共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
不同密度油松飞播林灌草多样性与林分空间结构关系 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
林下植被是森林生态系统的重要组成部分,物种多样性和林分空间结构是评估森林生态系统功能和林分经营质量的关键指标。本文以44年生油松飞播林为研究对象,通过典型样地调查,运用单因素方差分析和相关分析,分析林分密度对油松飞播林灌草多样性和林分空间结构的影响。结果表明:(1)林分密度对灌草多样性指数影响差异显著,灌草多样性指数均在低密度的样地中达到最大值。(2)混交度和密集度受林分密度影响显著,而林分密度对乔木胸径和树高的影响体现在林分水平上,而非空间结构单元中。(3)林分空间结构与灌草多样性之间有密切联系,影响林下植被多样性的最主要因子是乔木层混交度。因此,未来在飞播林经营活动中,调整林分密度的同时,应综合考虑林木分布格局,兼顾灌草多样性保护。 相似文献
2.
《林业研究》2021,(4)
Forest management may have significant effects on forest connectivity and natural population sizes.Harvesting old-growth single trees may also change natural patterns of genetic variation and spatial genetic structure.This study evaluated the impacts of forest management using a silvicultural system of seed trees on the genetic diversity and spatial genetic structure of Eremanthus erythropappus(DC.)MacLeish.A complete survey of 275 trees on four plots was undertaken out to compare the genetic variation of a managed stand with an unmanaged stand.We genotyped all adult and juvenile individuals 60 months after the management and compared the genetic diversity and the spatial genetic structure parameters.Genetic diversity was considered high because of an efficient gene flow between stands.There were no genetic differences between stands and no evidence of inbreeding.Genetic clustering identified a single population(K=1),indicating no genetic differentiation between managed and unmanaged stands.Adult and juvenile individuals of the unmanaged stand were more geographically structured than individuals from the managed one.There was a tendency of coancestry among juveniles at the first class of distance of the managed stand,suggesting a drift of genetic structure possibly caused by management.Understanding early responses to management on genetic diversity and stand structure is a first step to ensuring the effectiveness of conservation practices of tree species.The sustainability of forest management of E.erythropappus on genetic diversity,and more accurately,on spatial genetic structure needs evaluation over time to promote effective conservation of the population size and genetic variability. 相似文献
3.
乐通潮 《中南林业科技大学学报(自然科学版)》2021,(2)
【目的】以漳江口红树林为研究对象,利用泰森多边形和四株树法划分天然红树林林木平面空间分布结构,确定对象木的最邻近竞争木,计算林分空间结构指数,对比分析两种方法的异同,探讨泰森多边形法应用红树林林分空间结构量化的适用性。【方法】设置20 m×20 m样地,每木调查时用钢尺测量横纵坐标,在坐标纸上标记调查木的位置和编号,同时在调查表上记录树种、树高、胸径等林分因子。利用ArcGIS软件,将外业调查的坐标纸上的样木位置图矢量化形成样木点图层,将林分因子调查表导入样木属性表,并由调查木的点位置生成泰森多边形。用VBA编程来计算林分空间结构指数:混交度、大小比数、角尺度。【结果】在福建漳江口红树林国家自然保护区选择样地进行试验,对比分析基于泰森多边形法与传统的四株树法的计算结果,结果表明:1)基于泰森多边形法确定的林分空间结构单元由1株对象木和3~12株竞争木构成,平均值为6株。2)两种方法计算的混交度的相关系数为0.828,大小比数的相关系数为0.881,角尺度的相关系数为0.225。这两种方法计算的混交度和大小比数具有较高的相关性和一致性,而角尺度,两者差异较大。3)基于泰森多边形法与四株树法的不同树种的混交度和大小比数平均值非常接近,混交度最大差0.05,大小比数最大差0.02;角尺度差异较大,最大差值达0.11;泰森多边形法计算的混交度比四株树法的略大一些,而大小比数和角尺度则略小一些。【结论】无论从单株还是从整个调查林分上看,基于泰森多边形法计算的混交度和大小比数与传统四株树法的计算结果差异小,两种方法有较高的相关性和一致性,但其中泰森多边形法与四株树法相比,混交度略大,大小比数略小;而对于角尺度,两种方法的计算结果有较大的差异,并且泰森多边形法的计算结果值小于四株树法。这种差异的根源在于泰森多边形法确定的竞争木数量波动。泰森多边形法通过最邻近原则将平面空间进行划分,不重不漏,对于量化表达林木在空间上的竞争关系具有合理性和有效性,同时外业调查时不需要判断对象木的最邻近竞争木以及距离量算和角度测量,大幅减轻外业调查工作量,适用于天然红树林林分空间结构研究。 相似文献
4.
