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1.
Farmers are using skimming wells tosupplement their canal deliveries. Toensure sustainable groundwater extraction,proper design and operational guidelinesfor these skimming wells are required. Thestarting point of such guidelines is tolook at farmers' existing groundwaterextraction practices, their extent andassociated problems. For this purpose, afield survey was conducted in the IndusBasin of Pakistan. Participatory ruralappraisal identified several design andoperational problems with farmers' skimmingwells. These include; depth of well,number of strainers, horizontaldistance of strainers, priming, water quality, sand in pumped water,and reduction in well discharge withtime. To investigate these problems,diagnostic analysis was carried out. A testborehole was drilled to get water samplesalong the aquifer depth during drilling.The depth of well was then decided on thebasis of these water quality analyses. Todecide the number of strainers, a pumpingtest was conducted at test borehole toestimate the contribution of individualstrainer and then the numbers wereincreased according to the desireddischarge. Similarly, placing non-returnvalve between blind pipe and strainersolved the priming problem. Operating wellsintermittently rather than continuouslysolved the problems of water quality andreduction in well discharge. The systematicapproach adopted in the study helped thefarmers to rectify the problems. 相似文献
2.
The movement of underlying saline water inresponse to freshwater abstraction infresh-saline aquifers is dependent uponaquifer properties, well design andoperational plans. The responses of thesefactors under various well configurationsand pumping modes are important forsustainable freshwater abstraction. In thepresent study, three shallow skimming wellswith different well configurations weremonitored under different pumping modes inthe Indus basin of Pakistan. The field datawere used to calibrate MODFLOW and MT3Dmodels for each well system. The resultsshowed that the selected models have thecapability to simulate both the continuousand intermittent pumping operations inskimming wells. The calibrated models wereused to evaluate the sensitivity of variousaquifers, well design, and operationalparameters. Hydrosalinity of the pumpedwater increased with the increase invertical hydraulic conductivity,longitudinal dispersivity, well abstractionrate, well penetration ratio, and pumpingduration; while increase in horizontalhydraulic conductivity, effective porosity,specific yield, freshwater recharge,transverse dispersivity, and number ofboreholes in multi-borehole skimming wellsdecreased the salinity of the pumpedwater. 相似文献
3.
《Agricultural Water Management》2003,61(3):163-177
Skimming wells are meant to extract top fresh water layer in the fresh-saline aquifer. Their development in the Indus basin occurred through private sector in a technological vacuum. As a result, these wells have some technical, environmental and social constraints, which hinder the sustainability of these wells. As an initial step to improve the well technology, the hydraulic and hydro-salinity responses of the fresh-saline aquifer under different pumping regimes need to be monitored. The present paper reports the hydraulic and hydro-salinity behavior of the Indus basin aquifer in Pakistan under field conditions at farmers’ wells. Two sites, having 6- and 16-strainer wells were monitored during July 2000–December 2001. The 6-strainer well was operated for 4 h with single-, 4- and 6-strainer arrangements and the spatial behaviors of specific drawdown were observed under these arrangements. The 16-strainer well was monitored continuously for the above period. The well discharge, pumped water quality and pumping duration was recorded of every pumping event under farmer’s practice to extract groundwater. The rainfall and temporal water table fluctuation was also recorded at this site. The impact of 24 years of well operation on groundwater quality was observed by comparing the hydro-salinity profiles of 1974 and 1998 under 3-strainer well. The results showed that the specific drawdown was higher for single-strainer and it decreased with the increase in number of strainers in skimming wells and hence reduced the chances of saline-upconing. Each strainer in multi-strainer well contributes equally in well discharge provided the horizontal distances among the strainers are equal. The pumped water quality in fresh-saline aquifer was a very sensitive function of fresh water recharge and pumping duration. It was observed that with the increase in daily operation from 2 to 12 h per day, the pumped quality deteriorated three-folds and there was also 30% reduction in well discharge due to high suction lift. It was observed that continuous operation of a 3-strainer well having discharge of 14 lps over the 24 years had raised the fresh-saline interface (iso-concentration line of 1.5 dS/m) to 9 m. Keeping in review the observations, it is recommended that the daily operation of 4–6 h keep the water quality within marginal limit (<1.5 dS/m) and the pumping operation is also cost-effective with only 15–20% reduction in well discharge for the study area. 相似文献
4.
