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《植物医生》2019,(6)
烟草青枯病在我国许多烟区普遍发生,17个主要烟草种植区中有14个发生了青枯病,近年来,该病的危害范围有逐渐向北和冷凉地区扩展蔓延之势,造成了严重的经济损失.在传统分类中烟草青枯菌属于生理小种1号;在生化变种及演化型分类中,我国大多数烟草菌株为生化变种3(但也有部分为生化变种4),演化型Ⅰ,而美洲的烟草青枯菌则属于生化变种1,演化型Ⅱ;烟草青枯菌具有序列变种多样性,美洲菌株可聚类为序列变种7和25等,中国烟草青枯菌则属于序列变种13,14,15,17,34,44,54和55.学者们基于DNA-DNA杂交、基因组、蛋白质组及代谢组等证据提议将青枯菌这一复合种重新划分为3个新的种,即Ralstonia solanacearumsp.nov.(原本的演化型Ⅱ菌株),R.syzygii sp.nov.(原本的演化型IV菌株,包括苏门答腊病的病原及香蕉血液病细菌),R.pseudosolanacearumsp.nov.(原本的演化型Ⅰ和演化型Ⅲ菌株).基于此,美洲烟草青枯菌菌株为R.solanacearum,而我国的烟草青枯菌菌株为R.pseudosolanacearum,建议将我国烟草青枯病菌的中文名称为:假茄科雷尔氏菌. 相似文献
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烟草根际细菌铜绿假单胞菌swu31-2的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
从重庆黔江烟草田间分离获得一株烟草青枯菌拮抗菌株Pseudomonas aeruginosa swu31 2（简称swu31 2）。采用逐步提高药物浓度的方法,筛选获得了抗链霉素300 μg/mL对烟草青枯病菌拮抗活性稳定的swu31 2突变菌株。采用灌根接种法,研究其在烟草根、茎和叶表面及内部的定殖能力及其对烟草青枯病的防治作用。结果表明,swu31 2能在烟草各组织的表面及内部定殖。该菌株在烟草各组织内部的数量均表现为“由增到减”的趋势。在接种后第8天定殖数量达到最高峰,随后有所下降;到第20天各组织内的数量仍然维持较高水平（105 cfu/g 以上）。同时,在接种20 d后,烟草的根、茎和叶的表面仍然可以检测到swu31 2的存在。盆栽试验结果表明,swu31 2的菌液和活性物质对烟草青枯病均有一定的防治效果。其中先施swu31 2菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效好于农用链霉素（51.25%）,分别为60.87%和 60.32%,而后施菌液和活性物质粗提物的防效也分别达39.50%和20.90%。 相似文献
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洋葱和大蒜对多种病原微生物具有较好地抑制作用,能有效降低病原菌的致病力。用洋葱和大蒜植物粗提液5种浓度对烟草青枯病菌做室内抑制测定,采用TTC培养基检测其抑制效果。结果表明,洋葱和大蒜粗提液均可以减弱烟草青枯病菌的致病力。在5种浓度下,随着植物粗提液浓度的升高,菌落在TTC培养基上表现的红斑范围越大,颜色越深。烟草青枯菌的致病力强弱与红斑大小、颜色深浅呈反比。因此,洋葱和大蒜粗提液可抑制烟草青枯病菌的致病力,是良好的植物源生物药剂。 相似文献
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活性追踪下,采用柱层析分离多花木蓝籽石油醚提取物中的抑菌活性物质。采用生长速率法和牛津杯法,选取稻瘟病菌、辣椒枯萎病菌、油菜菌核病菌、梨黑星病菌为测试真菌,青枯菌、大肠杆菌、金黄葡萄球菌、绿脓杆菌、枯草芽胞杆菌为测试细菌,测试了一级柱层析各流分的抑菌活性,测试结果显示:A-4和A-5流分对所有测试菌均具有一定的抑菌活性,对梨黑星病菌的抑制作用最好,抑制率分别达到77.66%和74.67%;对青枯菌的抑菌圈最大,分别为1.37cm和1.66cm。分离出2个活性化合物,经13 C、1 H NMR波谱方法鉴定,为BalansenateⅠ、Ⅱ,为首次从该植物中分离得到。生测结果显示2个化合物具有较低的抑菌活性,其对金黄葡萄球菌活性最好,但最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和最小杀菌(MBC)浓度均只为250mg/L和500mg/L。 相似文献
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为探究不同渗透压和pH环境对烟草青枯病菌Ralstonia solanacearum致病力的影响,用Biolog PM 9～10代谢板中96种渗透压和96种pH环境培养烟草青枯病菌,并采用穿刺法接种于烟草离体叶片,测定不同环境下烟草青枯病菌对烟草的致病情况。结果表明,烟草青枯病菌可致病的渗透压范围包括1%～2%氯化钠、2%～3%硫酸钠、5%～20%乙二醇、1%甲酸钠、2%尿素、1%乳酸钠、20～100 mmol/L磷酸钠、10～100 mmol/L硫酸铵、10～100 mmol/L硝酸钠及10～20 mmol/L亚硝酸钠。可致病pH范围为5.0～8.0;当pH 4.5时,烟草青枯病菌在分别与L-正缬氨酸和5-羟色氨酸共培养时均可致病,与其余33种氨基酸共培养时则均不能致病;当pH 9.5时,烟草青枯病菌在与所有35种供试氨基酸共培养时均不能致病;烟草青枯病菌在葡萄糖苷、辛酸盐、半乳糖苷等10种化合物培养下均可致病。表明渗透压和pH环境会严重影响烟草青枯病菌的生长和致病力。 相似文献
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苦皮藤内生真菌A10代谢产物的杀菌活性 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
从苦皮藤根皮中分离得到一株内生真菌,编号为A10.对其代谢产物进行了杀菌活性研究.生物测定结果表明,A10菌株发酵产物菌丝体的甲醇和乙酸乙酯提取物对多种病原真菌具有较强的杀菌活性.其中乙酸乙酯提取物的杀菌活性较甲醇好,在1000μg/ml浓度下对烟草赤星病菌、小麦根腐病菌、玉米大斑病菌、番茄灰霉病菌、苹果轮纹病菌的菌丝生长抑制率均大于90%.盆栽试验结果表明,A10菌株发酵产物菌丝体的乙酸乙酯提取物在2000μg/ml浓度下对小麦白粉病的治疗和保护作用均在70%以上.以生物活性追踪为指导,对活性较好的菌丝体乙酸乙酯提取物部分进行了杀菌活性成分的分离,得到化合物QY01,在浓度为50μg/ml时,QYO1对烟草赤星病菌孢子萌发的抑制率高达98.4%. 相似文献