Heilongjiang province is the largest forest zone in China and the forest coverage rate is 46%. Forests of Heilongjiang province play an important role in the forest ecosystem of China. In this study we investi- gated the spatial distribution of forest carbon storage in Heilongjiang province using 3083 plots sampled in 2010. We attempted to fit two global models, ordinary least squares model （OLS）, linear mixed model （LMM）, and a local model, geographically weighted regression model （GWR）, to the relationship between forest carbon content and stand, environment, and climate factors. Five predictors significantly affected forest carbon storage and spatial distribution, viz. average diameter of stand （DBH）, number of trees per hectare （TPH）, elevation （Elev）, slope （Slope） and the product of precipitation and temperature （Rain Temp）. The GWR model outperformed the two global models in both model fitting and prediction because it successfully reduced both spatial auto- correlation and heterogeneity in model residuals. More importantly, the GWR model provided localized model coefficients for each location in the study area, which allowed us to evaluate the influences of local stand conditions and topographic features on tree and stand growth, and forest carbon stock. It also helped us to better understand the impacts of silvi- cultural and management activities on the amount and changes of forest carbon storage across the province. The detailed information can be readily incorporated with the mapping ability of GIS software to provide excellent tools for assessing the distribution and dynamics of the for- est-carbon stock in the next few years. 相似文献
5.
本文全面系统地综述了结构化森林经营技术的最新研究进展。指出结构化森林经营是针对目的树单木经营的高度集成技术,符合现代森林经营发展方向;结构化森林经营有望成为解决人工林近自然化转变的有效途径;结构化森林经营中林分空间结构参数综合评价势在必行。经历10多年的发展,结构化森林经营的基础理论更加完善、技术体系更加成熟、应用推广更加广泛。大面积推广应用结构化森林经营理论与技术,可有效提升我国森林质量,并缓解森林资源可持续发展与利用之间的矛盾。 相似文献
6.
基于VBA建立的林分空间结构分析系统,主要包括林分空间参数自动化计算及林分择伐优化两部分。利用ExcelVBA对混交度、大小比数和角尺度3个空间结构参数的数学模型进行编码,实现林分空间结构自动分析计算,采用第4邻体距离判定法校正边缘效应,提高空间参数计算的准确性;在ExcelVBA编辑器中通过编写宏语言设置择伐参数进行模拟采伐,对比分析林分择伐前后空间结构,在择伐强度满足要求的前提下,对林分空间结构进行多次调整优化。以杉阅混交人工林为例,林分空间结构分析系统在分析现实林分空间结构的基础上,合理确定采伐木,使调整后的杉闹混交人工林分空间结构趋向合理。结果表明：基于ExcelVBA建立的林分择伐空间结构分析系统,其计算过程简化,结果可靠,能为林分近自然经营提供科学依据。 相似文献
7.
Exploring adaptation to climate change in the forests of central Nova Scotia, Canada 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
James W.N. Steenberg Peter N. Duinker Peter G. Bush 《Forest Ecology and Management》2011,262(12):2316-2327
The threat of climate change is now recognized as an imminent issue at the forefront of the forest sector. Incorporating adaptation to climate change into forest management will be vital in the continual and sustainable provision of forest ecosystem services. The objective of this study is to investigate climate change adaptation in forest management using the landscape disturbance model LANDIS-II. The study area was comprised of 14,000 ha of forested watersheds in central Nova Scotia, Canada, managed by Halifax Water, the municipal water utility. Simulated climate change adaptation was directed towards three components of timber harvesting: the canopy-opening size of harvests, the age of harvested trees within a stand, and the species composition of harvested trees within a stand. These three adaptation treatments were simulated singly and in combination with each other in the modeling experiment. The timber supply was found to benefit from climate change in the absence of any adaptation treatment, though there was a loss of target tree species and old growth forest. In the age treatment, all trees in a harvested stand at or below the age of sexual maturity were exempt from harvesting. This was done to promote more-rapid succession to climax forest communities typical of the study area. It was the most effective in maintaining the timber supply, but least effective in promoting resistance to climate change at the prescribed harvest intensity. In the composition treatment, individual tree species were selected for harvest based on their response to climate change in previous research and on management values at Halifax Water to progressively facilitate forest transition under the altered climate. This proved the most effective treatment for maximizing forest age and old-growth area and for promoting stands composed of climatically suited target species. The size treatment was aimed towards building stand complexity and resilience to climate change, and was the most influential treatment on the response of timber supply, forest age, and forest composition to timber harvest when it was combined with other treatments. The combination of all three adaptation treatments yielded an adequate representation of target species and old forest without overly diminishing the timber supply, and was therefore the most effective in minimizing the trade-offs between management values and objectives. These findings support a diverse and multi-faceted approach to climate change adaptation. 相似文献
8.
