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1.
[目的] 研究辽西北沙地农林复合系统土壤养分的空间分布及其效应,从土壤养分角度探讨果农间作系统中果树和农作物对土壤养分的相互作用关系,为该区农林复合系统的可持续经营提供科学合理的依据。[方法] 以苹果与花生间作、花生单作、苹果单作为研究对象,对0-60 cm土层深度,0-300 cm水平距离范围内土壤养分含量进行测定和分析。[结果] 沙地间作系统中土壤有机质、速效钾极缺乏,全氮、碱解氮很缺乏,全磷缺乏,有效磷含量中等;间作系统在水平方向上,苹果树和花生植株对总养分有机质、氮、磷的竞争激烈位点位于果树带区,对有效养分氮、磷、钾的竞争激烈位点位于近果树作物区;在垂直方向上,各养分总体表现出了表聚性,间作系统对有机质、有效磷的竞争主要位于深土层,对全磷、速效钾的竞争主要位于表土层,对全氮、碱解氮表现为合作效应,表土层效应更高;与苹果单作、花生单作相比较,间作系统速效钾和有效磷含量呈现负效应。[结论] 沙地苹果-花生间作系统土壤养分贫瘠,应在果树带区施用有机肥、磷肥,作物区施入钾肥,以减轻养分竞争,提高养分效应。  相似文献   

2.
黄土丘陵沟壑区山地苹果林土壤干化及养分变异特征   总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7  
李青华  张静  王力  王延平 《土壤学报》2018,55(2):503-514
揭示不同树龄苹果林土壤剖面水分特征及土壤养分演变规律,探明土壤干化引起的养分失衡原因,对黄土高原丘陵沟壑区苹果林地土壤水分、养分科学管理以及果园合理施肥具有重要现实意义。以陕北米脂县为研究区,选取不同树龄山地苹果林为研究对象,分别测定了7 a、10 a、18a、25 a、30 a和41 a苹果林地0~1 000 cm土层土壤湿度和0~300 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,分析测定了深度范围内土壤干化情况、各养分指标丰缺状况及其随种植年限和土层深度的变异特征及不同树龄苹果林地60~300 cm土层土壤水分与养分的相互关系。结果表明:黄土丘陵沟壑区不同树龄山地苹果林深层土壤均出现严重或强烈干化,0~1 000 cm土层平均土壤含水量随树龄增加呈先增加后降低再略有增加趋势。该地区不同树龄苹果林0~300 cm土层土壤有机质、全氮和碱解氮含量均处于极缺状态,全磷、速效磷含量较缺,速效钾含量中等。幼龄期果树土壤水分与有机质、全氮、碱解氮相关性显著,而盛果期及衰退期果树土壤水分与各养分含量相关性不显著。建议不同树龄果园除应采取蓄水保墒措施外,尤其应注重有机肥和氮肥投入,适当增施磷肥,可少施或不施钾肥。相较于由干化引起的养分失衡,该地区土壤干化问题更应引起关注。  相似文献   

3.
大小兴安岭林区不同林型土壤养分综合评价   总被引:4,自引:2,他引:2  
基于大小兴安岭地区主要林型野外采样数据,利用统计学方法分析了红松林、针阔混交林、白桦林、樟子松林和蒙古栎林土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾的垂直分布特征,并对土壤养分状况进行了综合评价.结果表明,不同林型土壤(0-40 cm)有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾养分含量差异显著.有机质、全氮、速效磷3种土壤养分的总体分布是白桦林、针阔混交林比较高,针叶林次之,蒙古栎林比较低;而速效钾含量以蒙古栎林、白桦林为最高,针阔混交林却比较低.用改进的内梅罗综合指数法进行综合评价,结果显示,大小兴安岭林区土壤有机质和全氮含量特别丰富,速效磷含量为中等至较丰富,不同林型土壤养分总体处于良偏优水平,但速效钾比较缺乏,成为该林区土壤质量的主要限制因素.  相似文献   

