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1.
A number of immuno-competent Blackface lambs were infected with 10,000Haemonchus contortus third stage larvae and were later challenged with a second dose of 10,000H. contortus third stage larvae. One group of lambs was treated with dialysed transfer factor prior to the second challenge dose.Histological changes in the abomasal wall, reductions in abomasal worm burdens at slaughter and faecal egg counts monitored throughout the experiment suggested the presence in some animals of (1) an innate resistance, (2) a self curing effect, (3) an enhancement of this self curing effect in the transfer factor treated group and (4) a response in one transfer factor treated animal comparable to classical self cure.  相似文献   

2.
A review of the literature on intestinal atresia of domestic animal species and humans was done. The 5 types of intestinal occlusions described in human infants are atresia type 1, atresia type 2, atresia type 3, stenosis, and the apple peel or Christmas tree deformity. The intestinal defects described in domestic animal species such as the bovine, equine and porcine are similar to those of human infants. The T-formation, an intestinal defect of the bovine resembling atresia type 3, and rectal stricture, an acquired intestinal defect of the porcine resembling stenosis, were described recently. Intestinal atresia is similar in several species and these similarities raise the questions as to whether the pathogenic mechanism and possibly etiologies of intestinal atresia are similar in these species.  相似文献   

3.
Growth rates of muscle relative to empty body weight were computed for the Peppin Merino, a breed of sheep considered unimproved for meat production. Rates of muscle increase in the Merino sheep were comparable to growth coefficients reported for the Romney and Southdown breeds which were tabulated separately by sex. Pooled data for the Lincoln, Hampshire, Southdown, Suffolk and Welsh breeds were analyzed relative to empty body weight.No significant difference in muscle growth rates were found in direct comparisons based on starved body weights for the Romney and Southdown breeds (Fourie et al., 1970). From the standpoint of conformation these breeds might be expected to differ in muscle growth rate as the Romney is considered a leggy sheep and the Southdown a blocky animal. Growth coefficients for muscle in the Romney, Southdown and several other breeds were very similar to the Peppin Merino.  相似文献   

