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1.
在青贮黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)中添加鼠李糖乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌,研究其对发酵产物与有氧稳定性的影响.青贮饲料贮藏时间为14,56和120 d.无添加青贮黑麦草发酵产物中乙醇含量较多,在14 d开封时,乙醇和2,3-丁二醇含量为乳酸和挥发性脂肪酸总和的7倍.添加鼠李糖乳杆菌与布氏乳杆菌可以抑制乙醇型发酵,使乳酸型与乙酸型发酵占主导.无添加青贮黑麦草与添加鼠李糖乳杆菌的黑麦草发生了有氧腐败,但是添加布氏乳杆菌的黑麦草保持了有氧稳定.在青贮玉米中,添加鼠李糖乳杆菌未影响发酵品质,但添加布氏乳杆菌增加了发酵产物中乙酸含量,降低了乳酸含量.添加布氏乳杆菌的青贮玉米从56 d开封开始保持了有氧稳定,其它组在120 d开封时保持了有氧稳定,所有组乙酸含量都增加.  相似文献   

2.
To gain further insights into temperate and tropical grass ensiling, fermentation products and bacterial communities were examined at both the initial and late stages of ensiling of wilted Italian ryegrass and wilted guinea grass silages. 2,3‐Butanediol and ethanol fermentation were observed in wilted Italian ryegrass silage. Enterobacteria such as Rahnella sp. and Enterobacter sp. may have been involved in fermentation; however, alcohol production was intensified after the silage enterobacterial community overwhelmed the pre‐ensiled enterobacterial community. Pediococcus spp. appeared in silage stored for 4 months, when a significant increase in lactic acid content was seen compared with that at 2 months. Prolonged storage enhanced acetic acid fermentation in wilted guinea grass silage. The disappearance of Enterococcus sulfureus and appearance of Lactobacillus plantarum may have been associated with the increased acetic acid content. Although many species of enterobacteria were found in common between the pre‐ensiled crop and silages of Italian ryegrass and guinea grass, marked differences were seen in the type of fermentation from the initial stages. These results indicate that the bacterial community of pre‐ensiled crops may be immediately replaced by one that is adapted to ensiling environments, although metabolic changes may continue over the course of ensiling.  相似文献   

3.
Total mixed ration (TMR) silage in different seasons was prepared with apple refuse, orchardgrass hay, orchardgrass silage, corn silage and a commercial compound feed in Tohoku, Japan, and with tofu cake, brewers' grains, tall fescue hay, Sudangrass hay, timothy hay, alfalfa hay and a commercial compound feed in Shikoku, Japan, respectively, and their fermentation quality and microorganism composition were evaluated. In Tohoku, the TMR silage in spring, autumn and winter displayed poor quality, with pH value above 4.7, and the harmful microorganisms such as escherichia, yeasts and molds were detected even after 60 days of ensiling; but the TMR silage in summer was well preserved and the escherichia were too few to count after 7 days of ensiling. In Shikoku, the TMR silage in all seasons was well preserved, with low pH, high lactic acid contents, and escherichia, yeasts and molds were consistently at or below the detectable numbers after 7 days of ensiling. The results showed that the TMR silage could not produce sufficient lactic acid to improve silage quality under low‐temperature conditions. Therefore, it is necessary to develop preparation techniques of promoting the lactic acid fermentation for TMR silage in cold seasons.  相似文献   

4.
This study was conducted to evaluate silage fermentation and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with corn or sweet sorghum (SS) at different mixing ratios. The chemical composition, ensiling characteristics, and protein degradation of alfalfa prepared with and without corn or SS at mixing ratios of 7:3, 1:1, and 3:7 on a fresh matter (FM) basis were studied. The alfalfa had the highest crude protein (CP) content and lactate buffering capacity (LBC), but lower water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content than corn and SS. After 60 days of ensiling, the corn and SS silages had good quality, with lower pH and ammonia‐N content, and higher dry matter (DM) content than the alfalfa silages. In the alfalfa and corn mixture silages, the DM contents linearly increased with an increase in the proportion of corn, while the pH, non‐protein N (NPN), ammonia‐N, and peptide‐N contents linearly decreased. In the alfalfa and SS mixture silages, the DM and NPN contents linearly increased with an increase in the proportion of SS, while the pH, lactic acid, and ammonia‐N contents linearly decreased. This study suggests that alfalfa silage prepared with corn has more positive effect on fermentation quality and inhibiting protein degradation than addition of SS.  相似文献   