4.
辽南葡萄主产区土壤养分特征研究   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
包红静  邢月华  刘艳  李波  蔡广兴 《土壤通报》2021,52(5):1149-1155
为了给辽南规模化葡萄园的养分管理和科学施肥提供依据,2016年在辽南葡萄主产区采集91个葡萄园土壤样品,分别测定土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量,对该葡萄主产区土壤养分状况进行研究。研究结果表明:辽南葡萄主产区土壤pH平均值为6.2;有机质平均含量为11.0 g kg?1,处于缺乏水平的样点占总样点的97.8%;土壤全氮、碱解氮平均含量分别为0.08 g kg?1和73.3 mg kg?1,处于缺乏水平的土壤样点分别占样本总数的85.8%和74.8%;土壤速效磷平均含量为70.4 mg kg?1,90.1%样点属于丰富水平,但变异系数较大;速效钾平均含量为158.0 mg kg?1,总体含量属于中等以上,处于中等以上和缺乏水平的样点占总样点的比例分别为68.2%和31.8%。不同地区、不同树龄和不同产量水平的葡萄园土壤养分状况存在较大差异;李官镇葡萄园养分状况好于许屯镇;随着种植年限的增加,葡萄园土壤pH、有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量均呈现显著升高趋势;不同产量葡萄园有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量变化趋势为高产园 > 中产园 > 低产园。建议根据产量和树龄情况,分区域进行葡萄园养分管理,适当减少磷肥和钾肥、增加有机肥用量,以保证养分的高效利用。  相似文献   

5.
黄土高原沟壑区小流域土壤养分分布特征   总被引:21,自引:0,他引:21  
研究了黄土高原沟壑区王东沟流域土壤养分布特征,有机质,全氮、全氮、碱解氮、全磷、速效磷在王东沟小流域的分布呈现塬面>山坡地>坡台地的趋势,这是由于养分的投入主要分布在塬面,流失的养分在山地富集的结果,流域内土壤K素含量无较大差异,全钾,速效钾,缓效钾含量均比较高,流域内有机质含量不高,钾素较丰富,速效养分含量较低,且分布不均,林,草地有机质和碱解氮含量比农田土壤高,由于没有外源磷素的补充,其全磷,速效磷含量较农田土壤低,且变幅较大,果园土壤全氮,碱解氮,有机质,速效钾含量是所有土地利用方式中最低的。  相似文献   

6.
晋西黄土区果农间作土壤养分空间分布   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
为了研究黄土区农林复合系统土壤养分的空间分布及效应,对山西吉县残塬面核桃×花生、核桃×大豆和核桃×玉米3种典型果农间作类型下0~100 cm土层中土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾进行了测定和分析。结果表明:1)3种间作类型土壤养分的空间分布特征具有一定的相似性。在垂直方向上,土壤养分含量随土层深度的增加而减少,并且距果树越远,土壤养分的垂直递减梯度越小;在水平方向上,离果树越近,土壤养分越少。2)效应分析结果表明,间作系统中果树与作物存在竞争,间作系统中作物土壤养分的综合效应优劣说明间作作物以花生为最佳、大豆其次、玉米最差。根据研究结果提出了研究区果农间作系统减少土壤养分竞争的相关建议:加强水肥管理、增加果树和作物的间作距离、设置根障。  相似文献   

7.
东北平原典型农业县农田土壤养分空间分布影响因素分析   总被引:12,自引:0,他引:12  
结合常规统计方法与GIS空间分析方法,定量研究了东北平原典型农业县——吉林省德惠市土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷和速效钾空间分布的主要影响因素。研究表明,不同高程的土壤养分含量不存在显著差异;不同坡度的土壤有机质和全氮存在显著差异,坡度相对较大的地区由于受到土壤水蚀的影响导致有机质和全氮含量有所降低,而坡度因素对土壤速效磷和速效钾含量的影响并不显著;土壤类型和土地利用方式都对土壤养分的空间变异存在明显的影响。对4种土壤养分的分布进行空间插值,结果表明,以中部饮马河为分界线,饮马河以东土壤有机质、全氮、速效钾含量较西部为低,而速效磷空间分布的随机性较强。  相似文献   

8.
雾灵山低山区土地利用类型对土壤理化性质的影响   总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2  
针对雾灵山低山区不同土地利用类型的土壤进行采样和分析,研究农田、果园、绿化林、果农间作和未利用地5种土地利用类型对土壤理化性质的影响,以期为雾灵山地区的土地合理利用和水土保持等提供科学依据.结果表明:5种土地利用类型中,绿化林的有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾含量均为最高,而含水量最低;果农间作的有机质、全氮、碱解氮含量最低;未利用地的含水量和容重最高,而速效磷和速效钾含量最低.不同土地利用类型土壤有机质含量随土层深度的增加而减少,而其他土壤养分含量随土层深度的增加其减少量有明显差异.同全国第二次土壤普查养分分级标准相比,各土地利用类型的土壤速效磷和速效钾含量较为丰富,全氮和有机质含量较为缺乏,其中绿化林的各养分均较为丰富.  相似文献   

