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1.
This report describes a protocol for the in vitro shoot induction and plant regeneration from epicotyl explants of Cassia angustifolia on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA), Kinetin and 2-iP (0.5–10.0 μM). MS medium supplemented with BA (5.0 μM) was the most effective in inducing adventitious shoots and growth. The highest rate of shoot multiplication was achieved on MS medium supplemented with BA (5.0 μM) and Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA, 1.0 μM). The nodal segments excised from the shoots regenerated from BA (5.0 μM) and IAA (1.0 μM) were used as explants for next three round of micropropagation. The number of shoots significantly increased at successive round of micropropagation. For rooting, MS medium supplemented with 2.0 μM indole-3-butyric acid proved to be better than that supplemented with IAA or α-naphthalene acetic acid. The in vitro raised plantlets with well developed shoot and roots were successfully established in earthen pots containing garden soil and were grown in greenhouse. About 52 plants (85 %) survived out of 60 plants transferred in garden soil.  相似文献   

2.
The objective of the study was to develop an in vitro shoot regeneration protocol by utilising shoot tips explant from Vitex trifolia L. Shoot tip explants obtained from a 3-year old plant was cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations (1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 or 10.0 µM) of thidiazuron (TDZ). The optimal level of TDZ supplementation to the culture medium was 5.0 μM for 15 d induction period. The highest number of shoots (22.2 ± 0.1) and shoot length (5.1 ± 0.1 cm) were achieved when TDZ-exposed explants were sub-cultured on MS medium containing 6-benzyladenine (1.0 µM) and 0.5 µM α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) after 8 weeks of culture. In vitro rooting of isolated shoots was achieved best in half-strength MS medium containing 0.5 µM NAA. During the acclimatization period, changes in activities of antioxidant enzymes were observed. Superoxide dismutase activity increased reaching maximum at 28th day after transplantation. Likewise, an upregulation of the catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase enzyme activities were also observed. These observed changes reflected the ability of plants in developing an antioxidant enzymatic defence system aiding in survival against oxidative stress and in reducing release of free radicals. Plantlets were successfully hardened off and acclimatized in earthen pots containing garden soil with a survival rate of 90 %.  相似文献   

3.
An in vitro regeneration system was developed using organogenic callus derived from in vitro grown cotyledonary explants of Gleditsia caspica Desf., an important leguminous tree. Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium augmented with 0.2 g L?1 myo-inositol and various concentrations of either 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), naphthaleneacetic acid, or indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) alone as well as combined with cytokinins was used for callus induction. The highest frequency of organogenic yellowish-white and nodular callus (93 %) was obtained from explants grown on medium supplemented with 13.5 μM 2,4-D and 4.4 μM benzyladenine (BA). The yellowish-white and nodular callus when transferred to MS medium supplemented with BA (2.2–17.7 μM) or kinetin (KT; 2.3–18.8 μM) solely or in combination with 2.3 μM 2,4-D produced several microshoots after 5 weeks culture. The calli cultured on MS medium with 4.4 μM BA singly showed superior growth response and produced both maximum shoot regeneration (94 %) and the highest mean number (4.3) of microshoots per callus. Transfer of regenerated microshoots onto modified MS basal medium fortified with 5.8 μM gibberellic acid and 4.4 μM BA resulted in the maximum number of internodes per shoot and the highest shoot elongation after a period of 6 weeks. Optimum rooting of 90 %, an average 6.1 roots per shoot, and a mean root length of 3.6 cm was observed when half-strength MS medium was supplemented with 9.8 μM IBA and 0.92 μM KT. The regenerated healthy plants with well-developed shoots and roots showed a survival rate of 77 % after acclimatization and transplanting to garden soil for a 10-week hardening period under ex vitro conditions.  相似文献   

4.
The in vitro adventitious shoot differentiation in leaflet explants of an adult tree differed from that of leaflet explants of seedlings of Albizia procera(Roxb.)Benth. reported previously elsewhere. The leaflet explants from an adult tree passed through an initial callus phase for30 days on MS medium supplemented with 3 % sucrose,2.5 l M 2,4-D followed by a subsequent adventitious shoot differentiation phase for another 30 days on half MS medium supplemented with 0.25 l M each of BA and IBA.The regeneration rate of in vitro adventitious shoots in explants from the adult tree, i.e.1.66 shoots/callus, was lower than that from seedlings, i.e. [10 shoots/callus,which was reported elsewhere. Correspondingly, the activities of nitrate reductase and peroxidase, and endogenous phenol content remained very low during in vitro adventitious shoot differentiation in leaflet explants of an adult tree possibly due to lower availability of competent stem(juvenile) cells for the process.  相似文献   