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R. Kasturi 《Pesticide biochemistry and physiology》1978,9(3):293-299
Fensulfothion, O,O-diethyl O-[p-(methylsulfinyl)phenyl] phosphorothioate, an organophosphorus pesticide, inhibits the activity but not the de novo synthesis of acetylcholinesterase in pea (Pisum sativum) roots. The rate of incorporation of labeled amino acids from 14C-labeled chlorella protein hydrolysate into acetylcholinesterase is affected by the light conditions under which the seedlings are grown. The de novo synthesis of acetylcholinesterase is increased when the seedlings are continuously irradiated with far-red (730 nm) light and is decreased when the plants are grown in total darkness. The pesticide affects acetylcholinesterase synthesis when the seedlings are continuously illuminated with far-red or red (660 nm) light, but has no influence on its synthesis in dark-grown as well as in white (18-hr light and 6-hr dark cycle) light-exposed seedlings. Curiously, far-red irradiation increases the de novo synthesis of acetylcholinesterase when compared to its influence on the total protein synthesis. In the presence of fensulfothion it decreases the synthesis of acetylcholinesterase, but has no significant effect on the total protein synthesis. 相似文献
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Mecoprop was irradiated under various conditions of pH, oxygenation and wavelengths in order to study the reactions involved in the phototransformation. Four main photoproducts were identified: 2‐(4‐hydroxy‐2‐methylphenoxy)propionic acid ( I ), o‐cresol ( II ), 2‐(5‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylphenyl)propionic acid ( III ) and 4‐chloro‐o‐cresol ( IV ). When the anionic form of mecoprop was irradiated between 254 nm and 310 nm (UV‐C or UV‐B), I was the main photoproduct. At 254 nm its formation initially accounted for more than 80% of the transformation. It has not previously been reported in the literature. The reaction results from a heterolytic photohydrolysis. Product II accounted for only a low percentage of the transformation. The stoichiometry was different with the molecular form: the main photoproduct, III , resulted from a rearrangement after a homolytic scission. Products I, II and IV were also formed as minor photoproducts. Some other minor photoproducts were also identified. In contrast, IV was the main photoproduct under sunlight irradiation or when solutions were irradiated in near‐UV light (UV‐A). This wavelength effect is attributed to the involvement of an induced phototransformation; IV is also the main photoproduct when the phototransformation is induced by Fe( III ) perchlorate or nitrite ions. In usual environmental conditions the excitation of the molecular form is negligible and the phototransformation is mainly due to induced photoreactions. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry 相似文献