Rafael Alonso Ponce Sonia Roig Alfredo Bravo Miren del Río Gregorio Montero Marta Pardos 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(5-6):983-996
Timber and biodiversity are considered two antagonistic ecosystem services (ES), largely influenced by silviculture and site ecological conditions. In order to address the trade-offs between these two ES over time, we performed a retrospective study at compartment level in the Pinus sylvestris forests of the Spanish Central Mountain System. Archival data from Management Plans for eight forests with contrasting silvicultural systems (uniform shelterwood system, group shelterwood system, irregular shelterwood system,) and three different site quality classes were analysed. Timber production was assessed through stand volume, harvested timber volume and a stand volume index. Biodiversity was examined through structural diversity (Gini index, Shannon tree size diversity index, Simpson’s reciprocal index and evenness index, all applied to diameter classes) and the abundance of large living trees. For all silvicultural systems investigated, stand volume and harvested timber volume have grown since the beginning of the management plans (beginning of the twentieth century in some forests). The largest yields of timber corresponded to the best quality sites with more intensive silvicultural treatments (uniform and group shelterwood systems). The uniform shelterwood system showed lower figures for structural diversity, though not always significant. The best site qualities maintained notable structural diversity values, even under the most intensive management system. The application of the different management systems over decades has revealed a synergy between timber production and structural diversity, particularly in those systems maintaining more than one age class, although results are conditioned by forest harvesting history. The interaction between historical silvicultural treatment and site quality has been identified as an important source of information to understand forest dynamics and functioning of ES provision. 相似文献
9.
[目的]分析侧柏生态公益林空间结构并进行经营迫切性评价,为侧柏生态公益林空间结构的优化调整及区域内其它生态公益人工林空间结构优化调整奠定理论基础。[方法]基于北京九龙山侧柏生态公益林的实测数据,选取混交度、大小比数、角尺度、密集度、林层指数、开敞度和竞争指数7个空间结构参数分析侧柏生态公益林的空间结构特征,并从密度、格局、竞争和混交等方面选取10个指标构建了经营迫切性评价指标体系并确定评价标准,进而对侧柏林进行了经营迫切性评价。[结果]侧柏生态公益林空间结构较为简单,林分呈均匀分布,树种组成单一,以零度和弱度混交为主,呈现单种聚集趋势;林木大小分化不明显,侧柏的优势度最大;林木之间较为密集,处于很密集和比较密集的林木比例较高;林分中所有林木几乎都分布在中林层与上林层,林层指数为0.288,林层结构不太明显;林分开敞度和竞争指数分别为0.274和0.318,总体处于生长空间不足、中度竞争状态;侧柏林的经营迫切性指数为0.8,经营迫切性等级为特别迫切,说明侧柏人工林大多数状态特征不符合标准,急需通过采取有效的经营措施优化林分配置,改善森林状况,以实现侧柏人工林可持续发展的目的。[结论]林分空间结构的分析与经营迫切性评价,不仅能够发现林分结构的不合理方面,还能针对性的制定空间结构调整措施,促进侧柏生态公益林不断向健康稳定的方向发展,实现其生态、经济和社会效益的持续发挥。 相似文献
10.
[目的]以长白山林区云冷杉针阔混交林为研究对象,分析目标树抚育采伐前后云冷杉针阔混交林空间结构参数的变化,探索目标树抚育采伐对森林空间结构的影响。[方法]基于6块面积1 hm~2的样地,首先遵循近自然森林经营的原理进行林木分类,选定目标树,伐除干扰树;再结合结构化森林经营的原理,计算并分析抚育采伐前后目标树空间结构参数和林分空间结构评价指数的变化。[结果]表明:经目标树抚育采伐后(1)目标树空间结构单元内的树种隔离程度得到进一步提高;林木透光条件有所改善;目标树的竞争压力得以减小;林木空间分布格局总体上得到优化。(2)林分空间结构评价指数进一步提高,林分空间结构水平稳中有升。[结论]通过采取合理的目标树抚育采伐措施能兼顾改善单木水平和林分水平的空间结构状况,在实现优化目标树空间结构的同时,保证林分整体空间结构的稳定。从目标树抚育采伐对林分整体空间结构的影响来看:所有样地的林分空间结构状况均得到进一步改善。 相似文献
11.
