromazine, MET appears to provide better sedation than MOR, BUT and TRA. If vomiting is to be avoided, MET, BUT and TRA may be better options than MOR. 相似文献
Study design Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals Six adult mixed-breed male dogs weighing 12.0 ± 4.3 kg.
Methods Dogs received intravenous administration (IV) of acepromazine (0.05 mg kg
Results Acepromazine administration decreased SAP, HR and temperature and produced mild sedation. All opioids further decreased temperature and MOR, BUT and TRA were associated with further decreases in HR. Tramadol decreased SAP whereas BUT decreased f
Conclusions and clinical relevance When used with acepromazine, MET appears to provide better sedation than MOR, BUT and TRA. If vomiting is to be avoided, MET, BUT and TRA may be better options than MOR. 相似文献
4.
Franken ND van Oostrom H Stienen PJ Doornenbal A Hellebrekers LJ 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2008,35(5):424-431
Objective To study, the analgesic and sedative effects of different constant rate infusions (CRI) of dexmedetomidine, in the rat, by measurement of specific electroencephalographic parameters. The recorded parameters were somatosensory-evoked potentials (SEPs) and auditory-evoked potentials (AEPs), which have been shown to be related to analgesia and sedation respectively.
Animals Nine male Wistar rats (HsdCpb:Wu, Harlan Netherlands BV, body weight 300–350 g).
Methods Somatosensory-evoked potentials were recorded from the primary somatosensory cortex and the vertex location (SI/Vx-SEPs). Auditory-evoked potentials were recorded from the primary auditory cortex and vertex location (AI/Vx-AEPs). Primary somatosensory cortex and vertex location recorded SEPs and AI/Vx-AEPs were recorded alternately, during CRI of dexmedetomidine (4.0, 10.0, 20.0 μg kg−1 hour−1 ) and a control (saline).
Results The primary somatosensory cortex-evoked potentials were not affected by the dexmedetomidine CRI, but the other three parameters were significantly affected; although the AI-SEP to a lesser extent than the Vx-SEP and Vx-AEP. A maximum effect on the Vx-AEP was reached at lower doses than on the Vx-SEP.
Conclusions Based on the present findings, it is suggested that CRI of dexmedetomidine provided profound sedation at low doses, whereas higher doses are needed to provide concurrent analgesia.
Clinical relevance A constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine can be a valuable adjunct in the provision of sedation and/or analgesia. However, analgesia cannot be produced without sedation, and sedation is not necessarily accompanied by comparative degrees of analgesia. 相似文献
Animals Nine male Wistar rats (HsdCpb:Wu, Harlan Netherlands BV, body weight 300–350 g).
Methods Somatosensory-evoked potentials were recorded from the primary somatosensory cortex and the vertex location (SI/Vx-SEPs). Auditory-evoked potentials were recorded from the primary auditory cortex and vertex location (AI/Vx-AEPs). Primary somatosensory cortex and vertex location recorded SEPs and AI/Vx-AEPs were recorded alternately, during CRI of dexmedetomidine (4.0, 10.0, 20.0 μg kg
Results The primary somatosensory cortex-evoked potentials were not affected by the dexmedetomidine CRI, but the other three parameters were significantly affected; although the AI-SEP to a lesser extent than the Vx-SEP and Vx-AEP. A maximum effect on the Vx-AEP was reached at lower doses than on the Vx-SEP.
Conclusions Based on the present findings, it is suggested that CRI of dexmedetomidine provided profound sedation at low doses, whereas higher doses are needed to provide concurrent analgesia.
Clinical relevance A constant rate infusion of dexmedetomidine can be a valuable adjunct in the provision of sedation and/or analgesia. However, analgesia cannot be produced without sedation, and sedation is not necessarily accompanied by comparative degrees of analgesia. 相似文献
5.
Robert J. Brosnan DVM PhD Diplomate ACVA & Eugene P. Steffey VMD PhD Diplomate ACVA 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2009,36(5):421-425
Objective We hypothesized that propofol can produce rapidly-reversible, dose-dependent standing sedation in horses.
Study design Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals Twelve healthy horses aged 12 ± 6 years (mean ± SD), weighing 565 ± 20 kg, and with an equal distribution of mares and geldings.