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Heinrich Buchenauer Lloyd V. Edgington Friedrich Grossmann 《Pest management science》1973,4(3):343-348
The systemic fungicides thiophanate-methyl (TPM) and thiophanate (TPE) were transformed in aqueous solutions on glass by irradiation with u.v. and sunlight to the more effective fungitoxic substances methyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (MBC) and ethyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamate (EBC), respectively. The thiophanate fungicides were not converted when incubated in the dark. The photochemical transformation of TPM and TPE to the corresponding alkyl benzimidazol-2-yl carbamates increased with the exposure time of u.v. irradiation. However, no light catalysed reactions occurred when both fungicides were irradiated with u.v. light in the solid state. The residue of TPM and TPE on leaves of cotton plants following spray application were transformed by the energy of sunlight to the more fungitoxic MBC and EBC. 相似文献
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The major photoproducts observed in the photolysis of diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea] ( 2 ) in aqueous solution resulted from a heterolytic substitution of chlorine by OH (photohydrolysis). A wavelength effect was observed: at 254 nm the formation of 3-(4-chloro-3-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea ( 3 ) accounted for more than 90% of the conversion, whereas when the solution was irradiated in ‘black light’ (85% of photons emitted at 365 nm, about 7% at 334 nm), the major photoproduct was 3-(3-chloro-4-hydroxyphenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea ( 4 ). The presence of methanol favoured the photoreduction into 3-(3-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea ( 5 ). Completely different reactions were observed when 2 was irradiated in dry aerobic conditions on silica. They resulted from elimination or oxidation of methyl groups. The main photoproducts initially formed were 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-methyl urea ( 6 ) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-formyl-1-methylurea ( 7 ). In the second stage ( 6 ) was transformed into (3,4-dichlorophenyl)-urea ( 8 ) and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1-formylurea ( 9 ); some other minor products such as monuron ( 1 ) were also identified. The formation rate of 6 and 7 was much slower on clay (montmorillonite or kaolin) than on silica. In contrast with products 6 and 8 , the formation of 7 and 9 needed the presence of oxygen: they did not appear when diuron was irradiated in deoxygenated C2Cl3F3. It can be concluded that the photolysis of diuron is highly dependent on the conditions of irradiation. © 1997 SCI. 相似文献
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脱镁叶绿酸钠是叶绿素代谢中间产物脱镁叶绿酸a的水溶性钠盐，具有良好的光敏抑菌活性。为探索光照条件对其抑菌活性的影响，采用菌丝生长速率法，研究在不同光照度、光波长及光照时间条件下，脱镁叶绿酸钠对忽视拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis neglecta的抑制作用。结果表明:20 mg/mL的脱镁叶绿酸钠在照度为2 000 lx的白光照射下对菌丝生长的抑制率为83.7%，在黑暗条件下抑制率为77.0%，表明光照对脱镁叶绿酸钠抑菌活性有显著影响 (P < 0.05)；此外，白光的效果好于单色光；光照度及光照时间对抑菌活性也有显著影响，其中当照度为16 000 lx且光照时间为24 h时抑菌作用最强。 相似文献