5.
Two experiments were conducted using laboratory mini-silos to study the effect of ensiling and silage additives on fatty acid (FA) composition, including minor or unusual FA, of ryegrass and corn silages. Ryegrass was ensiled for 12 wk with no additives, with the addition of a bacterial inoculant or formic acid. Corn was ensiled for 9 wk without additives, with the addition of a bacterial inoculant or calcium formate. Ensiling affected both total FA content and FA composition of ryegrass silages. Total FA concentration increased (P < 0.001) during ryegrass ensiling. The proportions (g/100 g of total FA) of the major unsaturated FA, 18:3n-3 and 18:2n-6, were not affected (P > 0.05) by ensiling. However, their concentration (mg/g of DM) in silages was greater (P=0.017 and P=0.001, respectively) than in fresh ryegrass. Two 18:2 FA (trans-11,cis-15 and cis-9,cis-15) that were not originally present in the fresh ryegrass were detected in silages. Silage additives affected the FA composition of ryegrass silages, mostly by increasing the proportions of SFA, but not on total FA concentration. Ensiling did not affect (P=0.83) total FA content of corn silages; however, FA composition was affected, mostly by decreasing the proportions of 18:2n-6 and 18:3n-3. Silage additives had no effect on corn silage FA composition. Exposing corn silages to air resulted in no oxidation of FA or reduction in total FA content or composition.  相似文献   

6.
To evaluate the current practice of corn silage management in China, samples of bunker‐made silage were collected from 14 farms within a 500‐km radius of Beijing for the analysis of fermentation products and bacterial communities. Mean values for dry matter (DM) content were as low as 250 g/kg in both corn stover (St) and whole crop corn (Wc) silages, and pH values averaged 4.48 and 3.73, respectively. Only three of the 14 silages exhibited a lactic‐to‐acetic acid ratio > 1.0, indicating that the presence of acetic acid was predominant in fermentation. Although 1,2‐propanediol content was marginal in most cases (< 5.0 g/kg dry matter (DM)), two Wc silages had 1,2‐propanediol levels > 25 g/kg DM. In contrast, 3 St silages had large amounts (> 10 g/kg DM) of butyric acid, and two of the three butyrate silages also had high concentrations of 1‐propanol. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis demonstrated that the bacterial community appeared similar in 10 out of the 14 silage samples. Bands indicating Lactobacillus buchneri, L. acetotolerans and Acetobacter pasteurianus were found in both the St and Wc silages, accounting for the high acetic acid content found across silage samples.  相似文献   

7.
丙酸对多花黑麦草青贮发酵动态变化的影响   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5  
张增欣  邵涛 《草业学报》2009,18(2):102-107
在实验室条件下制备多花黑麦草青贮饲料,评定不同浓度丙酸(0,0.20%,0.25%,0.30%)对其青贮发酵动态变化的影响。结果表明,添加丙酸对多花黑麦草青贮过程中VFAs含量无明显的影响,增加了发酵后期乳酸及WSC的含量及乳酸/乙酸值,在发酵初期降低了乳酸的含量和青贮初期pH值;降低AN/TN值、乙酸含量及生成速度;丙酸在整个发酵过程中呈现很高的趋势。综合考虑,0.25%添加水平,多花黑麦草青贮发酵品质最好。  相似文献   