9.
以乐清湾西门岛海域相同高程断面中国移植最北界的人工红树林(秋茄林)、光滩和互花米草带土壤为样品,比较分析了2种植被带和光滩土壤有机质、速效钾、碱解氮、速效磷、全钾、全氮、全磷含量的时空变化。结果表明:(1)在冬季和夏季,植被带土壤有机质含量均高于光滩。(2)在冬季,光滩土壤有机质、速效钾、碱解氮、速效磷、全钾、全氮、全磷含量均随土层深度增加而减少,而互花米草带除土壤速效钾、碱解氮、全氮、全磷含量变化与光滩相似外,土壤有机质、全钾和速效磷均随土层深度增加而增加;在夏季,光滩和互花米草带土壤各营养元素含量存在极为复杂的变化。(3)在冬季和夏季,土壤有机质和速效钾含量随秋茄树龄增加而增加,而其他土壤营养元素含量却并未因树龄、季节不同而出现较强性规律变化。(4)从土壤有机质与营养元素间的关系来看,土壤有机质与速效磷、速效钾、全氮间均存在极显著正相关。研究表明,植被能增强湿地土壤营养,其中50年代秋茄林较其他移植年代更具有规律性。  相似文献   

10.
陕西省耕地土壤养分现状与分布特征   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
《土壤通报》2019,(6):1298-1305
本研究利用2017年陕西省耕地质量评价与等级划分项目土壤调查数据,运用统计学和克里金插值方法研究了陕西省耕层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、缓效钾等养分含量现状及分布特征,为陕西省耕地土壤科学合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,当前全省土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、缓效钾平均含量为14.7 g kg~(-1)、0.9 g kg~(-1)、19.2 mg kg~(-1)、173.9 mg kg~(-1)、1153.5 mg kg~(-1),土壤有机质含量主要分布于中等水平,所占比例为44.8%,在高等和极高水平所占比例分别为24.5%和5.7%;全氮含量在中等水平所占比例为31.3%,在高等和极高水平所占比例分别为18.5%和5.0%;速效磷含量在中等水平所占比例为25.6%,在高等和极高水平所占比例分别为13.1%和14.2%;速效钾含量在低等水平所占比例最高,为34.0%,在中等及中等水平以上所占比例为50.6%;缓效钾含量主要分布于中等水平,所占比例为45.4%。土壤各养分含量之间呈极显著正相关。从空间分布来看,土壤有机质、全氮均呈现由北向南逐渐增加的趋势,即陕南秦巴山区关中平原渭北旱塬陕北高原;速效磷含量表现为关中平原陕南秦巴山区渭北旱塬陕北高原;速效钾和缓效钾含量为中部高南北低,即关中平原渭北旱塬陕南秦巴山区陕北高原。  相似文献   

11.
Grass or herb intercropping with trees is widely practiced as an orchard-floor management strategy, but nutrient competition from grass species can inhibit the growth of intercropped fruit trees. Two experiments were conducted to investigate whether inoculation with the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus Glomus versiforme can alleviate such competition and thus promote the growth of intercropped fruit trees by increasing soil nutrient exploitation. In the first experiment, intercropping was established in rhizoboxes containing sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and the leguminous herb Stylosanthes gracilis inoculated with the AM fungus. Mycorrhizal inoculation did not appear to decrease competition, but increased the biomass of the herb much more than that of sweet orange. Inoculation had little effect on phosphorus (P) content of sweet orange, but significantly increased that of the legume roots. The AM fungal contribution to P uptake of the herb was twice that of sweet orange. Lateral roots of the herb tended to branch horizontally, with a large proportion entering the soil volume occupied by sweet orange; AM inoculation enhanced this effect. In Experiment 2, growth of the plants in monoculture revealed that the mycorrhizal dependency of the legume was much higher than that of sweet orange. It is suggested that mycorrhizal dependency can have a large influence on the role of the AM fungus in mediating competition in an intercropping system, and that fruit trees with high mycorrhizal dependency, together with a grass or herb with low mycorrhizal dependency, may be the optimum intercrop combination in orchards.  相似文献   