Methods Propofol was administered as an intravenous bolus at one of three randomized doses (0.20, 0.35 and 0.50 mg kg−1 ). Cardiovascular and behavioral measurements were made by a single investigator, who was blinded to treatment dose, at 3 minute intervals until subjective behavior scores returned to pre-sedation baseline values. Continuous data were analyzed over time using repeated-measures anova and noncontinuous data were analyzed using Friedman tests.
Results There were no significant propofol dose or temporal effects on heart rate, respiratory rate, vertical head height, or jugular venous blood gases (pHv , Pv O2 , Pv CO2 ). The 0.35 mg kg−1 dose caused mild sedation lasting up to 6 minutes. The 0.50 mg kg−1 dose increased sedation depth and duration, but with increased ataxia and apparent muscle weakness.
Conclusions and clinical relevance Intravenous 0.35 mg kg−1 propofol provided brief, mild sedation in horses. Caution is warranted at higher doses due to increased risk of ataxia. 相似文献
Study design Prospective randomized, blinded, experimental trial.
Animals Twelve healthy horses aged 12 ± 6 years (mean ± SD), weighing 565 ± 20 kg, and with an equal distribution of mares and geldings.
Methods Propofol was administered as an intravenous bolus at one of three randomized doses (0.20, 0.35 and 0.50 mg kg
Results There were no significant propofol dose or temporal effects on heart rate, respiratory rate, vertical head height, or jugular venous blood gases (pH
Conclusions and clinical relevance Intravenous 0.35 mg kg
6.
The effects of metaraminol bitartrate on intraocular pressure (IOP) were studied in dogs anesthetized with halothane. Forty-five healthy, adult, mixed-breed dogs, of both sexes, were divided into three groups of 15 dogs each (GI, GII and GIII) and maintained under general anesthesia with halothane after tranquilization with levomepromazine and induction with thiopental. Saline (0.9%) was administered intravenously (IV) to GI through continuous infusion, at a velocity of 0.125 mL kg−1 min−1 . GII and GIII received metaraminol 0.004% IV, at a dose of 5 μg kg−1 min−1 , at 0.125 mL kg−1 min−1 and at a dose of 2 μg kg−1 min−1 , at 0.06 mL kg−1 min−1 , respectively. IOP was measured by applanation tonometry (Tono-Pen) before and during anesthesia. Results showed that IOP decreased in GI, increased in GII, and remained at basal levels in GIII. Continuous infusion of metaraminol at 2 μg kg min−1 maintained IOP at pretest levels, while infusion at 5 μg kg−1 min−1 produced an elevation of IOP. 相似文献
7.
Ignacio A Gomez de Segura DMV DrMedVet Diplomate ECVAA Antonella Menafro DMV Paloma García-Fernández DMV DrMedVet Silvia Murillo DMV & Elba M Parodi† MD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2009,36(5):485-494
Objective To compare the analgesic and motor-blocking effects of epidurally administered levobupivacaine and bupivacaine in the conscious dog.
Study design Prospective, randomized, cross-over study.
Animals Six adult female Beagle dogs.
Methods Each animal received three doses of levobupivacaine or bupivacaine (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg kg−1 ; concentrations 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%, respectively) in a total volume of 0.2 mL kg−1 by means of a chronically implanted epidural catheter. Onset, duration (through pinch response in the sacral, lumbar and toe areas) and degree of analgesia and motor-blocking status was determined with a scoring system and at regular intervals over 8.5 hours before (baseline) and after drug administration.
Results Epidurally administered levobupivacaine and bupivacaine had a similar dose-dependent analgesic action with no significant differences in onset (range: 5–8 minutes), duration (bupivacaine: 42 ± 28, 135 ± 68 and 265 ± 68 minutes, and levobupivacaine: 28 ± 33, 79 ± 55 and 292 ± 133 minutes; 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%, respectively) or maximum degree of analgesia. However, levobupivacaine tended to produce a shorter duration of motor block than bupivacaine and the difference in the motor to nociceptive blockade times was significant at the highest dose.
Conclusion Epidural levobupivacaine produced an analgesic action similar to that of bupivacaine.
Clinical relevance Epidural levobupivacaine is suitable for clinical use in dogs, mostly at the highest dose if a high degree of analgesia is required. 相似文献
Study design Prospective, randomized, cross-over study.