5.
Eucalyptus is very recalcitrant to in vitro culture. In this research, an efficient shoot organogenesis system was developed using 60-day-old plants of Eucalyptus globulus grown in vitro and non-aerated liquid medium to improve shoot proliferation. Cultures were initiated with hypocotyls and leaf segments from plantlets cultivated on semisolid ½ MS modified medium supplemented with 4.44 µM 6-Benzyladenine (BA) and 16.1 µM 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Calli were transferred to shoot induction medium, with either 0.5 or 2.7 µM NAA. Shoot multiplication was carried out on 4.44 µM BA + 0.5 µM NAA medium, and semisolid and non-aerated liquid systems were compared for improving shoot proliferation. Rooting of adventitious shoots was evaluated on medium containing NAA or Indole-3-butyric acid -IBA (5 and 16 µM). Callogenesis was obtained from both types of explants, although shoot formation was only obtained from leaf-derived calli. Shoot proliferation on 4.44 µM BA + 0.5 µM NAA resulted in the most shoots/callus. Non-aerated liquid medium was more efficient in promoting shoot multiplication (53.5 shoots/callus) than was semisolid medium (28.5 shoots/callus). Levels of phenolic compounds were significantly reduced in the shoots cultivated in liquid medium. Efficient rooting (76%) was obtained using 16 µM IBA.  相似文献   

6.
Yin Wang  Ruiling Yao 《林业研究》2017,28(6):1169-1175
A protocol for micropropagation using nodal explants from mature Pinus massoniana trees has been developed. Time of explant collection is crucial for the initial success of aseptic culture. Explants collected in early March gave the highest percentage of explant survival (64.5%) and shoot-forming percentage (52.3%). Thidiazuron (TDZ) concentration significantly influenced shoot formation; 4 μM TDZ was optimum, with 4.8 shoots produced per explant with a mean length of 7.1 cm after 120 days of culture. Regenerated shoots rooted for 60 days in basic medium with 1 μM NAA were ready for growth in pots. This is the first report on plantlet regeneration in vitro from mature trees of P. massoniana that provides a reliable method for propagating selected elites.  相似文献   

7.
A study was conducted on the twelve clones of shisham (Dalbergia sissoo Roxb.). These clones were obtained from India and Nepal. Single-node leafy cuttings were prepared from the vegetative multiplication garden to examine the clonal variation, effect of IBA treatment on rooting response and associated metabolic changes during adventitious root formation. A remarkable and significant variation was observed due to treatment of 2,000 ppm IBA in the rooting parameters. Clonal variations were also significant for root and shoot growth while length of root was insignificant. Among the twelve clones studied; C3 (Tulsipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India) and C4 (Laxmipur, Gonda, Uttar Pradesh, India) clone cuttings have given the highest rooting response. Interaction (clone × IBA) was significant only for production of number of roots per cutting. Periodic sampling for clone C3 was performed at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35 days to examine the contents of total soluble sugars, starch, protein and peroxidase (PER) activity in the rooting zone of cuttings (∼0.5 cm) during adventitious root primordium development. A significant increase in all the metabolic activities was noted due to IBA. Total soluble sugars and starch contents of cuttings decreased with the passage of time. Protein content and PER-activity started to increase in the early stage and reached the highest level on day 21, followed by a decline at the 35th day of sampling. These trends were common for both IBA treated and untreated cuttings. Protein content and PER-activity remained higher in the rooting zone of IBA treated cuttings. Overall these findings suggested that exogenous application of IBA may have activated carbohydrate metabolism for release of energy, while protein and PER-activity were necessary for cell division and differentiation during adventitious root primordium initiation and development in the rooting zone of cuttings.  相似文献   

8.
Aging of the donor tree decreased adventitious root formation in shoot cuttings of Tectona grandis Linn. f. (teak). Exogenous application of auxins, i.e., α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) has a significant positive effect on the percentage of rooting. The maximum percent rooting was obtained with 4,000 ppm IBA as compared to other treatment. Significant increase in root number was recorded in shoot cuttings treated with 4,000 ppm NAA. The overall rooting response was better in the treatment with IBA rather than with NAA. Further periodic samples (0, 10, 20, and 30 days) were taken to assess the total soluble sugar, starch, protein, and peroxidase (PER) activity in the rooting zone of shoot cuttings of teak during adventitious root formation. Application NAA and IBA to shoot cuttings resulted in an increase in the level of total soluble sugar, starch, protein, and PER-activity in the rooting zone. The stored carbohydrates were utilized during adventitious root formation. Hence, total soluble sugar and starch contents of cuttings, irrespective of age of donor plants, decreased with the passage of time in cuttings planted for rooting. Significant fluctuations were observed in the protein content of cuttings during the time of root induction. There was an increase in the protein content with the passage of time from the day of planting up to its 20th day, followed by a sharp decline in the protein content of cuttings at the 30th day of planting, irrespective of the age of donor plants or the treatment of cuttings with auxins. Irrespective of donor plant age, PER-activity in the cuttings increased from the day of their planting for rooting up to the 20th day, and then declined at its 30th day of planting. It was interesting to note that PER-activity remained higher at all stages in the cuttings of 2-month-old seedlings which rooted profusely as compared to the cuttings of 15- and 30-year-old donor plants those rooted poorly. This study suggested that the exogenously applied NAA and IBA at different concentration seems to activate sugar metabolism for release of energy, protein and PER-activity which are necessary for cellular division and differentiation during adventitious root primordium initiation or development in the rooting zone of shoot cuttings.  相似文献   