8.
华南地区气候潮湿多雨,象草收获时水分含量高,单独青贮发酵品质较差。通过晾晒（水分含量由83.19%降至75.11%）、添加10%玉米粉或2%蔗糖,探究象草在不同温度（20、30和40 ℃）下青贮的发酵特性和微生物组成。研究结果表明：温度对象草各处理的青贮饲料的发酵品质有显著影响。晾晒后原材料的水溶性碳水化合物含量显著降低,青贮后发酵品质变差,尤其在30 ℃,pH达到5.85,乳酸含量只有1.56% DM,乙酸含量为2.10% DM,NH3-N含量高达25.09% TN。对照和添加物处理的青贮饲料均随青贮温度升高,乙酸含量增加。晾晒后在20和30 ℃时青贮,产气量显著高于40 ℃或未晾晒处理。此外,象草青贮前的细菌多样性较丰富,青贮后主要是肠杆菌属和乳球菌属,尤其是20 ℃青贮的相对丰度较高,且晾晒处理在20和30 ℃青贮肠球菌属的相对丰度高于40 ℃。因此,在华南地区,象草原料中添加玉米粉或蔗糖可以降低环境温度对象草青贮发酵品质的不良影响,阴湿条件下晾晒未发挥积极效果。  相似文献   

9.
为探究不同添加剂对青稞秸秆与多年生黑麦草(4∶6)混合青贮发酵品质的影响,试验设对照组(C)、乳酸菌制剂组(LAB)、糖蜜组(M)、乳酸菌制剂+糖蜜组(LAB+M)4个处理,青贮后第7, 24和45天打开,测定青贮发酵品质。结果表明,添加乳酸菌制剂加速了青贮早期乳酸发酵进程,但由于底物不足,青贮后期丁酸含量和氨态氮/总氮值有所升高;添加糖蜜补充了发酵底物,促进了乳酸发酵,显著(P<0.05)提高了乳酸含量,降低了pH值(P<0.05),从而有效地抑制了有害微生物的活性,减少了丙酸和丁酸的生成。乳酸菌制剂+糖蜜组与单独添加乳酸菌制剂组相比显著提高了青贮发酵品质, 但与单独添加糖蜜组相比差异不显著,表明发酵底物不足是限制青稞秸秆与多年生黑麦草混合青贮发酵品质的主要因素。  相似文献   

10.
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch on the fermentation quality, chemical composition and aerobic stability of total mixed ration (TMR) silage in Tibet. Four TMR that varied in the forage sources on dry matter basis were used: (i) 52% whole‐plant corn (Control); (ii) 43% oat + 12% common vetch (OC3.6); (iii) 38% oat + 18% common vetch (OC2.2); and (iv) 33% oat + 23% common vetch (OC1.5). Silos were opened on day 45 and then subjected to an aerobic stability test for 12 days. The results showed that all silages were well preserved with low pH and NH3‐N, and high lactic acid and V‐scores. With the increasing proportion of common vetch, crude protein, ether extract increased (P < 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber decreased (P < 0.05). Under aerobic conditions, treated silages were more stable than the control silage as indicated by lower (P < 0.05) pH and yeast population. It was concluded that replacement of whole‐plant corn with oat and common vetch had no unfavorable effects on the fermentation quality and improved crude protein content and aerobic stability of TMR silage. OC2.2 silage was the best among three treated TMR silages.  相似文献   

11.
To investigate the effects of inoculants and environmental temperature on fermentation quality and bacterial diversity of alfalfa silage, first‐cut alfalfa was ensiled with or without two screened lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains, Lactobacillus plantarum, LP, and Lactobacillus casei, LC. Each treatment was divided into three parts and stored at 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, respectively. After 60 days ensiling, fermentation characteristics were measured and bacterial diversity was investigated by 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing using Illumina MiSeq platform. LP and LC decreased pH, coliform bacteria counts and increased lactic acid content at 20°C, and the two strains decreased pH, ammonia‐N concentration, coliform bacteria counts at 30°C. When the environmental temperature was 40°C, silage treated with LC showed lower LAB and coliform bacteria counts and higher lactic acid content than the untreated and LP treated silages. Butyric acid mainly appeared in silages stored at 40°C. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus in alfalfa silages stored at 20°C and 30°C was highest and increased after LP and LC were added. Garciella was another dominant genus in silages stored at 40°C. In conclusion, LP and LC improved fermentation quality of alfalfa silage by increasing Lactobacillus proportions at 20°C and 30°C; ensiling alfalfa at 40°C was difficult because of Garciella.  相似文献   