Animals Six adult female Beagle dogs.
Methods Each animal received three doses of levobupivacaine or bupivacaine (0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg kg
Results Epidurally administered levobupivacaine and bupivacaine had a similar dose-dependent analgesic action with no significant differences in onset (range: 5–8 minutes), duration (bupivacaine: 42 ± 28, 135 ± 68 and 265 ± 68 minutes, and levobupivacaine: 28 ± 33, 79 ± 55 and 292 ± 133 minutes; 0.25%, 0.50%, and 0.75%, respectively) or maximum degree of analgesia. However, levobupivacaine tended to produce a shorter duration of motor block than bupivacaine and the difference in the motor to nociceptive blockade times was significant at the highest dose.
Conclusion Epidural levobupivacaine produced an analgesic action similar to that of bupivacaine.
Clinical relevance Epidural levobupivacaine is suitable for clinical use in dogs, mostly at the highest dose if a high degree of analgesia is required. 相似文献
8.
Elizabeth A Leece BVSc CertVA Diplomate ECVAA MRCVS Nicolas M Girard† DVM CertVA MRCVS & Kieren Maddern BVSc MACVSc MRCVS 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2009,36(5):480-484
Objective To evaluate the induction and maintenance of anaesthesia using alfaxalone following pre-anaesthetic medication with romifidine and butorphanol in ponies undergoing castration in the field.
Study design Prospective clinical study.
Animals Seventeen male ponies weighing 169 ± 29 kg.
Methods The ponies were sedated with romifidine and butorphanol intravenously (IV). Induction time was recorded following administration of alfaxalone 1 mg kg−1 and diazepam 0.02 mg kg−1 IV. If movement during surgery occurred, alfaxalone 0.2 mg kg−1 was administered IV. The quality of anaesthetic induction, and recovery were scored on a subjective scale of 1 (good) to 5 (poor). The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency and standing, quality of recovery and times from induction to end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were recorded.
Results Induction quality was good [median score (range) 1 (1–3)] with a mean ± SD time of 29 ± 6 seconds taken to achieve lateral recumbency. Ten ponies required incremental doses of alfaxalone during surgery. Mean times to the end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were 26 ± 9 minutes, 31 ± 9 minutes, 33 ± 9 minutes and 34 ± 9 minutes respectively. The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency was 1(1–1) and to attain standing was 1(1–2). Quality of recovery was good, with a recovery score of 1(1–2).
Conclusions and clinical relevance Alfaxalone provided smooth induction and recovery characteristics and was considered suitable for maintenance of anaesthesia for castration in ponies. 相似文献
Study design Prospective clinical study.
Animals Seventeen male ponies weighing 169 ± 29 kg.
Methods The ponies were sedated with romifidine and butorphanol intravenously (IV). Induction time was recorded following administration of alfaxalone 1 mg kg
Results Induction quality was good [median score (range) 1 (1–3)] with a mean ± SD time of 29 ± 6 seconds taken to achieve lateral recumbency. Ten ponies required incremental doses of alfaxalone during surgery. Mean times to the end of surgery, first head lift, sternal recumbency and standing were 26 ± 9 minutes, 31 ± 9 minutes, 33 ± 9 minutes and 34 ± 9 minutes respectively. The number of attempts to attain sternal recumbency was 1(1–1) and to attain standing was 1(1–2). Quality of recovery was good, with a recovery score of 1(1–2).
Conclusions and clinical relevance Alfaxalone provided smooth induction and recovery characteristics and was considered suitable for maintenance of anaesthesia for castration in ponies. 相似文献
9.
Silvia Franco Andrade Tatiana Cremonezi† Cristiane Aparecida Miranda Zachi† Caroline Ferreira Lonchiati† Juliana Dalarrosa Amatuzzi† Keila Priscilla Sakamoto† Paulo Augusto de Arruda Mello‡ 《Veterinary ophthalmology》2009,12(5):277-284
Objective To evaluate and to validate the accuracy of the Perkins® handheld applanation tonometer in the measurement of IOP in dogs and cats.
Animals Twenty eyes from 10 dogs and 10 cats immediately after sacrifice were used for the postmortem study and 20 eyes from 10 clinically normal and anesthetized dogs and cats were used for the in vivo study. Both eyes of 20 conscious dogs and cats were also evaluated.