4.
After briefly summarizing the information available on sheep scrapie, the authors explain the value of using the sheep in the study of slow virus diseases, since it is particularly prone to diseases of this type. It may be affected not only by scrapie but also by other similar diseases such as visna, maedi and jaagsiekte. These disorders may therefore be used as models to which the most recent pathogenic concepts can be applied. A study of them will lead to a better understanding of the virus-host relationship in the pathology of infection.
Kurzfassung Im Anschluss an die Darstellung der Traberkrankheit bei Schafen und eine kurze Zusammenfassung aller bisher darüber vorliegenden Erkenntnisse wiesen die Autoren auf die Bedeutung des Schafes als Versuchstier bei der Untersuchung der durch langsame Viren verursachten Krankheiten hin, da Schafe eine ausgeprägte Disposition für diese Art von Störungen aufweisen. Sie können neben Traberkrankheit ausserdem von weiteren Erkrankungen des gleichen Typs wie Visna, Maedi und Jaagsiekte befallen werden. Diese Erkrankungen eignen sich daher als Modelle, an denen sich die jüngsten Erkentnisse über die Pathogenese praktisch erproben lassen. Solche Untersuchungen führen zweifellos zu einem besseren Verständnis des Verhältnisses zwischen Wirtstier und Virus im Rahmen der infektiösen Pathologie.
Resume Après avoir montré l'importance et résumé brièvement l'ensemble des connaissances relative à la tremblante du mouton, les auteurs montre l'intérêt de l'utilisation du mouton pour l'étude des maladies à virus lents, celui-ci montrant une particulière prédisposition à présenter ce type de désordres. Il peut être atteint non seulement de tremblante mais aussi d'autres maladies de même type comme le visna, le maedi et la jaagsiekte. Ces affections constituent donc des modèles auxquels les plus récents concepts pathogéniques peuvent être appliqués. Leur étude permettra certainement de mieux comprendre la relation virus-hôte en pathologie infectieuse.
Riassunto Gli autori, dopo aver sottolineato l'importanza e riassunto brevemente il complesso dei dati disponibili sulla malattia del trotto (prurigo lombare accompagnata da disturbi neuromotori) degli ovini, rilevano l'interesse che può avere l'impiego di ovini nello studio delle malattie da virus lenti, in quanto questi animali sembrano particolarmente predisposti a tale tipo di affezioni. Essi possono essere colpiti non soltanto dalla malattia del trotto, ma anche da altre malattie affini quali il visna, il maedi e la jaagsiekte. Lo studio di queste malattie, che rappresentano modelli ai quali possono essere applicati i più recenti concetti patogenetici, consentirà certamente di comprendere più a fondo la relazione virusospite nella patologia infettiva.
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5.
Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN), first described in 1955, is a viral disease of salmonid fry. The virus remains in the sexual fluids of adult carriers, thus allowing vertical transmission. The virus has been classified among the reoviruses, and at least three serotypes are well known: VR299 (USA), Sp and Ab (Europe). It has been established in the case of VR299 virus that some IPN survivors carry high levels of antibodies and completely eliminate the virus, while others do not synthesise antibodies and remain carriers for life. Sp type virus serially passaged a few times on cultured trout cells (RTG2), acquires new properties compared to the wild original virus. The adapted virus forms large plaques, loses its pathogenicity and is neutralised by normal serum from trout free of IPN. The molecule involved in this neutralisation is not related to IgM antibodies, and its nature remains unknown. Variant virus types with different growth characteristics have also been selected from VR299 cultured in trout (RTG2) or minnow (FHM) cells. It appears therefore necessary to investigate the relationships betweenin vitro properties and pathogenicity.