9.
Season and concentration of sterilizing agents play a significant role for establishment of aseptic in vitro shoot cultures and sprouting of nodal explants from field growing culms of bamboo species. In the present investigation the nodal segment explants of Bambusa tulda Roxb collected in different seasons and treated with various concentrations of HgCl2 showed significant variation in aseptic culture establishment and bud break. The rainy season (July–August) recorded with highest of 78% aseptic culture establishment whereas autumn recorded with lowest 46%. Summer and winter seasons emerged to be the best period, registering > 60% in vitro bud break. On the other hand, the autumn season had the lowest value for bud break, i.e. 42%. Among different doses of sterilizing agent tried, HgCl2 0.1% found to be suitable for maximum aseptic culture establishment (66%) as well as bud break (59%). However, among the interactions, summer season and the dose of 0.1% HgCl2 exhibited maximum of 73% response for both aseptic culture establishment and bud break. MS medium (liquid) enriched with 5.0 µM BA + 5.0 µM Kn [Kinetin (N6-Furfuryladenine)] with additional supplementation of 100 µM glutamine + 0.1 µM IAA supported a maximum in vitro shoot multiplication of 4.75 fold. The proliferated shoots were successfully rooted on MS medium (liquid) supplemented 40 µM coumarin. The plantlets transferred to the polythene bags showed 98% survival.  相似文献   

10.
An efficient protocol has been developed for in vitro propagation of Enicostema axillare using shoot tip explants. The shoot tip explants were cultured on MS medium supplemented with various combinations of (BAP, KIN) and (NAA/IAA & IBA) in different concentrations between 0.5 and 2.0 mg/l for multiple shoot bud induction. The highest percent of (98.51 %) was observed at 1.0 mg/l BAP in combination with 0.2 mg/l KIN while maximum number of shoot buds (8.41 shoots/explant) was noticed on MS medium containing 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.2 mg/l KIN combination. The highest frequency (90.82 %) of multiple shoot bud regeneration was observed at 1.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IBA with 15.12 ± 2.12 shoots/explants. The regenerated multiple shoots were transferred to half-strength MS medium augmented with different concentration of 0.5–2.5 mg/l IBA for rooting. Among the different concentrations of IBA tested, maximum percentage of rooting (100 %) was observed in MS medium augmented with 1.5 mg/l IBA. The rooted plantlets were successfully transferred into plastic cups containing soil and sand in the ratio of 1:1. Subsequently established in the field conditions with 90 % of survival rate. The protocol developed can be utilized for both large scale plant production and conservation of germplasm of this species. The described method can be successfully employed for large-scale multiplication and in vitro conservation as well as production of secondary metabolites of E. axillare.  相似文献   

11.
The effect of Thidiazuron （TDZ）, basal media and light quality on adventitious shoot regeneration from in vitro cultured stem of Populus albaxP berolinensis were determined to establish a high efficiency shoot regeneration system from stem explants of P. alba~P berolinensis. Stems ofPopulus alba~P berolinensis were collected from cultured shoots in vitro derived from dormancy buds of 3-year-old seedlings. The stem explants were cultured on MS medium containing 0.02-mg·L-1NAA （naphthaleneacetic acid）, and 0.1, 0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 mg·L-1 concentrations of TDZ to determine the effect of TDZ on shoot regeneration. Three basal media, i.e. MS, woody plant medium （WPM） and B5, were used to test their influences of different media on adventitious shoot regeneration. Green, red, blue and yellow plastic films in comparison with florescent light as control were used to observe their effects on shoot regeneration. The results showed that differ- ent concentrations of TDZ had an evident influence on shoot regeneration. Lower concentration of TDZ （0.1 mg·L-1） resulted in more ad- ventitious shoot regeneration and higher concentration of TDZ （〉0.1 mg·L-1） inhibited shoot regeneration. Among different media, MS medium exhibited a high efficiency for shoot regeneration, followed by WPM medium, while B5 medium inhibited shoot regeneration. Normal light and yellow light exhibited better effects on shoot regeneration, compared with other light.  相似文献   