Procedure Readings of IOP postmortem and in vivo were taken using manometry (measured with a mercury column manometer) and tonometry (measured with a Perkins® handheld applanation tonometer). The IOP measurement with Perkins® tonometer in anesthetized and conscious dogs and cats was accomplished by instillation of proxymetacaine 0.5% and of 1% fluorescein eye drops.
Results The correlation coefficient ( r2 ) between the manometry and the Perkins® tonometer were 0.982 (dogs) and 0.988 (cats), and the corresponding linear regression equation were y = 0.0893 x + 0.1105 (dogs) and y = 0.0899 x + 0.1145 (cats) in the postmortem study. The mean IOP readings with the Perkins® tonometer after calibration curve correction were 14.9 ± 1.6 mmHg (range 12.2–17.2 mmHg) in conscious dogs, and were 15.1 ± 1.7 mmHg (range 12.1–18.7 mmHg) in conscious cats.
Conclusion There was an excellent correlation between the IOP values obtained from direct ocular manometry and the Perkins® tonometer in dogs and cats. The Perkins® handheld tonometer could be in the future a new alternative for the diagnosis of glaucoma in veterinary ophthalmology. 相似文献
Animals Twenty eyes from 10 dogs and 10 cats immediately after sacrifice were used for the postmortem study and 20 eyes from 10 clinically normal and anesthetized dogs and cats were used for the in vivo study. Both eyes of 20 conscious dogs and cats were also evaluated.
Procedure Readings of IOP postmortem and in vivo were taken using manometry (measured with a mercury column manometer) and tonometry (measured with a Perkins
Results The correlation coefficient ( r
Conclusion There was an excellent correlation between the IOP values obtained from direct ocular manometry and the Perkins
10.
JW Schlipf Jr K Eaton P Fulkerson TW Riebold C Cebra 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2005,32(4):7-8
Ketamine is a rapid acting, potent, nonspecific, noncompetitive N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist commonly used for inducing general anesthesia and for providing post-operative pain management and may possibly lessen the need for other potentially harmful or contraindicated analgesics in camelids, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Prior to determining the effectiveness of CRI ketamine for analgesia, a safe, sub-anesthetic dose was established that did not produce untoward side effects, sedation or alter normal behavior. Six healthy male alpacas (40–90 kg) were used for the trial and each acted as its own control. Each alpaca was randomly assigned to receive ketamine at 20 and 40 μg kg–1 minute–1 in 500 mL saline. A blinded observer recorded heart rate, respiratory rate, and body temperature hourly, and behavior for 8 hours. There was a 72-hour washout period between each dosing regime. An equal volume saline CRI without ketamine was used as a control. Each alpaca was allowed a one-week washout prior to being anesthetized with isoflurane using mask induction. After achieving a stable plane of anesthesia, the MAC value for isoflurane was determined. Ketamine was infused at 40 μg kg–1 pre-existing pain is unknown, but for elective procedures, preemptive analgesia using ketamine CRI in alpacas may be beneficial. 相似文献
11.
Tim Bosmans DVM Stijn Schauvliege† DVM Frank Gasthuys† DVM PhD Diplomate ECVAA Miguel Gozalo Marcilla† DVM & Ingeborgh Polis DVM PhD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2009,36(4):401-406
Observations A left sided Horner's syndrome (ptosis, prolapse of the nictitating membrane and miosis) was observed in a 4-year-old female, neutered Beagle dog after epidural injection of 0.22 mL kg−1 ropivacaine (0.75%) in 0.01 mL kg−1 of saline during isoflurane anaesthesia. Clinical signs disappeared gradually and resolved completely 4 hours and 10 minutes after injection.
Conclusions The epidural injection of 0.22 mL kg−1 ropivacaine (0.75%) in 0.01 mL kg−1 of saline during isoflurane anaesthesia caused unilateral (left) Horner's syndrome in a 4-year-old female, neutered Beagle dog. 相似文献
Conclusions The epidural injection of 0.22 mL kg
12.
Objective To determine how a combination of anesthetic drugs; including pre-medication, induction agents and inhalational agents; affect colloid osmotic pressure (COP) in the presence and absence of isotonic fluid administration. Secondarily, to determine if changes in total plasma protein (TPP) correlate with COP in anesthetized patients.