Kurzfassung Die zuerst in Amerika (1955) beschriebene infektiose Pankreas-Nekrose (N.P.I.) stellt eine Virose der Salmonidenbrut dar. Der Virus befindet sich in den sexuellen Ausscheidungen erwachsener Trägertiere; somit ist eine vertikale Ubertragung möglich. Von diesem Virus, der zur Familie der Reoviridae gehört, sind wenigstens drei Serumtypen bekannt: VR299 (USA), Sp und Ab (Europa). Für VR299 steht fest, dass die NPI Uberlebenden viele Antikörper erzeugen und den Virus völlig ausscheiden, während andere Varianten gar keine Antikörper produzieren und daher lebenszeitige Träger bleiben. Auf kultivierte Forellenzellen übertragene Viren des Sp Typus erlangen andere Eigenschaften als die Zellen des wilden Original virus. Der angepasste Virus provoziert grössere Auflösungsplatten, verliert seine pathogene Wirkung und wird vom normalen Forellenserum der NPI neutralisiert. In diesem Fall gehört das verantwortliche Molekül für die Neutralisierung nicht zu den IgM Antikörpern, und seine Natur ist nicht gut bekannt. Eine Selektion verschiedener Viren mit unterschiedlichen Wachstumseigen-schaften hat man mit dem VR299 auf Forellen-oder Pfrillen-(FHM)-Zellen erhalten. Es scheint demnach notwendig, die Beziehungen zwischen Eigenschaftenin vitro und die Pathogeneität näher zu untersuchen.
Resume Décrite pour la première fois aux U.S.A. en 1955, la Nécrose Pancréatique Infectieuse (N.P.I.) est une virose des alevins de salmonidés. Le virus est présent dans les produits sexuels des porteurs adultes, assurant la transmission verticale. Ce virus, classé dans la famille des Reoviridae, présente au moins trois sérotypes: VR299 (U.S.A.), Sp et Ab (Europe). Classiquement, les survivants de N.P.I. (dans le cas du VR299) font beaucoup d'anticorps et éliminent le virus, ou bien font peu ou pas d'anticorps et restent porteurs à vie. les virus de type Sp cultive sur cellules de truite RTG2 acquièrent en quelques passages des propriétés différentes de celles du virus sauvage d'origine. Le virus adapté provoque des plages de lyse plus grandes, perd tout pouvoir pathogène et est neutralisé par le sérum de truites indemnes de N.P.I. Dans ce cas, la molécule responsable de la neutralisation n'appartient pas aux anticorps, et sa nature reste mal connue. La sélection de variants possédant des caractéristiques de croissance différente a aussi été obtenue avec le VR299 propagé en cultures soit de truit (RTG2) soit de vairon (FHM). Il apparaît donc néssaire d'approfondir les relations entre propriétésin vitro et pouvoir pathogènein vivo.
Riassunto Descritta negli USA per la prima volta nel 1955, la necrosi pancreatica infettiva e una virosi dei giovani salmonidi. Il virus e presente nei prodotti sessuali dei portatori adulti, assicurando la trasmissione verticale. Questo virus classificato nella famiglia dei Reoviridae, rappresenta almeno tre sierotipi diversi: il VR299 (USA), lo Sp ed il Ab (Europa). Tipicamente, i sopravissuti della NPI, producono molti anticorpi ed eliminano il virus, oppure ne producono pochi o non ne procucono affatto e rimangono portatori a vita. Dopo alcuni passaggi, i virus di tipo Sp, coltivati su cellule di trota RTG2, acquistano delle proprietà diverse delle cellule del virus selvatico di origine. Il virus adattato provoca dell placche di lisi più grandi, perde ogni potere patogeno, e si neutralizza con il siero di trota indenne da NPI. In questo caso, la molecola responsabile della neutralizzazione non appartiene agli anticorpi e la sua natura resta poco nota. La selezione di varianti con caratteristiche di crescita diverse è stata anche ottenuta propagando il VR299 in colture di trota (RTG2) e di vairone (FHM). Appare quindi necessario approfondire le relazioni tra le proprietain vitro e il potere patogenoin vivo.
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6.
The kinetics of the production of interferon gamma (IFN-) in whole blood culture and its comparison with anti-listeriolysin O (ALLO) detection by ELISA were studied during oral infection of calves with Listeria monocytogenes. Culture filtrate antigen (CFA), listeriolysin O (LLO), and sonicated antigen (SA) were used to prime the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and the plasma from orally infected calves. IFN- and ALLO appeared as early as day 7 of an oral infection. IFN- was detected earlier with LLO than with SA. The Max50 interleukin (IL-2) activity and IFN- estimated in the culture supernatant from PBMCs primed in vitro with different antigens of L. monocytogenes revealed high induction of IL-2 and IFN- by CFA, LLO and live antigen. IFN- assay and ALLO detection were used for testing cases of repeat breeding in dairy cattle. It appeared that detection of IFN- employing LLO can be used to diagnose listerial infections.  相似文献   