12.
Nine multiparous Holstein cows were used in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square design to determine the effects of substituting corn grain with brown rice (BR) grain in total mixed ration (TMR) silage on milk yield, ruminal fermentation and nitrogen (N) balance. The TMR silages were made from the ensiling of TMR containing (dry matter basis) 50.1% forage in rice silage and corn silage combination, and 49.9% concentrate. The grain portion of the diets contained 31.2% steam‐flaked corn, 31.2% steam‐flaked BR or an equal mixture of corn and BR. Dietary treatments did not affect dry matter intake, milk yield and milk fat, protein and lactose yields. The ruminal pH and total volatile fatty acid concentrations were not affected by dietary treatment. The urinary N excretion decreased linearly (P < 0.01) in response to increased levels of BR, with no dietary effect on N intake, N secretion in milk and fecal N excretion. Our results indicate that steam‐flaked BR is a suitable replacement for steam‐flaked corn in dairy cow diets, and that it can be included in rations to a level of at least 31.2% of dry matter without adverse effects on milk production, when cows were fed rice silage and corn silage‐based diets.  相似文献   

13.
Twelve sheep were used in a 3 × 3 Latin square design to evaluate the effect of substituting wheat bran with forage soybean silage in the diet on apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance. Forage soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) was cultivated in a no‐till, no‐herbicide cropping system with Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) as a living mulch. Forage soybean and Italian ryegrass were wilted and ensiled in round bales without additives, respectively. The experimental diets were based on corn silage supplemented with protein sources (tow silages or wheat bran). The crude protein and the acid detergent insoluble protein contents of forage soybean silage were the highest among the protein sources. The apparent digestibility of crude protein and the nitrogen balance did not significantly differ among the diets. In addition, the phytoestrogen content of forage soybean silage was below the level at which animal reproductive performance would be negatively affected. These results suggest that forage soybean silage has comparable feeding value to wheat bran, and can be given at an inclusion level of 17% (dry matter basis) as an alternative protein source to wheat bran without adverse effects on digestion or nitrogen balance in sheep fed a corn silage‐based diet.  相似文献   

14.
为提高紫花苜蓿青贮饲料的发酵品质,抑制不饱和脂肪酸的损失,以无添加剂为对照,研究了添加剂：苯甲酸钠、酪蛋白酸钠、十六烷酸、糖蜜和丙酸,对紫花苜蓿青贮饲料发酵品质和脂肪酸的影响。青贮65 d后开窖,检测发酵品质指标和各种脂肪酸的含量。结果表明：对照组的pH低于4.50,乳酸含量达到54.25 g·kg-1 DM,丁酸含量低于5.00 g·kg-1 DM,弗氏评分为64.33,具有良好的发酵品质。与青贮前相比,青贮后苜蓿青贮饲料中的亚油酸（C18：2n6）和亚麻酸（C18：3n3）的含量显著增加（P<0.05）。青贮后,与对照组相比,十六烷酸和酪蛋白酸钠添加组分别不显著（P>0.05）和显著地（P<0.05）降低了乳酸含量;酪蛋白酸钠添加组增加了丁酸含量（P<0.05）;二者的弗氏评分低于50.00,降低了发酵品质。与此相反,苯甲酸钠、丙酸和糖蜜添加组不同程度地增加了乳酸含量,降低了pH,减少了氨态氮和酸性洗涤纤维的含量,弗氏评分分别为70.33、74.33和67.67,进一步提高了青贮发酵品质。与对照相比,苯甲酸钠和丙酸添加组不同程度地增加了C18：2n6或C18：3n3的含量,而糖蜜添加组降低了C18：2n6和C18：3n3的含量（P<0.05）。综上所述,丙酸和苯甲酸钠适宜于作为青贮添加剂生产优质紫花苜蓿青贮饲料。  相似文献   