Study Design Prospective, randomized clinical study.
Animals Ten female dogs, 4 months to 4 years of age and >8 kg undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.
Methods All dogs were anesthetized in a similar fashion. After induction, five dogs received lactated ringer's solution (LRS) at 10 mL kg−1 hour−1 and five dogs received no fluid therapy during anesthesia. Blood samples were collected prior to pre-medication, prior to induction, immediately post-induction/prior to the inhalational agent, 30 minutes post-induction, at the time of recovery and 45 minutes post-discontinuation of inhalant. TPP and COP were measured from each sample.
Results Administration of fluids resulted in a decrease in COP and TPP over time that did not return to baseline by 45 minutes after recovery. Anesthesia without the administration of fluids also resulted in a significant decrease in COP over time, that was rebounding by recovery (but still significantly less than baseline). TPP had variable correlation with COP at different time points with or without fluid administration.
Conclusions and clinical relevance Anesthetic drugs alter COP similarly in the presence and absence of isotonic fluids. These changes in COP did not have a simple relationship to TPP and so the latter could not be used to predict COP in this patient population. 相似文献
Study Design Prospective, randomized clinical study.
Animals Ten female dogs, 4 months to 4 years of age and >8 kg undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy.
Methods All dogs were anesthetized in a similar fashion. After induction, five dogs received lactated ringer's solution (LRS) at 10 mL kg
Results Administration of fluids resulted in a decrease in COP and TPP over time that did not return to baseline by 45 minutes after recovery. Anesthesia without the administration of fluids also resulted in a significant decrease in COP over time, that was rebounding by recovery (but still significantly less than baseline). TPP had variable correlation with COP at different time points with or without fluid administration.
Conclusions and clinical relevance Anesthetic drugs alter COP similarly in the presence and absence of isotonic fluids. These changes in COP did not have a simple relationship to TPP and so the latter could not be used to predict COP in this patient population. 相似文献
13.
I. van Hoek E. Meyer L. Duchateau K. Peremans P. Smets S. Daminet 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2009,23(5):1031-1037
Background: Retinol-binding protein (RBP) is suggested as a clinically useful marker of renal function in cats.
Hypothesis: Serum and urinary RBP concentrations in hyperthyroid (HT) cats differ from those in healthy (H) cats; radioiodine (131 I) treatment influences serum and urinary RBP concentrations in HT cats.
Animals: Ten HT and 8 H cats.
Methods: RBP concentration was evaluated in feline serum and urine samples from a prospective study.
Results: There was a significant ( P = .003) difference in the urinary RBP/creatinine (uRBP/c) ratios of H (−) and untreated HT (1.4 ± 1.5 × 10−2 μg/mg) cats. Serum total thyroxine concentration (1.8 ± 1.9 μg/dL, 24 weeks) and uRBP/c (0.6 ± 1.0 × 10−2 μg/mg, 24 weeks) decreased significantly ( P < .001) in HT cats at all time points after treatment with 131 I, and these variables were significantly correlated with one another ( r = 0.42, P = .007). Serum RBP concentrations from HT cats (199 ± 86 μg/L) did not differ significantly ( P = .98) from those of H cats (174 ± 60) and did not change after treatment with 131 I (182 ± 124 μg/L, P = .80).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance: The presence of urinary RBP in HT cats is a potential marker of tubular dysfunction that is correlated to thyroid status, although it is independent of circulating RBP concentrations. The decreased uRBP/c combined with the absence of changes in serum RBP after treatment suggests that the suspected tubular dysfunction was partly reversible with treatment of131 I. 相似文献
Hypothesis: Serum and urinary RBP concentrations in hyperthyroid (HT) cats differ from those in healthy (H) cats; radioiodine (
Animals: Ten HT and 8 H cats.
Methods: RBP concentration was evaluated in feline serum and urine samples from a prospective study.
Results: There was a significant ( P = .003) difference in the urinary RBP/creatinine (uRBP/c) ratios of H (−) and untreated HT (1.4 ± 1.5 × 10
Conclusion and Clinical Importance: The presence of urinary RBP in HT cats is a potential marker of tubular dysfunction that is correlated to thyroid status, although it is independent of circulating RBP concentrations. The decreased uRBP/c combined with the absence of changes in serum RBP after treatment suggests that the suspected tubular dysfunction was partly reversible with treatment of
14.