7.
The pharmacokinetics of sulphadimidine after a single dose (200 mg/kg i.v.) was studied in five healthy lactating buffaloes. The study revealed that the drug attained its peak concentration of 314.0±13.0, 242.4±3.0 and 100.2±2.5 g/ml at 15 min, 30 min and 12 h in plasma, milk and uterine fluid, respectively. The pharmacokinetic parameters calculated by a 2-compartment open model gave values for t1, t1 and vdarea of 2.10±0.36 h, 12.36±0.57 h and 1.23±0.07 L/Kg, respectively. A high vdarea as well as a value of 0.74±0.08 for K12:K21- (tissue Plasma) indicates better penetration of the drug into the different body fluids and tissues, which is further supported by a high concentration obtained in milk and uterine fluid. The therapeutic concentration (50 g/ml) was maintained for around 24 h in plasma and milk and 12 h in uterine fluid. The results suggest that, apart from its use in systemic infections, the drug can be effectively used by the i.v. route in uterine and mammary gland infections. The dosages for maintaining concentration of 50 g/ml, 100 g/ml and 150 g/ml at convenient dosage intervals of 12 and 24 h were also determined.  相似文献   

8.
Pathogenic mechanisms of caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Goats infected with caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) show chronic arthritis and cachexia, which are progressive in nature. The immunopathogenic mechanisms responsible for these progressive clinical symptoms have not been fully elucidated. Various haematological and immunological parameters were evaluated in experimentally-infected goats showing typical signs of CAEV-induced disease. Infected goats showed recurrent lymphocytosis that may be due to constant presentation of antigen by infected cells of a monocyte/macrophage lineage. The serum alkaline phosphatase and -glutamyl transferase concentrations were elevated in infected goats, a characteristic of hepatic and bone disorders. All other serum chemistry parameters were similar between infected and control goats. Importantly, the serum tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-) levels were higher in infected goats. The cachexia seen in infected goats may be at least partly due to altered metabolism as a result of prolonged elevation of serum TNF- levels. Depressed natural killer cell activity was observed in infected goats and may contribute towards the establishment of a persistent infection with CAEV.Abbreviations AIDS acquired immunodeficiency syndrome - CAEV caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus - GGT -glutamyl transferase - HBSS Hanks' balanced salt solution - HIV human immunodeficiency virus - NK natural killer - PBMC peripheral blood mononuclear cells - PCR polymerase chain reaction - SAP serum alkaline phosphatase - TNF tumour necrosis factor  相似文献   

9.
Serum fructosamine concentrations were measured in 11 untreated hypothyroid dogs with normal serum glucose and serum protein concentrations. The fructosamine level ranged between 276 and 441 mol/L (median 376 mol/L; reference range 207–340 mol/L). Nine of the 11 dogs had fructosamine levels above the reference range. The fructosamine levels decreased significantly during treatment with levothyroxine. It is suggested that serum fructosamine concentrations may be high in hypothyroid dogs because of decelerated protein turnover, independent of the blood glucose concentration.  相似文献   

10.
The purpose of the present investigation was to test the hypothesis that drug-induced changes in rumen contractions influence feed intake in dwarf goats. Intravenous (i.v.) administration of clonidine (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 10 min), xylazine (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 10 min), and PGF-2 (10 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) caused bradycardia and inhibition of rumen contractions. However, no appetite-stimulating effect of these drugs was observed. Other clinical changes induced by the 2-adrenergic agonists included slight sedation and a decrease in body temperature; all clinical effects of clonidine and xylazine were partly antagonized by tolazoline pretreatment (10 g kg-1 min-1 for 30 min). These results suggest that the CNS control of feeding differs in ruminants and monogastric species.In dwarf goats fasted for 2 h, i.v. administration of oxytocin (0.01 IU kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), vasopressin (0.01 IU kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), octapressin (0.003 IU kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) or PGE (0.8 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) did not change feeding behaviour during the two observation periods (0–30 min and 180–210 min after drug infusion, respectively). In previous studies, similar doses of these drugs induced changes in heart rate and inhibition of rumen contraction in goats. These findings demonstrate that drug-induced changes in forestomach contractions do not simply cause changes in feeding behaviour. The i.v. infusion of the PGF2 analogues etiproston (10 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), luprostiol (30 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min), cloprostenol (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) and tiaprost (1 g kg-1 min-1 for 15 min) induced hypophagic effects and stimulated intestinal propulsion.  相似文献   

11.
The concentration and functionality of the -adrenoceptor (-AR) subtypes in the genital tract of cyclic heifers were investigated. In each tissue sample, a single class of 1-ARs was observed, whereas two distinct classes of 2-ARs were discriminated: low-affinity (LA) and high-affinity (HA) 2-ARs. Statistical analysis showed the presence of significantly (p < 0.05) higher concentrations of all -AR subtypes in the follicle than in the corpus luteum. No significant differences were found in the ovary or myometrium between the luteal and follicular phases. In the ovary, the density of 1-ARs was significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that of 2-ARs. By contrast, there were significantly (p < 0.05) more 2-ARs than 1-ARs in the myometrium. As far as 2-ARs are concerned, LA 2-ARs were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than HA 2-ARs in all tested tissues. Competition studies suggested that the rank order of potency of antagonists for 1-ARs was prazosin > phentolamine > yohimbine, whereas for 2-ARs the order of potency was yohimbine phentolamine > prazosin. Functional assays performed on myometrium showed that noradrenaline, phenylephrine and clonidine elicited concentration-dependent contractions only in dioestrus and pro-oestrus preparations and that clonidine was more effective than phenylephrine as a contractile agent. It appeared that there were no significant modifications in -AR affinity or concentration during the different stages of bovine oestrous cycle, whereas the uterine spontaneous activity and the responsiveness to -adrenergic stimulation was strongly influenced by hormonal levels. The modifications of uterine contractility observed during the oestrous cycle may be related to modifications induced in the transductional mechanisms of -ARs.  相似文献   