微咸水-淡水交替灌溉对玉米生长指标及产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以隆平206玉米品种为载体进行了温室避雨盆栽试验,试验设计"咸-淡-淡"、"淡-咸-淡"和"淡-淡-咸"3种交替灌溉模式,即分别在壮苗期、拔节期、抽雄—乳熟期3个阶段灌溉微咸水,微咸水矿化度设计为1、3和5 g/L,监测生长生理和产量指标。结果表明,任一时期灌溉矿化度1 g/L微咸水对玉米株高、叶面积、SPAD和产量影响不明显;随微咸水矿化度的增加,玉米受抑制作用增强;微咸水灌溉后壮苗期玉米株高、叶面积、SPAD受影响显著,由于玉米前期补偿生长能力强,随生长推进,壮苗期微咸水灌溉处理与CK间差异逐渐减小,玉米株高、叶面积、SPAD受抑制最显著的为拔节期微咸水灌溉处理,其次是壮苗期,抽雄—乳熟期最小;对玉米产量影响最大的是抽雄—乳熟期微咸水灌溉处理,其次是拔节期,壮苗期影响最小,故生殖生长阶段不宜采用微咸水灌溉;滨海农区可根据淡水、微咸水资源的时空分布特征设计交替灌溉制度,利用淡水灌溉的补偿效应确保玉米产量。 相似文献
5.
基于供需水量平衡分析的灌区机井布局模式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
针对机井布局缺乏合理科学规划,造成的北方灌区地下水采补失调问题,以宝鸡峡灌区为研究区,在灌区地下水资源综合评价的基础上,划分地下水开发利用类型区;以充分灌溉和非充分灌溉条件下的灌区供需水量平衡分析为依据,拟定不同的井灌地下水开采规模方案,并通过地下水数值模拟计算,确定合理的地下水开采规模;运用传统计算方法和基于遗传算法的优化方法计算灌区规划机井数,单井灌溉面积及井距,确定灌区机井合理布局模式.计算结果表明：开采方案Ⅱ（采补平衡）条件下,灌区地下水位埋深年内变幅最小,且呈微小上升趋势,地下水采补基本平衡,缺水率可控制在1%左右,利于涵养地下水源.针对现有机井数量,灌区需做如下调整：塬上灌区需新建机井53眼,塬下灌区需减少机井242眼,以利于灌区合理开发利用地下水资源. 相似文献
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7.
D. P. Sharma K. V. G. K. Rao K. N. Singh P. S. Kumbhare R. J. Oosterbaan 《Irrigation Science》1994,15(1):25-33
In arid and semi-arid regions, effluent from sub-surface drainage systems is often saline and during the dry season its disposal poses an environmental problem. A field experiment was conducted from 1989 to 1992 using saline drainage water (EC=10.5–15.0 dS/m) together with fresh canal water (EC=0.4 dS/m) for irrigation during the dry winter season. The aim was to find if crop production would still be feasible and soil salinity would not be increased unacceptably by this practice. The experimental crops were a winter crop, wheat, and pearl-millet and sorghum, the rainy season crops, grown on a sandy loam soil. All crops were given a pre-plant irrigation with fresh canal water. Subsequently, the wheat crop was irrigated four times with different sequences of saline drainage water and canal water. The rainy season crops received no further irrigation as they were rainfed. Taking the wheat yield obtained with fresh canal water as the potential value (100%), the mean relative yield of wheat irrigated with only saline drainage water was 74%. Substitution of canal water at first post-plant irrigation and applying thereafter only saline drainage water, increased the yield to 84%. Cyclic irrigations with canal and drainage water in different treatments resulted in yields of 88% to 94% of the potential. Pearl-millet and sorghum yields decreased significantly where 3 or 4 post-plant irrigations were applied with saline drainage water to previous wheat crop, but cyclic irrigations did not cause yield reduction. The high salinity and sodicity of the drainage water increased the soil salinity and sodicity in the soil profile during the winter season, but these hazards were eliminated by the sub-surface drainage system during the ensuing monsoon periods. The results obtained provide a promising option for the use of poor quality drainage water in conjunction with fresh canal water without undue yield reduction and soil degradation. This will save the scarce canal water, reduce the drainage water disposal needs and associated environmental problems. 相似文献
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9.