15.
To evaluate the feasibility of bamboo shoot shell (BSS) application in total mixed ration silage (TMR) production, the effects of BSS substitution for whole-crop corn on the fermentation characteristics, nutritive value, aerobic stability and in vitro parameters of TMR silage were studied. Four TMR formulations were designed based on dry matter: (1) 0% bamboo shoot shell + 23% whole-crop corn (BSS0); (2) 4% bamboo shoot shell + 19% whole-crop corn (BSS4); (3) 8% bamboo shoot shell + 15% whole-crop corn (BSS8); and (4) 12% bamboo shoot shell + 11% whole-crop corn (BSS12). After 90 days of ensiling, the silos were opened and sampled for fermentation characteristics, nutritive value and in vitro analyses, and subsequent 14-day aerobic stability test. All TMR silages were well preserved except BSS12, characterized by high lactic acid content and V-score, low pH and NH3-N and butyric acid content. With increasing proportion of BSS, crude protein increased (p <.05), and water soluble carbohydrate decreased (p < .05). Under aerobic exposure, BSS-substituted (BSS4, BSS8 and BSS12) silages were more stable than BSS0 silage, as characterized by relatively low silage temperature and high water soluble carbohydrate content. No obvious (p> .05) difference of BSS substitution was observed on in vitro ruminal gas production, digestibility, metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation. The substitution of whole-crop corn with 4% BSS and 8% BSS had no undesired effect on the fermentation characteristics and in vitro digestibility, and efficiently improving the aerobic stability of TMR silages. The BSS8 substitution level is recommended to maximize the BSS utilization.  相似文献   

16.
为了提高水稻秸秆的青贮发酵品质,本研究旨在从黑白花奶牛瘤胃中筛选出具有降解纤维素能力的兼性厌氧复合菌系,探讨其对水稻秸秆青贮过程中结构性碳水化合物降解及发酵品质的影响。试验采集了黑白花奶牛瘤胃内容物,经富集培养、刚果红染色初筛,耐酸诱导,滤纸降解复筛,酶活力测定,获得高效兼性厌氧纤维素降解复合菌系M6。试验设4个处理组：1）水稻秸秆直接自然青贮（CK）组;2）灭菌后水稻秸秆青贮（IRR）组;3）灭菌水稻秸秆接种复合乳酸菌（CLAB）青贮组;4）灭菌水稻秸秆接种复合菌系（M6）青贮组,分别于青贮3、6、15、45、60和90 d后开窖取样分析。结果表明,青贮3 d后,M6处理组pH始终低于其他各组,青贮第60天达到最低值（4.62）。青贮45 d后,M6处理组乳酸含量始终显著高于其他各组（P<0.05）,且在青贮90 d达到最高值（23.90 g·kg-1 DM）。青贮15 d后,中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维和纤维素含量在M6组均显著低于其他各组（P<0.05）,且在第90天达到最低值。青贮60 d后,IRR和M6组保持较高水平的水溶性碳水化合物含量,其次为CLAB组。综上所述,复合菌系M6在水稻秸秆青贮过程中具有降解粗纤维和促进乳酸发酵的作用,添加纤维素降解复合菌系可有效改善水稻秸秆青贮发酵品质,为青贮添加剂的研发与应用提供了理论依据。  相似文献   

17.
李雁冰  玉柱  孙娟娟 《草地学报》2015,23(2):387-393
在青贮黑麦草(Lolium perenne)和青贮玉米(Zea mays)中添加鼠李糖乳杆菌和布氏乳杆菌,研究其对微生物群集的影响,青贮饲料贮藏时间为14,56,120 d.结果表明:添加布氏乳杆菌的青贮黑麦草组细菌与真菌群集都很稳定,大肠菌中的Erwinia persicina, Pantoea agglomerans和Rahnella aquatilis 在青贮黑麦草对照组中被发现,鼠李糖乳杆菌组没有发现.Saccharomyces cerevisiae 和Pichia anomala是对照组与鼠李糖乳杆菌组青贮黑麦草中的主要真菌;P. anomala在布氏乳杆菌组未检测到.Candida magnolia, Cryptococcus flavus和Candida intermedia在青贮玉米原料与发酵过程中均检测到,Candida glabrata 和Candida quercitrusa 只在发酵过程检测到.有氧腐败发生时,青贮玉米真菌菌群发生明显变化,Saccharomyces exiguus, Saccharomyces martiniae, Pichia fermentans, Pichia deserticola 和Pichia kudriavzevii 可在腐败的青贮玉米中检测到.这表明添加乳酸菌制剂可以改变青贮黑麦草的菌群,但是对青贮玉米菌群影响较小,发生腐败时真菌菌群与细菌菌群均发生变化.  相似文献   