Pancuronium bromide, a neuromuscular blocking agent, was evaluated in canine cataract surgical patients under general anesthesia to determine its effects on respiratory function and globe position. Two paralytic, anesthetic regimes were studied: one using a standard dosage of 0.066 mg kg−1 pancuronium bromide, given intravenously while providing the patient with ventilatory support, and one using a dosage of 0.022 mg kg−1 in which no ventilatory support was provided. Eye position and anterior vitreal position/displacement were recorded by a surgeon who was blinded as to treatment group. Physiological parameters indicative of respiratory function were monitored. Both dosages of pancuronium produced comparable, neutral globe position within 30 s following administration which lasted for 20–30 min. All patients in the standard dose group experienced uneventful anesthetic episodes with physiological parameters well within the normal ranges. Within 5 min after administration, all patients in the low-dose group developed a pronounced respiratory acidosis (mean arterial pH = 7.07 ± 0.08; mean PaCO2 = 79.8 ± 10.7 mmHg), which exceeded a set of predetermined safety limits, and subsequently these dogs received ventilatory support. We conclude that 0.022 mg kg−1 pancuronium rapidly produces an unacceptable level of respiratory acidosis and, as a result, patients receiving neuromuscular blocking agents should routinely receive ventilatory support. 相似文献
15.
The effect of pre-anaesthetic medication on the incidence of cardiac arrhythmias during halothane anaesthesia in cats 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
K. P. Walsh BVetMed CertVA MRCVS J. C. Brearley MA VetMB DVADip ECVA K. S. Cullum-Hanshaw Dip AVN. 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2000,27(1):45-49
Objective To compare the incidence of arrhythmias in cats receiving either acepromazine or diazepam for pre-anaesthetic medication prior to halothane anaesthesia.
Study design A blinded, randomized clinical study.
Animals Forty-six healthy cats undergoing surgery.
Methods Animals were allocated to one of two groups for pre-anaesthetic medication. Group 1 received diazepam (0.2 mg kg−1 ). Group 2 received acepromazine (0.02 mg kg−1 ). The trial drug was administered intramuscularly in combination with buprenorphine (0.01 mg kg−1 ) 30 minutes prior to induction of anaesthesia with propofol (approximately 5 mg kg−1 ). Anaesthesia was maintained using halothane: delivered concentration was 1–2% carried in oxygen and nitrous oxide via an endotracheal tube attached to an Ayre's T-piece (with Jackson-Rees modification) breathing system. The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias was determined by continuously monitoring the electrocardiogram from the time of induction until recovery occurred. Demographical group characteristics were compared using analysis of variance. The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias was compared by the Chi squared test. Statistical significance was set at the 5% level.
Results The two groups were similar in weight, age, length and type of procedure undertaken. The incidence of arrhythmias was the same in each group (3/23 cases) ( p = 1.0).
Conclusions The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in this study did not appear to be influenced by the nature of pre-anaesthetic medication.
Clinical relevance The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias under halothane anaesthesia was 13% in this study. Acepromazine did not appear to exert an anti-arrhythmic effect. This may not be the case in a larger scale study. 相似文献
Study design A blinded, randomized clinical study.
Animals Forty-six healthy cats undergoing surgery.
Methods Animals were allocated to one of two groups for pre-anaesthetic medication. Group 1 received diazepam (0.2 mg kg
Results The two groups were similar in weight, age, length and type of procedure undertaken. The incidence of arrhythmias was the same in each group (3/23 cases) ( p = 1.0).
Conclusions The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias in this study did not appear to be influenced by the nature of pre-anaesthetic medication.
Clinical relevance The incidence of cardiac arrhythmias under halothane anaesthesia was 13% in this study. Acepromazine did not appear to exert an anti-arrhythmic effect. This may not be the case in a larger scale study. 相似文献
16.