《Agricultural Water Management》2005,74(3):165-188
This paper reports work done to assess the status of groundwater extraction technologies and practices in the Indus basin of Pakistan and hence to improve these technologies for sustainable groundwater extraction. A socio-technical approach was used which involved a field survey using participatory rural appraisal (PRA), monitoring of existing farmers’ wells for hydraulic and hydrosalinity behavior of these wells, and simulating hydrosalinity behavior under skimming wells using appropriate groundwater and solute transport models. The data collected in PRA shows a variety of wells designs, which reflects the absence of design code for these wells. Consequently, farmers have to choose one of the design options provided by the local drillers.We monitored a farmer's operation of a multi-borehole skimming well to extract groundwater to supplement canal water. Most of the time the well was operated daily, and occasionally on alternate days. The number of operating hours varied from 2 to 12 h per pumping event. We also conducted pumping tests in two wells, one with a single-borehole, and another with six boreholes. The data obtained at these two wells were used to develop guidelines for well design and operation using a flow model, MODFLOW and a solute transport model, MT3D.The parameters considered in the model studies were as follows: perforated well depth with respect to depth of the freshwater layer in the aquifer (i.e. well penetration ratio), number of boreholes and spatial distance between them in a multi-borehole well system, well discharge rate and daily operational hours. The results indicate that a single borehole well operated at a discharge rate of ranging from 32 to 180 m3/h (9–50 l/s) can be operated successfully with a 30–60% well penetration ratio for an operating time of 4–8 h/day where the thickness of the freshwater layer ranges from 20 to 30 m. Multi-borehole wells consisting of four to eight boreholes at a spacing of 3 m can be installed where the thickness of the freshwater layer ranges from 10 to 20 m without compromising the quantity and quality of pumped water. 相似文献
10.
基于作物生长模型的冬小麦灌溉方案研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用作物生长模拟模型(PS123),以黄淮海平原曲周砂壤土种植的冬小麦为例,对2 280个不同淡水灌溉方案和2 055个微咸水灌溉方案进行了模拟研究,分析了不同灌溉方案对作物生产力、水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,曲周地区多年冬小麦平均生产潜力为11.27 t/hm2,冬小麦最高生产潜力的最小需水量为240 mm,与目前节水灌溉试验相吻合;通过灌溉方案模拟,提出了在冬小麦生育期淡水灌溉1到4次,获得高产的最佳灌溉方案;在灌溉4次的冬小麦生产体系中,建议冬前用淡水灌溉,返青后可以考虑1～2次微咸水灌。 相似文献
11.
华北平原农业灌溉用水非常紧缺,水资源日益缺乏与粮食需求日益增多之间的矛盾尖锐。充分利用微咸水资源是缓解这一矛盾的重要途径之一。该文以中国农业大学曲周试验站1997－2005年冬小麦和夏玉米微咸水灌溉田间长期定位试验为基础,研究了充分淡水、充分淡咸水、关键期淡水、关键期淡咸水和不灌溉等5个处理下土壤饱和电导率和含盐量的动态变化,探讨了微咸水灌溉对冬小麦和夏玉米产量的影响。结果表明：土壤水盐动态呈受灌溉和降雨影响的短期波动和受季节更替影响的长期波动;在正常降雨年份,使用微咸水进行灌溉是可行的,不会导致土壤的次生盐渍化;微咸水灌溉虽然导致冬小麦和夏玉米产量降低10%～15%,但节约淡水资源60%～75%。如果降雨量达到多年平均水平以及微咸水灌溉制度制订合理,微咸水用于冬小麦/玉米田间灌溉前景广阔。 相似文献
12.