12.
为探求适于晋西黄土区果农间作系统的水分调控措施,选取该地区典型的苹果×大豆间作系统为研究对象,结合覆盖与调亏灌溉2种节水措施,分析了不同水分调控措施对苹果和大豆根系空间分布、耗水量与水分利用等指标的影响。试验设置灌溉上限3个水平:田间持水量的55%(W1,低水),70%(W2,中水)和85%(W3,高水),2种覆盖材料:秸秆覆盖(M1)和地膜覆盖(M2)。结果表明:水分调控措施增加了苹果和大豆总根长密度,且扩大了苹果在水平和垂直方向上的根长分布。苹果根长密度与距树行距离呈负相关,而大豆则呈正相关,且均与垂直深度存在负相关关系。大豆鼓粒期土壤水分随距树行距离的增加先减后增,最小值为距树行1.5~2.0m,与清耕(CK0)和单一覆盖(CK1和CK2)相比,水分调控措施能显著提高0—60cm土层内的土壤水分。聚类分析表明水分调控下苹果和大豆主要水分竞争区域为距树行0.5~1.5m、垂直方向0—40cm土层范围内。M2W2处理苹果细根集中分布在20—40cm土层,大豆细根主要在0—20cm土层,根系错位分布缓解了种间水分竞争,其耗水量可较W3组减少40~50mm,且其产量和水分利用可分别较其他水分调控措施提高29.37%~41.92%,12.29%~53.35%,同时可使间作系统净收益最大,可达2 976.5元/hm~2。由此建议在未坐果的幼龄苹果树行间间作大豆时采用地膜覆盖措施,同时在分枝期灌水150m~3/hm~2,结荚期灌水400m~3/hm~2,鼓粒期灌水300m~3/hm~2,可显著提高间作系统水分利用水平和经济效益。  相似文献   

13.
为探明间作豆科作物对幼龄果园土壤水分、硝态氮含量以及树木生长的影响,并对黄土高原旱作果园土壤肥力提升与可持续发展提供指导,以黄土丘陵区苹果/黄豆复合系统为研究对象,通过测定种植黄豆整个生育期内试验小区水分、硝态氮含量以及果树叶片含氮量和生理指标的变化来评价不同间作密度黄豆对果树生长的影响。结果表明:(1)相较于清耕果园,中密度间作在黄豆花期前对果园土壤水分含量有一定的提升作用,而高密度间作加剧行间水分的消耗,显著降低土壤含水量。(2)不同土层硝态氮相对累积量随黄豆生育期后移呈现逐渐下移且分布逐渐均衡的趋势,土壤总硝态氮累积量处理间未表现出显著差异。(3)中、高密度间作均可有效提升果树叶片氮含量,促进果树生长,而中密度间作黄豆使土壤含水量最高提升17.6%,叶片氮含量最高增加8.04%。因此,中密度间作黄豆在黄土高原旱作苹果园更具有间作优势。  相似文献   

14.
黄土塬面农林复合系统的生态位特征   总被引:6,自引:1,他引:6       下载免费PDF全文
 以黄土塬区农林复合系统为对象,通过调查研究林带(杨树为主)与农作物界面附近土壤中树木和小麦根系的空间分布,利用树木吸收根和小麦根系生物量计算生态位宽度、生态重叠指数和生态位相似性比例,并据此分析林木和农作物种群在水分和养分资源轴的生态位特征。小麦在40cm以上具有较大的生态位宽度,而林木在距林带1H处20cm以上土层到0.5H处60cm以上土层至林下100cm以上土层内具有较大的生态宽度,但林木在1H以内100cm土层其他空间土壤中也具有一定的生态位宽度。树木具有较大的生态位宽度,虽可利用深层土壤中的水分和养分资源,在一定程度上有助于缓解农林间作对水分和养分资源的利用性竞争,但树木居于竞争的优势者地位,形成对农作物的胁地负效应,距林带1H内林木对农作物生态位重叠,且在0.5H以内重叠较大,竞争剧烈,在此集流补水增肥有利于缓解林木胁地。  相似文献   