18.
试验在青稞秸秆与多年生黑麦草以6∶4混合的基础上,添加3%,4%和5%的糖蜜,旨在进一步改善混合青贮发酵品质和营养价值,为西藏地区青稞秸秆青贮利用提供理论依据。结果显示,青贮前14天,糖蜜添加组乳酸含量快速增加,pH值迅速下降。对照组pH值未能降至4.2以下,而糖蜜添加组均在4.0左右,乳酸、水溶性碳水化合物含量和乳酸/乙酸显著高于(P<0.05)对照组,氨态氮/总氮均低于对照组,且添加3%糖蜜已达到优质青贮饲料标准。青贮第60天糖蜜添加组有较高的粗蛋白含量,较低的中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量,各组体外降解率均高于青贮材料。综合考虑,在青稞秸秆和黑麦草以6∶4混合的基础上添加3%的糖蜜可获得优质青贮饲料。  相似文献   

19.

The goal of this study was to determine the effects of the fermented juice of epiphytic lactic acid bacteria (FJLB) on the quality of total mixed ration (TMR) silage containing agricultural by-products, its digestibility, rumen fermentation, and nitrogen balance in ewes. TMR was prepared from rice straw, corn stover silage, brewer grain, tofu waste, steam-flaked corn, and a mineral mixture. The treatments consisted of silage additives added to TMR: CON (no silage additive), FJLB, COM (commercial additive), and MIX (FJLB + COM). Four cannulated ewes were assigned to the 4 × 4 Latin square design. The MIX treatment produced a lower (P < 0.01) pH than did the CON and FJLB treatments and a higher (P < 0.01) lactic acid concentration than did the other treatments. The fiber content in the COM treatment was lower (P < 0.05) than that in the other treatments. The FJLB treatment had similar fermentation quality and chemical composition to those of the CON and COM treatments in all parameters observed. Although the silage quality index (Fleig point) was higher in the MIX and COM treatments than in the CON treatment, all silages had good quality. No silage additives affected intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, or nitrogen balance. In conclusion, the TMR silage prepared from agricultural by-products mixed with wet-type food by-products with or without FJLB added resulted in well-preserved fermentation, and this product might be used as a ruminant feed.

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20.
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of grape pomace (GP) with different adding levels (0%, 5%, 10% and 15%, fresh matter basis), alone (GP‐LAB) or in combine with an inoculant LAB (GP+LAB), on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage. After 90 days of ensiling in vacuumized mini‐silos, silages were subject to a 7‐day aerobic stability test, in which chemical, microbial and polyphenol composition were measured. In the GP‐LAB group, adding GP decreased (P < 0.05) concentrations of water‐soluble carbohydrate (WSC) and butyric acid in silage. In the GP+LAB group, adding GP increased (P < 0.05) concentrations of lactic acid, WSC and crude protein, decreased (P < 0.05) final pH value, NH3‐N ratio and butyric acid concentration in silage. Polyphenol level was reduced (P < 0.05) after silage fermentation. During aerobic exposure, the fungi count, pH value and silage temperature increased (P < 0.05), the levels of lactic acid, acetic acid and polyphenols (quercetin 3‐O‐glucoside and quercetin 3‐O‐glucuronid) decreased (P < 0.05) in silage. GP+LAB treated silage had a lag phase for aerobic spoilage. When the fermentation products, microbial counts, chemical and polyphenol composition were considered, the use of 10% GP+LAB at ensiling could provide a valuable source for improved fermentation quality and aerobic stability of sweet sorghum silage.  相似文献   

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