咸水灌溉对基质栽培甜脆豌豆生长及营养品质的影响 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
【目的】探讨在水资源紧缺地区开展无土栽培咸水灌溉的可行性。【方法】采用基质盆栽试验,以甜脆豌豆为试验对象,设置0.6(淡水)、1.6、2.6、3.6、4.6 g/L共5个矿化度(深层地下淡水掺兑NaCl而成)灌水处理,研究了甜脆豌豆植株地上部和根系生长状况以及豌豆营养品质对咸水灌溉的响应。【结果】与淡水灌溉相比,灌溉水矿化度为3.6 g/L和4.6 g/L时出苗率显著(P<0.05)降低,降幅分别为12.5%和31.2%;甜脆豌豆的株高、地上部鲜/干物质量均随灌溉水矿化度的增加而显著(P<0.05)降低;在播后16 d时1.6 g/L和2.6 g/L处理的甜脆豌豆根系干物质积累未明显降低,但是在播后32d时咸水灌溉处理的根系干物质较淡水灌溉处理分别降低28.9%、40.5%、52.2%和53.1%;随灌溉水矿化度的增加,甜脆豌豆的根冠比呈增加趋势,豌豆淀粉量呈降低趋势,但2.6 g/L与0.6g/L处理间差异不显著(P≥0.05),豌豆可溶性蛋白量和可溶性糖量表现出先增加后减少的趋势,最大值均出现在2.6 g/L处理。【结论】开展基质栽培咸水灌溉甜脆豌豆是可行的,但灌溉水矿化度应≤2.6 g/L。 相似文献
13.
该文在研究作物耐盐性的基础上,提出咸淡水联合运用的策略——实行咸淡水轮灌与混灌,可以减缓盐分对作物的危害,改善土壤环境,增辟灌溉水源,扩大灌溉面积,夺取农业丰收。 相似文献
14.
【目的】探究不同水源磁化处理对生菜光合特性等生理生化和产量的影响。【方法】在日光温室条件下,以意大利生菜为供试对象,采用随机区组设计,设置2个因素:磁化(M)和灌溉水源(T),磁化设置未磁化处理(M0)和磁化处理(M1)2个水平,灌溉水源设置淡水(T1)、再生水(T2)、微咸水(T3)3个水平,共6个处理。通过盆栽试验研究了3种水源磁化处理对生菜净光合速率、抗氧化酶活性、矿质元素及产量等的影响。【结果】不同水源磁化处理灌溉效果有所差异。生长中期,M1T1、M1T2处理分别较M0T1、M0T2处理的净光合速率显著提高11.16%、14.73%。3种水源磁化处理灌溉的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性显著提高12.77%~23.09%。M1T1、M1T2处理分别较M0T1、M0T2处理的生菜叶片氮质量分数显著提高7.71%、6.83%,生菜产量分别显著提高9.42%、10.15%,但M1T3与M0T3处理的生菜产量无显著差异。不同水源磁化处理的生菜叶片P、Ca、Mg、Na、K质量分数有不同程度的提高,水分利用效率提高5.03%~11.65%。【结论】磁化水灌溉有利于生菜光合等生理生化活动,提高产量和水分利用效率,淡水和再生水磁化效果优于微咸水。 相似文献
15.
Gordon Stanger 《Agricultural Water Management》1985,9(4):269-286
Nearly half the agriculture in the Sultanate of Oman is concentrated along the coastal strip of the Batinah Plain. Arid tropical conditions and the absence of surface water create total dependence upon groundwater withdrawal from wells. The initial equilibrium groundwater conditions were upset, first by the transition from animal bailed to pumped wells, and subsequently by agricultural expansion and increasing urban and industrial water demands. The consequent effects of saline upconing and intrusion have been monitored in selected areas by repeated electrical conductivity surveys over a 9-year period. Despite an apparent excess of fresh water in the Wadi Semail catchment, locally severe salinization has occurred, mainly due to heterogeneous aquifer conditions, thereby detracting from the benefits of agricultural expansion. In the Wadi Rusayl catchment excess of extraction over recharge has resulted in severe salinization. The situation will probably deteriorate further unless rigorous conservation measures and enhanced aquifer recharge are implemented. In such sensitive coastal areas, even if a catchment water balance has ‘excess’ groundwater flow seaward, the local subcatchment response may involve a high salinization risk. Therefore if groundwater extraction is to be increased, the water balance alone may be an insufficient basis for water resources management. The effects upon ‘high risk’/interfluvial areas should also be taken into account. 相似文献
16.