12.
This paper recommends that the term letters be confined, in relation to the transfer of primary scientific information, to a specific category of articles, most commonly appearing in special letters journals or in letters sections of other research journals. The outstanding importance or general interest of the contents of true letters makes it desirable that they be published relatively rapidly. There is a place for special letters journals, but these need special refereeing.  相似文献   

13.
Exons 4 to 8 of the tumour suppressor gene p53 were analysed in 25 skin and 25 mammary tumours of 50 dogs. A 1 bp deletion (ACCAC) was detected in codon 89 in exon 4 in a squamous cell carcinoma. A missense mutation CGCCAC (argininehistidine) was present in codon 162 in exon 5 in a mammary adenocarcinoma. Moreover, a silent mutation occurred in codon 103 (serine) of exon 4 in a mammary adenoma. The somatic nature of the three mutations was demonstrated.  相似文献   

14.
Summary Micro-haemagglutination inhibition tests (Micro-HI) were used to measure the level of maternal IgG in the tears of chicks and also to measure the levels of HI antibodies in the tears and serum after vaccination with F strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) and in the face of an outbreak of Newcastle disease. There was a 1·4 fold difference between the maternal IgG concentration in the serum and tears. The ratio of serum IgG to lachrymal IgG after maternal transfer was 4 to 5 : 1 on day 4 to 9 and decreased to 2·6 : 1 on day 12 post-hatch. The intra-ocular vaccination of chicks with F strain of NDV resulted in the highest titre of HI antibodies in the tears though there was no significant difference in the response of chicks vaccinated through intranasal, oral and intravenous routes.In the face of an ND outbreak, the level of HI antibodies in the tears during the acute phase was very high and persisted at the same level for 14 days.
Determinacion De Anticuerpos Frente Al Virus De Newcastle En Lagrimas
Resumen Se utilizaron tests de inhibición de la microhemoaglutinación (micro-HI) para medir el nivel de IgG maternas en las lágrimas de pollitos y también para medir los niveles de anticuerpos HI en las lágrimas y en el suero después de vacunar con la estirpe F del virus de la enfermedad de Newcastle (NDV) y durante una epidemia de la enfermedad de Newcastle. Hubo una diferencia de 1·4 veces entre la concentración de IgG maternas en el suero y en las lágrimas. El cociente entre las IgG del suero y de las lágrimas tras la transferencia materna fue 4–5: 1 entre los días 4 y 9 y disminuyó a 2·6 : 1 el día 12 posteclosión. La vacunación intraocular de los pollitos con la estirpe F del NDV dió lugar al título más elevado de anticuerpos HI en las lágrimas, si bien las differencias entre animales vacunados por vía intranasal, oral y endovenosa no fueron significativas. Durante una epidemia de la enfermedad de Newcastle, el nivel de anticuerpos HI en las lágrimas durante la fase aguda fue muy alto y se mantuvo constante durante 14 días.
Estimation Du Taux d'Anticorps Contre Le Virus De La Maladie De Newcastle Dans Les Larmes
Résumé Des tests d'inhibition par micro-hemoagglutination (Micro-Hi) furent utilisés pour mesurer, soit les taux d'IgG maternelles dans les larmes des poussins, soit les taux d'anticorps Hi dans les larmes et les sérums après vaccination avec une souche F du virus de la maladie de Newcastle (NDV) et dans le cas d'une épidémie de la maladie de Newcastle. Le ratio entre les IgG maternelles dans le sérum et les larmes fut de 1,4. Le ratio entre les IgG dans le sérum et les IgG dans les larmes était de 4 à 5 pour 4 entre le jours 4 et 9 et diminua à 2,6; 12 jours après éclosion. La vaccination intra-oculaire des poussins avec une souche F du virus de la maladie de Newcastle donna les plus hauts taux d'anticorps Hi dans les larmes, cependant il n'y eut pas de différence significative dans la réaction des poussins après vaccination intranasale, orale ou intraveineuse.Durant une épidémie de la maladie de Newcastle, le niveau des anticorps Hi dans les larmes pendant la phase auguë fut très élevé et persista à ce niveau pendant 14 jours.
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15.
Fenclor 64 (a PCB's commercial mixture) was administered twice i. p. to virgin and pregnant New Zealand rabbits at the dose of 100 mg/Kg to evaluate its inducing properties on the following hepatic microsomal MFO activities: p-nitro-anisole-O-demethylase, amino-pyrine-N-demethylase, acetanilide-hydroxylase and arylhydrocarbons-hydroxylase.The results indicate that Fenclor 64 evoked a mixed type induction in virgin as well as in pregnant rabbits since it increased liver weight, cytochrome P-450 levels, as well as p-nitro-anisole-O-demethylase and acetanilide-hydroxylase. Pregnancy by itself affects only amino-pyrine-N-demethylase levels.Work supported by a grant from M. P. I. 40% (1982)  相似文献   