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1.一般赤霉菌在不同培养基上产生的分生孢子较少,但经阳光照射后,其在马铃薯琼脂培养基上产生极多。
2.阳光照射能促进小麦赤霉菌产生大量的分生孢子(每毫升2080万),开培养皿盖照射较关盖照射产生分生孢子的数量稍多,照射时间也缩短一倍以上。赤霉菌经阳光连续照射后,可以不断产生较多的分生孢子。
3.不同光线对赤霉菌产生分生孢子的效用各异。紫外线、日光灯能使其产生分子孢子,红外线和可见光无作用,其中紫外线照射距离17公分,关培养皿盖照射4小时,产生分生孢子最多。
4.赤霉菌经紫外线照射后,温度、湿度、氧气对其产生分生孢子的形态和数量有一定的影响,在处理后3小时就可以形成新的分生孢子。 相似文献
2.阳光照射能促进小麦赤霉菌产生大量的分生孢子(每毫升2080万),开培养皿盖照射较关盖照射产生分生孢子的数量稍多,照射时间也缩短一倍以上。赤霉菌经阳光连续照射后,可以不断产生较多的分生孢子。
3.不同光线对赤霉菌产生分生孢子的效用各异。紫外线、日光灯能使其产生分子孢子,红外线和可见光无作用,其中紫外线照射距离17公分,关培养皿盖照射4小时,产生分生孢子最多。
4.赤霉菌经紫外线照射后,温度、湿度、氧气对其产生分生孢子的形态和数量有一定的影响,在处理后3小时就可以形成新的分生孢子。 相似文献
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Irradiation of 4-day-old dark-grown seedlings of Cuscuta campestris Yuncker and Cusctira indecara Choisy with I min of red light stimulated coiling and prehaustoria formation in excised upper 4-cm segments of seedlings during a 48-h dark period in which zeatin was applied. Coiling and prehaustoria development were completely reversed when irradiated with 2 min of far-red light applied directly after red light. When deetiolated segments were subjected to prolonged exposure of pure blue light, or mixtures of ultraviolet-A/far-red, blue/far-red or red/far-red light, coiling and prehaustona development were induced. Blue light at photon fluxes lower than 1 μmol m-2 s-1 did not promote coiling and formation of prehaustoria. Mechanical stimulation caused tendrils to coil and form prehaustona in biue and blue/far-red light, but not in darkness. Zeatin substituted for high irradiance blue light and mechanical stimulation caused coiling and prehaustoria formation. 相似文献
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The photolarvicidal activities and DNA photocleavage effects of 10 thienyl 1,3,4-thia(oxa)diazoles were investigated. The compounds, as novel photosensitizers, showed strong larvicidal activities against Pseudaletia separata only under irradiated conditions. Thiadiazole containing Br atom (I2) exhibited the highest photolarvicidal activity with mortality about 70.7%. The degree of mortality was increased with increasing accessibility period of the insects to photosensitizer-loaded leaves during exposure to light. The compounds also exhibited considerable DNA photocleavage activities on agarose gel electrophoresis that scissored supercoiled pBR322 DNA into two bands, scDNA and ocDNA. Oxadiazole containing Br atom (II2) nicked pBR322 DNA to produce ocDNA with highest conversion about 76.21%. DTT decreased DNA photocleavage effects, but SOD increased photoactivities, in vitro. Br was important in improving the biofunctioning of the photosensitizers. These results demonstrate the potential mode of action of thienylthia(oxa)diazole photosensitizers as insecticidal agents. 相似文献