《Agricultural Water Management》1996,30(1):25-40
A simulation model has been prepared for assessing water quality to judge its suitability for irrigation. When water is classified as poor quality water (saline/sodic/saline-sodic) utilizing standard norms for Indian agro-climatic conditions, the model determines the potential of the water for direct application. Further, it also evaluates management strategies based on conjunctive use of fresh and saline waters. For this purpose, the model requires water quality data, crop data, soil data and rules established in the expert system rule-base. Data are compiled in data files which can be updated. For conjunctive use of saline and fresh waters, an irrigation scheduling sub-model has been modified to include a soil salinization-desalinization module based on layer-wise equilibrium theory. The module was independently tested using field data. The model SWAM has been successfully tested using data from a number of field experiments. Sodic waters of 16.2 meq l−1 residual sodium carbonate would require 2.73 t ha−1 of gypsum for each 20 cm of water applied to the soil. Field observations usually attest to this requirement. Likewise, saline water of 16 dS m−1, when applied to a wheat crop in conjunction with fresh water of 0.5 dS m−1, would yield optimally in case two saline water irrigations are followed by one fresh water irrigation in a normal rainfall year with an initial soil salinity of 2.98 dS m−1. Some more useful data sets are analyzed and compared with results from field experiments. In our opinion, the model which is based upon recent guidelines can be applied to the classification of waters and their management. The minor changes necessary to apply the model to other conditions can be easily carried out. 相似文献
17.
微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤盐分离子分布和番茄产量的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为了探讨微咸水膜下滴灌对土壤盐分分布和番茄产量的影响,在内蒙古河套灌区进行了田间试验,共设置3种灌水处理:淡水灌水定额30 mm、微咸水灌水定额30 mm和微咸水灌水定额37.5 mm,每个处理重复3次,随机布置。结果表明:HCO_3~-、Cl~-、Na~+和K~+容易随水分移动,当微咸水灌水定额为37.5 mm时,淋洗效果最好;SO_4~(2-)、Ca~(2+)和Mg~(2+)与土壤胶体吸附力较强,不易随水分运动,淋洗效果不明显;在番茄生育期结束后需要秋季或来年春季汇水洗盐,防止微咸水灌溉后引起的盐碱危害;微咸水灌溉相比淡水灌溉的灌水定额要增大1/4左右。 相似文献
18.
19.
基于非饱和土壤水动力学理论及根系吸水模型,建立地面滴灌土壤水分运动数学模型,应用HYDRUS-2D模型模拟全生育期不同灌水处理条件下设施茄子滴灌土壤水分动态变化,结果表明：土壤含水量模拟值与实测值之间具有较好的一致性,所建地面滴灌土壤水分运动数学模型能较好地反映滴灌条件下茄子土壤水分运动规律。 相似文献
20.
《Agricultural Water Management》2004,64(1):1-15
Kuwait is an arid country situated in the northwestern corner of the Arabian peninsula, which suffers from limited natural water resources. Groundwater in Kuwait is mostly saline, except for some freshwater lenses in the northern part and some brackish zones existing in the south and southwest. With an annual average rainfall of 120 mm and evapotranspiration of around 2266 mm, the recharge of aquifers by rainfall is negligible. Fresh groundwater lenses with total dissolved solids (TDS) less than 1000 mg/l are exploited for potable purpose, and brackish groundwater with TDS between 1000 and 5000 mg/l is used for irrigation. The objective of this study was to assess the impact of irrigation on the salinity and the drawdown of groundwater in the Al-Wafra farms area in southern Kuwait. As a result of the gradual increase of the groundwater extraction for irrigation, the quality and quantity of the groundwater in the aquifers have been depleted. Water levels in the southern part of Kuwait have declined and the maximum declination of 20 m was observed at the center of the farm area. About 35% of the irrigated water was lost due to evapotranspiration, and the rest infiltrated back to the aquifer through the vadose zone, resulting in an increase in the TDS level in the groundwater up to 14,000 mg/l. Such an increase was observed at several locations within the farming area. As a part of this study, two numerical models were developed to predict the groundwater quality as well as the drawdown. The relation between the well locations, decline in water levels, variations in groundwater quality and the transmissivity distribution were interpreted, and the results of the numerical simulations were compared and scaled with field observations. It is estimated that, in the next 5 years, if irrigation is continued at the present rate, then only about 20% of the existing wells will have a TDS level of less than 7500 mg/l. 相似文献