16.
Persson Waller, K., Colditz, I.G., Flapper, P. and Seow, H.-F., 1997. Leukocyte and cytokine accumulation in the ovine teat and udder during endotoxin-induced inflammation. Veterinary Research Communications, 21 (2), 101-115The accumulation of leukocytes, ovine serum albumin and the cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1), tumour necrosis factor- (TNF-), interleukin-8 (IL-8), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and interferon- (IFN-) was studied during endotoxin-induced inflammation in lactating and dry ovine udders, and in the teat cisterns of dry ewes after surgical closure of the passage between the teat and udder cisterns. Samples were taken before infusion and hourly up to 10 h after infusion of 0.1, 1 or 10 µg of endotoxin, or infusion of pyrogen-free saline (PFS) as a control. Rectal temperatures were measured.A significant dose- and time-dependent accumulation of leukocytes, mainly neutrophils, was observed in the lactating udders and in the teat cisterns. In the dry udders, the leukocyte accumulation was significant for time but not for dose. Peak numbers of cells were reached at 3-4 h in the dry udders and in the teat cisterns, but not until 10 h after infusion in the lactating udders. The changes in the ovine serum albumin concentrations mostly paralleled changes in leukocyte numbers.A role was indicated for TNF-, IL-8 and GM-CSF, but not for IL-1 and IFN-, during endotoxin-induced inflammation in the ovine udder. Release of TNF-, IL-8 and GM-CSF was most prominent in lactating udders, peaking at 2 or 3 h after infusion, but was also detected in dry udders and teat cisterns. Detectable levels of IL-1 and IFN- were occasionally found in all three groups.  相似文献   

17.
This paper reports the milk protein polymorphism, the allele frequencies of variants and the possible linkages among various combinations of milk protein phenotypes in the Kangayam cattle of south India. Milk samples from 156 Kangayam cows were typed by starch gel and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis for caseins and whey proteins, respectively. All the four milk protein components studied, s1-casein, -casein, -lactoglobulin and -lactalbumin, exhibited polymorphism with high allele frequencies of 0.9231±0.0151 for s1-casein C, 0.9263±0.0148 for -casein A, 0.9135±0.0159 for -lactoglobulin B and a relatively high frequency of 0.6218±0.0275 for -lactalbumin A. The mean heterozygosity estimated over all the four milk protein loci was 0.2420. Genetic equilibrium was observed among all the loci studied, except -lactalbumin. Linkage analysis confirmed the non-independence between s1- and -caseins and between caseins and -lactalbumin phenotypes.  相似文献   