祁连山水源涵养林可持续经营标准与指标体系的建立 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
阐述了森林可持续经营标准与指标的研究动态，分析了建立祁连山水源涵养林可持续经营标准与指标体系的必要性，提出了祁连山水源涵养林可持续经营的7个标准，28个指标，其目的是探讨祁连山水源函养林合理经营的理论依据，最大限度地保护和恢复祁连山的天然林资源，并取得较大的生态，经济和社会效益。 相似文献
12.
13.
Spatial structure of deciduous forest stands with contrasting human influence in northwest Spain 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Five contrasting deciduous forest stands were studied to characterize the spatial structural variability in human-influenced
forests. These stands are representative of cultural forest types widely represented in western Europe: one plantation, two
coppices, one wood-pasture forest and one high forest stand. All stems with DBH > 5 cm were measured and mapped, and stem
DBH distributions, spatial structure of DBH, spatial point patterns and spatial associations were analysed. Spatial autocorrelation
for DBH was calculated with Moran’s I correlograms and semivariograms. Complete spatial randomness hypothesis for spatial point patterns, and both independence
and random labelling hypotheses for spatial associations were analysed using Ripley’s K function. The results showed that tree sizes were conditioned by particular former management systems, which determined unimodal
symmetric, positively skewed or compound DBH distributions. Spatial structure was more complex when human influence became
reduced. Coppice stands showed clumped spatial patterns and independence among size classes, as a consequence of sexual and
vegetative establishment of new stems in open areas. The largest clumping intensity was observed in the wood-pasture with
an intermediate disturbance frequency and low inter-tree competition. The high forest stand displayed spatial traits consistent
with the gap-dynamics paradigm, such as clumping of smaller trees, random arrangement of larger trees, negative association
between juveniles and adults, and high structural heterogeneity. It can be expected that after cessation of human interference,
coppices and wood-pastures would evolve to a more heterogeneous structure, probably with a higher habitat and species diversity. 相似文献
14.
【目的】研究林分空间结构与稳定性的关系是开展结构化森林经营的前提,旨在探索空间结构对林分稳定性的影响特征,为结构化森林经营提供支持与理论依据。【方法】以黄龙山油松人工林为研究对象,通过设置典型样地,采用最优林分的π值法则,选取10项稳定性指标进行稳定性评价,利用典型相关分析、逐步线性回归分析等方法研究空间结构(包括混交度M、角尺度W和Hegyi竞争指数CI)与林分稳定性ω的关联机制。【结果】1)林分稳定性ω平均值为0.18,变异系数为36%,总体评价结果偏差;混交度M平均值为0.26,变异系数为79%,研究区油松林分物种入侵差异大。2)典型相关分析显示,空间结构指数(包括混交度M、角尺度W和Hegyi竞争指数CI)与稳定性评价指标体系在整体上存在很强的线性相关,典型相关系数可达0.95。3)Pearson相关性分析中,W、M和CI均与ω强烈相关,相关系数分别为-0.5、0.61和-0.73。W与林分健康状态呈极显著负相关,相关系数为-0.63;M与树种多样性呈极显著正相关,与林分长势呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为0.86、-0.66;CI与林分健康、林分密度呈极显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.60、-0.57。4)逐步回归分析显示,混交度和林木竞争是影响稳定性的主要因素;由标准化系数可看出,林木竞争(-0.58)对稳定性的影响比混交度(0.39)大。【结论】空间结构与林分稳定性在整体上显著相关;林分混交程度显著提高林分稳定性,但是会削弱优势林木长势;团状分布格局加大了林木竞争,不利于林分稳定性。在结构调控中应适当提高林分混交程度,对竞争强度进行调整时可以连带调整林分的团状分布格局,从而提高林分稳定性水平。 相似文献
15.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2002,155(1-3):369-385
Forest ecosystem management, based partly on a greater understanding of natural disturbance regimes, has many variations but is generally considered the most promising approach to accommodating biodiversity concerns in managed forested regions. Using the Lake Duparquet Forest in the southeastern Canadian boreal forest as an example, we demonstrate an approach that attempts to integrate forest and stand-level scales in biodiversity maintenance. The concept of cohorts is used to integrate stand age, composition and structure into broad successional or stand development phases. Mean forest age (MFA), because it partly incorporates historic variability of the regional fire cycle, is used as a target fire cycle. At the landscape level, forest composition and cohort objectives are derived from regional natural disturbance history, ecosystem classification, stand dynamics and a negative exponential age distribution based on a 140 year fire cycle. The resulting