Lynette K. Cole Mark G. Papich† Kenneth W. Kwochka‡ rew Hillier Daniel D. Smeak§ Amy M. Lehman¶ 《Veterinary dermatology》2009,20(1):51-59
The purpose of this study was to measure the concentrations of enrofloxacin and its metabolite ciprofloxacin following intravenous administration of enrofloxacin in the plasma and ear tissue of dogs with chronic end-stage otitis undergoing a total ear canal ablation and lateral bulla osteotomy. The goals were to determine the relationship between the dose of enrofloxacin and the concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin, and determine appropriate doses of enrofloxacin for treatment of chronic otitis externa and media. Thirty dogs were randomized to an enrofloxacin-treatment group (5, 10, 15 or 20 mg kg−1 ) or control group (no enrofloxacin). After surgical removal, ear tissue samples (skin, vertical ear canal, horizontal ear canal, middle ear) and a blood sample were collected. Concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin in the plasma and ear tissue were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Repeated measures models were applied to log-transformed data to assess dosing trends and Pearson correlations were calculated to assess concentration associations. Ear tissue concentrations of enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin were significantly ( P < 0.05) higher than plasma concentrations. Each 5 mg kg−1 increase in the dose of enrofloxacin resulted in a 72% and 37% increase in enrofloxacin and ciprofloxacin concentrations, respectively. For bacteria with an minimal inhibitory concentration of 0.12–0.15 or less, 0.19–0.24, 0.31–0.39 and 0.51–0.64 µg mL−1 , enrofloxacin should be dosed at 5, 10, 15 and 20 mg kg−1 , respectively. Treatment with enrofloxacin would not be recommended for a bacterial organism intermediate or resistant in susceptibility to enrofloxacin since appropriate levels of enrofloxacin would not be attained. 相似文献
17.
PW Hellyer L Bai J Supon C Quail AE Wagner KR Mama KR Magnusson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(2):111-111
Ketamine, a noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist, has been shown to provide analgesia in some species. To target the NMDA receptor specifically and to potentially minimize some untoward side-effects, ketamine had been used epidurally. The objective of this study was to determine the analgesic effect of epidurally administered ketamine in dogs with chemically induced synovitis.
Sixteen healthy dogs were used. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (4 mg kg−1 IV). Synovitis was induced by injecting 1 mL of sodium urate crystal solution (10 mg mL−1 ) into the right stifle. Dogs were allowed to recover and the synovitis was allowed to develop for 12 hours. The dogs were then anesthetized again using propofol (4 mg kg−1 IV). Lumbosacral epidural injections were performed with each dog receiving either 2 mg kg−1 of ketamine (20 mg mL−1 ) or an equal volume of placebo (sterile water containing not more than 0.1 mg mL−1 benzethonium chloride). Analgesia was assessed at baseline and then at 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, and 24 hours after induction of synovitis. Ground reaction forces (peak vertical force and impulse area) and overall pain were measured using a force platform and a pain scoring system (numerical rating scale).
Analysis of the data by Repeated Measures anova showed that the dogs developed a significant lameness between the baseline and 12 hours. However, no significant difference in ground reaction forces or total pain score was demonstrated between the treatment and control groups at any other time.
In conclusion, ketamine administered epidurally at a dose of 2 mg kg−1 did not provide significant analgesia in dogs with chemically induced synovitis. 相似文献
Sixteen healthy dogs were used. Dogs were anesthetized with propofol (4 mg kg
Analysis of the data by Repeated Measures anova showed that the dogs developed a significant lameness between the baseline and 12 hours. However, no significant difference in ground reaction forces or total pain score was demonstrated between the treatment and control groups at any other time.
In conclusion, ketamine administered epidurally at a dose of 2 mg kg
18.
R. Tsuchiya Y. Akutsu A. Ikegami M.A. Scott S. Neo T. Ishikawa M. Hisasue T. Yamada 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2009,23(6):1164-1169
Background: Intravenous administration of human immunoglobulin G (hIVIgG) has been suggested to potentiate thromboembolism in dogs, but supportive scientific reports are lacking.
Objectives: To determine if hIVIgG therapy promotes hypercoagulability and inflammation in dogs.
Animals: Twelve healthy Beagle dogs.