18.
The oxidative metabolism of aldicarb (ALD), a carbamate pesticide, and fenbendazole (FBZ), an anthelmintic, was studied using cultured hepatocytes obtained from 4 goats and a bullock and incubated with ALD (50 mol/L) and FBZ (10 mol/L). The parent compounds and the metabolites were measured by HPLC. Both compounds are metabolized at the sulphur atom via two sequential oxidations, first to the sulphoxide (aldicarb sulphoxide and oxfendazole, respectively) and then to the sulphone. Oxfendazole and fenbendazole sulphone from FBZ, and aldicarb sulphoxide from ALD were found in both species. Aldicarb sulphone was not produced by the hepatocyte preparations from the bullock. The good correlation obtained comparing the in vitro results of FBZ metabolism with published in vivo dat obtained on FBZ kinetics in the same species confirmed the usefulness of in vitro models for predictive analysis of in vivo xenobiotic biotransformations.Abbreviations ALD aldicarb - ALDSON aldicarb sulphone - ALDSOX aldicarb sulphoxide - BSA bovine serum albumin - ID internal diameter - EGTA ethylene glycol bis(-aminoethyl ether) N,N,N,N-tetraacetic acid - FBZ fenbendazole - FBZSON fenbendazole sulphone - HBSS Hanks' balanced saline solution - HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography - LDH lactate dehydrogenase - MFO mixed function oxidase - NCS newborn calf serum - OXF oxfendazole - WME Williams' Medium E  相似文献   

19.
The synthetic androgen 19-nortestosterone (-NT) has been used illegally as a growth promoter in cattle production in the European Union. Elimination of -NT and its metabolites in plasma, urine and bile was studied in three cattle with cannulated gallbladders following intramuscular injection at a single site of 500 mg of the laurate ester (NTL) containing 300.5 mg -NT. Using enzyme immunoassay quantification, plasma Cmax of free -NT was 0.5±0.15 g/L (mean±SEM). Concentrations of free -NT in plasma were consistently greater than the assay limit of quantification (0.12 g/L) for 32.7±13.42 days. Mean residence time for free -NT in plasma was 68.5±20.75 days. Following sample preparation by immunoaffinity chromatography, high-resolution GC-MS was used to quantify -NT and -NT in urine and bile. -NT was detected irregularly in urine from two of the three animals post injection. The principal metabolite present in the urine, -NT, was detected for 160.3±22.67 days post injection. Cmax for -NT in urine was 13.7±5.14 g/L. Mean urinary AUC0–183 days for -NT was 845.7±400.90 (g h)/L.In bile, -NT was the only metabolite detected for 174.3±8.67 days post treatment. Cmax for -NT in bile was 40.8±12.70 g/L and mean biliary AUC0–183 days for -NT was 1982.6±373.81 (g h)/L. Concentrations of -NT in bile samples were greater than those in urine samples taken at the same time. The mean ratio of biliary:urinary AUC0–183 days was 3.0±0.72. It is concluded that bile is a superior fluid for detection of -NT following injection of NTL, owing to the longer period during which residues may be detected after administration.  相似文献   

20.
A pharmacokinetic study of doxycycline after intravenous administration at 5 mg/kg body weight in goats revealed that a concentration of 0.5 g/ml was maintained for 5 min-2 h, 4–12 h, 2–12 h and 5 min- >48 h in plasma, interstitial fluid, milk and urine respectively. The low t1/2 of 0.73±0.11 h and high t1/2 of 16.63±1.58 h show that the drug is rapidly distributed but slowly eliminated from the body. The tissue:plasma concentration of 4.86±1.06 during the elimination phase [K12/(K21-)] indicates a high expected tissue concentration, which is supported by similarly increased drug concentration in interstitial fluid and milk. The high Vdarea of 9.78±0.86 L/kg observed denotes that, apart from its wide distribution, the drug may be stored in fat depots as it is known to be highly lipophilic. As the drug maintained a therapeutic concentration for a shorter time in plasma, and the calculated dose rate for maintaining a minimal plasma concentration of 0.5–1.5 g/ml is relatively high, it may not be of much use in treating septicaemia in this species. Since the observed tissue:plasma concentration was higher and a therapeutic concentration was maintained in interstitial fluid and milk for longer, the drug can be used for other systemic infections at a lower dose rate than that required for treating septicaemia. As the drug maintained a very high concentration in urine, it may be of particular value in treating urinary tract infections caused by sensitive micro-organisms.  相似文献   

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