multi-cohort structure provides a framework for maintaining the landscape in a semi-natural age structure and composition. At the stand level, the approach relies on diversifying interventions, using both even-aged and uneven-aged silviculture to reflect natural stand dynamics, control the passage (“fluxes”) between forest types of different cohorts and maintain forest-level objectives. Partial and selective harvesting is intended to create the structural and compositional characteristics of mid- to late-successional forest types and, as such, offers an alternative to increasing rotation lengths to maintain ecosystem diversity associated with over-mature and old-growth forests. The approach does not however supplant the necessity for complementary strategies for maintaining biodiversity such as the creation of reserves to protect rare, old or simply natural ecosystems. The emphasis on maintaining the cohort structure and forest type diversity contrasts significantly with current even-aged management in the Canadian boreal forest and has implications for stand-level interventions, notably in necessitating a greater diversification of silvicultural practices including more uneven-aged harvesting regimes. The approach also presents a number of operational challenges and potentially higher risks associated with multiply stand entries, partial cutting and longer intervals between final harvests. There is a need for translating the conceptual model into a more quantitative silvicultural framework. Silvicultural trials have been established to evaluate stand-level responses to treatments and operational aspects of the approach. 相似文献
16.
《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,219(1):43-55
Effective management and restoration of ponderosa pine forests requires an understanding of the heterogeneity of contemporary and historical stand structures. We assessed spatial and temporal patterns of tree establishment, mortality and size structure over a 30-year period in an old-growth ponderosa pine stand in the mid-montane zone of the Colorado Front Range. We analyzed spatial patterns and spatial associations using Ripley's K(t) and K12(t) and then modeled the patterns using point process models. Forest age structure was estimated by aging a sub-sample of trees in the stand. Climate appeared to play a significant role in the coarse-scale temporal pattern of regeneration events. Stand structure (distribution of patches, light availability, and seed trees) influenced the spatial and temporal pattern of more recent regeneration events. Patchy regeneration resulted in spatial independence and some segregation of size classes. Older trees in the stand (40–55 cm dbh) exhibited some regularity in their spatial distribution at short distances indicating that patterns of mortality had been historically patchy. Contemporary patterns of mortality were mostly patchy, and mountain pine beetles caused a significant amount of mortality in the 1970s and 1980s. Both establishment and mortality retained spatial patterns that were somewhat consistent with pre-settlement forests, despite changes in driving processes. 相似文献
17.
高保护价值森林的定义与内涵 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
介绍了高保护价值森林的定义和内涵。高保护价值森林包含6种高保护价值, 涵盖了生物多样性价值、生态服务价值和社会与文化价值3个方面。确定了高保护价值后, 森林经营者可制定规划和实施经营活动, 以维持或提高识别出的高保护价值, 并对以上经营活动进行监测。高保护价值森林作为森林认证的原则之一可以大大促进森林可持续经营。同时, 高保护价值森林的概念对于我国的森林分类经营、森林生态效益补偿以及自然保护区建设具有重要的参考价值。 相似文献
18.
贵阳市主城区行道树调查研究 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
文章通过对贵阳市主城区(南明区、云岩区)道路及部分主次干道行道树及绿地的实地调查,系统分析各行道树及绿地类型的种类组成、结构特征、数量、生长状况以及存在的问题等,有针对性地提出贵阳市行道树建设的对策和建议。
相似文献
19.
20.
应用传统林分结构因子配合混交度、角尺度、大小比数和开敞度4个林分空间结构参数,分析了川西山地退化风景林的空间结构特征.结果表明:林分结构较为简单,林分乔木层由7个树种组成,树种密度分布差异较大,树种结构相对单一;林分垂直结构特征明显,可分为3个林层,呈现出典型的复层林结构特征;林分平均混交度为0.46,以中强度混交单元为主,所占比例达61％;平均角尺度为0.483,属于随机分布状态;林木的胸径大小比数为0.286,有接近30％的林木处于优势状态;林分平均敞开度为0.309,林木生长空间基本充足.岷江冷杉种群优势度明显,群落处于相对稳定状态,其他5个树种由于株数较少,且径级分布不连续,自然更新较困难,经过一定时间的演化,将死亡,因此必须切实采取保护措施,保证其顺利生长,以保持物种多样性和群落的稳定性. 相似文献