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《林产化学与工业》2015,(6)
采用超声波和微波协同提取桑叶总多酚,Folin-Ciocalte法分析不同品种桑叶的总多酚含量,运用单因素试验和响应面法优化提取工艺,并考察不同种类大孔树脂对桑叶总多酚的纯化效果。结果表明,18个品种桑叶中大墨斗的总多酚质量分数最高,达到2.072%;灃24×苗33总多酚质量分数最低,仅为1.035%。湖桑87桑叶总多酚最佳提取工艺为:1 g桑叶粉末,液料比20∶1(mL∶g),提取时间93 s,微波功率326 W,超声波功率304 W,粗提物得率为14.7%,纯度为10.87%。筛选得到的较适合桑叶总多酚纯化的H103树脂的吸附量为15.57 mg/g,解吸率为88.67%,且较短时间内达到吸附平衡与解吸平衡。上样时吸附柱体积40 mL,上样量15 g粗提物,桑叶总多酚的最佳质量浓度为3 g/L,此时最佳洗脱条件为乙醇体积分数60%、洗脱流速2 mL/min、洗脱体积80 mL,此条件下,桑叶总多酚纯度由10.87%提高到65.45%,纯化过程中桑叶总多酚得率为84.7%。 相似文献
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以陕西长枣皮为原料,采用超声波减压法提取其中多酚,通过单因素试验及正交试验L9(34)考察了各因素间的交互作用,优化了超声波辅助减压提取枣皮多酚的条件。在此基础上,对比了常规浸提、超声浸提和超声波辅助减压提取三者对提取得率和提取时间的影响,并通过清除自由基能力(DPPH·)衡量了各种提取方法的优劣。结果表明:超声波辅助减压提取枣皮多酚的最佳工艺参数为乙醇体积分数50%,提取温度55℃,液料比30∶1(mL∶g),超声波功率240 W,提取时间10 min,枣皮多酚得率可达5.05%,此条件下提取2次,多酚得率为6.33%,提取率即达97.37%;对比热浸提和超声波浸提,超声波辅助减压提取在明显缩短提取时间的同时又能显著提高枣皮多酚得率;清除自由基能力(DPPH·)测试表明超声波辅助减压提取所得的多酚粗提物活性最高,清除率88.4%,该方法能够更好的保护枣皮多酚的生物活性。 相似文献
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比较了热浸提、超声波辅助提取、微波辅助提取3种方法和水、乙醇、甲醇、丙酮4种不同溶剂对盐肤木叶多酚提取的影响.选择乙醇溶液和热浸提作为基本提取方法,在单因素试验基础上进行正交试验对提取工艺进行优化,结果显示盐肤木叶多酚的最佳提取条件是料液比1∶15(g∶mL),提取时间60 min,提取温度60℃,乙醇体积分数60％.提取的粗多酚溶液离心后直接干燥得到粗多酚粉末或经过乙酸乙酯萃取分离,烘干分别得到乙酸乙酯相干粉和水相粗多酚干粉,接着对获得的粗提物进行了多酚纯度测定和抗氧化等生物学功能检测.结果显示,3种粗多酚纯度分别为:直接干燥的37.53％,水相的为19.26％,乙酸乙酯相的为59.44％.提取物体外清除DPPH自由基能力大于维生素C,略小于商品化茶多酚. 相似文献
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利用响应面法找出超声波提取神秘果叶多酚的最佳提取工艺,并考察其抗氧化性。在单因素试验的基础上,建立神秘果叶多酚的二次多项数学模型,1.0 g神秘果叶粉末,在液料比30∶1(mL∶g)条件下,所得到最优提取工艺条件为:丙酮体积分数58%、超声波时间72 min、提取温度48℃,实测得率为6.84%,与预测值(6.82%)基本相符。神秘果叶多酚对ABTS、DPPH和·OH自由基的清除作用均呈现量效关系,半数抑制浓度(IC50)值分别为51.81、13.40和28.91 mg/L,表明神秘果叶多酚具有较强的抗氧化能力。 相似文献
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采用负压提取工艺从漆树中提取漆树多酚,并研究其对酪氨酸酶活性的抑制作用。通过单因素和响应曲面试验优化负压提取漆树多酚的最佳工艺条件为真空度0.082 MPa,乙醇体积分数83%,时间1.5 h,液料比20∶1(m L∶g),提取次数2次,漆树多酚得率为2.193%。通过溶剂逐级萃取漆树多酚,得到含漆树多酚53.43%的乙酸乙酯萃取物,其对酪氨酸酶具有较强作用,抑制率为63.4%,相对抑制率50%的乙酸乙酯萃取物质量浓度为308 mg/L。对酪氨酸酶单酚酶的抑制效应表现为迟滞效应,500 mg/L乙酸乙酯萃取物能将反应初速度由29μmol/(L·min)降至8μmol·(L·min)。通过Lineweaver-Burk图显示对二酚酶的抑制作用表现为混合型抑制。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):427-435
In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(3):206-217
The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):53-61
This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(1):15-27
The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. 相似文献
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本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(5):472-479
Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken. 相似文献
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Srisuda Thippayarugs Banyong Toomsan Patma Vityakon Viriya Limpinuntana Aran Patanothai Georg Cadisch 《Agroforestry Systems》2008,72(2):137-148
In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic
or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts
(stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea
(Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content
as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest
N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized
to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea,
largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for
N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant
components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N
released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures
were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality
components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in
the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols.
Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest
age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its
components are mixed. 相似文献
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A. Rigueiro-Rodríguez M. R. Mosquera-Losada E. Gatica-Trabanini 《Agroforestry Systems》2000,48(3):245-256
The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste
disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization,
(2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha−1 target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two
pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha−1. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha−1) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha−1) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha−1). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea
(Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m2, with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect
on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage
sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but
affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral
systems.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2012,27(2):166-178
This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes. 相似文献