15.
ABSTRACT

Nitrogen in the soil-plant system is extremely complex, and any change in soil management or cultivated species can modify its dynamics. To minimize environmental problems and sustainably optimize agricultural production, it is necessary to understand the dynamics of nitrogen in the soil-plant system. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate plant nitrogen nutrition and changes in the chemical attributes of the soil for cultivars of Brachiaria brizantha intercropped with Stylosanthes in different forage systems. The experimental design consisted of randomized block experimental design was used, with three replicates. The treatments consisted of forage systems: Piata palisadegrass, Paiaguas palisadegrass, Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande, row intercropping of Piata palisadegrass with Stylosanthes, mixed intercropping of Piata palisadegrass and Stylosanthes, row intercropping of Paiaguas palisadegrass and Stylosanthes, and mixed intercropping of Paiaguas palisadegrass and Stylosanthes. Evaluations were performed in winter, spring, summer, and autumn in the same plots and over a 2-year period. The intercropping of grasses and legumes positively influences the chemical characteristics of the soil and the nutritional status of the forage by improving the concentration of nutrients. Overall the row seeding method provided better nutrient concentrations. The second year provided higher nitrogen absorption but resulted in greater soil acidification.  相似文献   

16.
选取晋西黄土区具有典型代表性的幼龄苹果(Malus pumila)+花生(Arachis hypogaea)间作地作为研究对象,在花生生长季的不同时间对苹果+花生间作地和对照花生单作地的土壤水分进行定位监测,研究苹果+花生间作系统间作界面上土壤水分的时空分布特征和水分效应,及其对花生生长状况和产量的影响。结果表明:1)间作地土壤平均水分含量生长季逐月变化显著,水分耗用最大的时间为7月;2)在垂直方向上,土壤含水量随着土壤深度的增加而增加,在水平方向上,土壤含水量最低值出现在距离果树行最近的区域,并随着与树行距离的增加而增加;3)间作地种间土壤水分耗用量最大的区域为靠近苹果树的表层土壤;4)在当前树龄下,苹果+花生间作系统相对于花生单作土壤水分在整体上表现为负效应,对花生的产量产生了不利的影响,并限制了果农间作系统生态效益和经济效益的进一步提高。建议采取适当的调控和管理措施缓解种间水分竞争并提高花生的产量。  相似文献   

17.
 The effects of Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure on maize nutrient uptake and yield were investigated in a hedgerow intercropping trial in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. For each leucaena species, the experiment had 16 treatments resulting from a factorial combination of four levels of leucaena leaf prunings (no prunings applied; first prunings applied; first and second prunings applied; first, second and third prunings applied), two levels of air-dried cattle manure (0 and 3 t dry matter ha–1) and two levels of N fertilizer (0 and 40 kg N ha–1 as urea). Uptake of N, P and K increased significantly with application of the three nutrient sources, but uptake of Ca and Mg either did not respond or decreased with application of prunings and manure. All the three factors increased maize grain and stover yields significantly, usually with no significant interactions between the factors. At least two applications of prunings were required to significantly increase nutrient uptake and maize yield. Maize in the row closest to the hedge did not respond to these nutrient inputs. It is concluded that hedgerow intercropping, with or without manure application, can increase crop yields moderately (to 2–3 t ha–1 maize grain yields) in the highlands, but P, Ca and Mg may have to be supplied from external sources if they are deficient in the soil. Additional N is still required for higher yields (>4 t ha–1 maize grain yields). However, quantification of the competition effects of the trees is also required to confirm these results. Received: 27 January 1997  相似文献   

18.
Spatially dependent patterns in microbial properties may exist in temperate alley cropping systems due to differences in litter quality and microclimate in areas under trees compared to those in the alleys. The effect of tree row location was evaluated for its impact on soil enzyme activities and Biolog substrate use patterns. Soils were sampled to a depth of 30 cm at the tree row and at the middle of the alley at two sites: a 21-year-old pecan (Carya illinoinensis)/bluegrass (Poa trivials) intercrop (Pecan site) and a 12-year-old silver maple (Acer saccharinum)/soybean (Glycine max)–maize (Zea mays) rotation (Maple site). Sampling was done in fall 2001 and summer 2002. β-Glucosidase activities, Biolog patterns expressed as average well color (AWC), substrate richness, and Shannon diversity index, and total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) were significantly higher (P<0.05) in the tree row than at the middle of the alley for surface soils at the Pecan site. Fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolytic activity was also higher at the tree row for soils sampled in the fall, but did not differ significantly for soils sampled in the summer. At the Maple site, AWC and substrate richness were significantly higher at the tree row for soils sampled in 2001. Soil volumetric water content and temperature were generally lower in the tree row at the Maple site. The results of this study suggest that functionally different microbial populations may be present under pecan trees compared to cropped alleys which may promote disparities in nutrient availability necessitating differential long-term nutrient management in such alley cropping systems.  相似文献   

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