Methods: Prospective, experimental trial. An hIVIgG/saline solution was infused IV at 1 g/kg BW over 8 hours to 6 dogs, and physiological saline was infused to the other 6 dogs. Blood samples were drawn before, during, and after infusion for serial measurement of indicators of coagulation and inflammation. Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results: Dogs administered hIVIgG developed mildly decreased blood platelet concentrations without thrombocytopenia (median, 200 × 103 /μL; range, 150–302 × 103 /μL; P < .01), leukopenia (median, 3.5 × 103 /μL; range, 20–62 × 103 /μL; P < .001), and mildly increased plasma total protein concentrations (median, 6.3 g/dL; range, 5.6–6.7 g/dL; P < .001). Administration of hIVIgG was also associated with increases in fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products in all dogs (either 5 μg/mL or 10 μg/dL), thrombin-antithrombin III complexes (median, 7.2 ng/mL; range, 4.9–14.2 ng/mL; P < .001), and C-reactive protein concentrations (median, 2.5 mg/dL; range, 0.5–4.3 mg/dL; P < .01).
Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Administration of hIVIgG to dogs promotes hypercoagulability and an inflammatory state. This should be further evaluated and considered when using hIVIgG in dogs with IMHA or other prothrombotic conditions. 相似文献
Objectives: To determine if hIVIgG therapy promotes hypercoagulability and inflammation in dogs.
Animals: Twelve healthy Beagle dogs.
Methods: Prospective, experimental trial. An hIVIgG/saline solution was infused IV at 1 g/kg BW over 8 hours to 6 dogs, and physiological saline was infused to the other 6 dogs. Blood samples were drawn before, during, and after infusion for serial measurement of indicators of coagulation and inflammation. Data were analyzed by 2-way repeated measures analysis of variance.
Results: Dogs administered hIVIgG developed mildly decreased blood platelet concentrations without thrombocytopenia (median, 200 × 10
Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Administration of hIVIgG to dogs promotes hypercoagulability and an inflammatory state. This should be further evaluated and considered when using hIVIgG in dogs with IMHA or other prothrombotic conditions. 相似文献
19.
André Escobar DVM MSc Roberto Thiesen DVM MSc Sérgio N Vitaliano† DVM MSc Emílio A Belmonte DVM Karin Werther† DVM PhD Newton Nunes DVM PhD & Carlos A A Valadão DVM PhD 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2009,36(5):436-441
Objective To evaluate the cardiorespiratory changes induced by sevoflurane (SEV) anesthesia in the crested caracara ( Caracara plancus ).
Study design Prospective experimental trial.
Animals Eight crested caracaras ( Caracara plancus ) weighing 1.0 (0.9–1.1) kg were used for the study.
Methods The birds were anesthetized by face mask with isoflurane for brachial artery catheterization. After recovery, anesthesia was re-induced with 6% SEV via face mask. After induction, a noncuffed endotracheal tube was placed and anesthesia was maintained with SEV (3.5% end-tidal) in oxygen (1 L minute−1 ) using an Ayre's T-piece nonrebreathing circuit, with spontaneous ventilation. Electrocardiography (ECG), direct systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure (SAP, DAP, and MAP), respiratory rate (fR ), end-tidal carbon dioxide (P e' CO2 ), and cloacal temperature (T°C) were measured before induction (baseline – under physical restraint) and after 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 minutes of SEV anesthesia. Arterial blood samples were collected for gas analysis at baseline and then at 10, 25 and 40 minutes.
Results No ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the present study. Respiratory rate, SAP, DAP, MAP, T°C and pH decreased from pre-induction values, while arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate concentration, and P e 'CO2 were significantly higher than baseline. None of the birds were apneic.
Conclusion and clinical relevance Sevoflurane anesthesia is suitable for use in healthy members of this species, despite the moderate cardiovascular and respiratory depression produced. 相似文献
Study design Prospective experimental trial.
Animals Eight crested caracaras ( Caracara plancus ) weighing 1.0 (0.9–1.1) kg were used for the study.
Methods The birds were anesthetized by face mask with isoflurane for brachial artery catheterization. After recovery, anesthesia was re-induced with 6% SEV via face mask. After induction, a noncuffed endotracheal tube was placed and anesthesia was maintained with SEV (3.5% end-tidal) in oxygen (1 L minute
Results No ventricular arrhythmias were observed in the present study. Respiratory rate, SAP, DAP, MAP, T°C and pH decreased from pre-induction values, while arterial partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate concentration, and P e 'CO
Conclusion and clinical relevance Sevoflurane anesthesia is suitable for use in healthy members of this species, despite the moderate cardiovascular and respiratory depression produced. 相似文献