12.
Cerasus humilis is a species of small, perennial, drought-resistant and multipurpose deciduous shrub grown in arid and semi-arid conditions in northern China. In this study, an efficient protocol for the rapid micropropagation of C. humilis has been standardized using stem and/or leaf explants. Direct multiple shoot induction was observed when the stem explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different plant growth regulators. The highest shoot induction was obtained when stem explants from adult trees were cultured on MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg L?1 6-benzyladenine (6-BA) and 0.9 mg L?1 α-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). The leaf and stem explants cultured on MS medium with 1.0 mg L?1 6-BA and 0.6 mg L?1 NAA, and 0.5 mg L?1 6-BA and 0.8 mg L?1 NAA, respectively, produced the highest induction frequency of callus. Maximum proliferation of callus was observed on MS medium containing a combination of 0.5 mg L?1 6-BA with 0.6 mg L?1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d). Optimal shoots differentiated from callus were obtained on MS medium supplemented with 5.0mg L?1 6-BA and 0.9 mg L?1 NAA. In vitro rooting was achieved on half-strength (1/2) MS medium containing 0.5 mg L?1 NAA. Rooted plantlets were hardened under control conditions and successfully acclimatized under field conditions.  相似文献   

13.
We developed a shoot multiplication protocol for Syringa reticulata Blume var. mandshurica Hara from in vitro cultured seedlings that derived from in vitro germinated seeds. The shoots could be induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with proper plant growth regulator combinations of 6-benzylaminopurine (BA) and indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The better medium for shoot multiplication and growth was MS + 5 mg L?1 BA + 0.5 mg L?1 IBA + 20 g L?1 sucrose + 7 g L?1 agar, and the corresponding shoot induction rate was 75 %. The plantlets grew well after rooting on 1/2MS medium (macro-elements of MS medium are at half-strength) supplemented with 1 mg L?1 IBA, and the survival percentage was >80 % at 16 weeks after transplanting.  相似文献   

14.
A method for rapid in vitro propagation of Cassia siamea Lam. using cotyledonary node explants, excised from 14-day old aseptic seedlings, has been established. Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with different concentrations of 6-benzyladenine (BA), kinetin (Kn) and thidiazuron (TDZ) singly or in combination with auxins was used for regeneration studies. Among the single treatment of three cytokinins BA at 1.0 μM was found to be optimum for direct shoot regeneration as it induced an average of 8.20 ± 0.66 shoots per explant. The regeneration frequency further enhanced with the application of auxin along with optimal BA concentration. The highest frequency for shoot regeneration (90%), the maximum number of shoots per explant (12.20 ± 0.73) and the maximum shoot length (6.40 ± 0.07) cm were obtained on the medium consisted of MS + 1.0 μM BA + 0.5 μM NAA. Successful in vitro rooting was induced from cut end of the microshoots when placed on half-strength MS + IBA (2.5 μM). The regenerated shoots with well developed root system were successfully acclimatized and established in pots containing sterilized garden soil and garden manure (1:1) and grown under greenhouse conditions with 85% survival rate.  相似文献   

15.
A rapid and efficient method for the regeneration of plantlets from root explants ofRobinia pseudoacacia L. by suspension culture was established. The roots taken from aseptically grown 15-day-old seedlings were used as explants. It was determined that photoperiodicity was necessary for root proliferation, and that the promotive effect of IAA (3-indoleacetic acid) on root proliferation was better than that of IBA (3-indolebutyric acid). The roots cultured in 1/2 MS liquid medium containing 3 μM IAA and 1% sucrose at 25°C under 16-hour photoperiod with 50 μmol m−2s−1 PPFD (photosynthetic photon flux density) shaking at 100 times/min reciprocally showed high efficiency for root proliferation. BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) was found to be essential to induce adventitious shoots from the roots, and the roots cultured in the medium supplied with 3 μM BAP combined with 1–6 μM IAA for 3 weeks under the same conditions as in the root proliferation period were most suitable for adventitious shoot inducement.  相似文献   

16.
Biochemical changes associated with flowering in Bambusa arundinacea Linn and Bambusa nutans Wall. ex Munro were analyzed. Gregarious flowering was initiated in natural areas and plantations of B. arundinacea in late 2014 and reached full bloom in early 2015, whereas sporadic flowering recorded during 2014–2015 in vegetatively propagated plants of B. nutans. Leaf and nodal shoot samples from flowering culms/shoots and nonflowering culms/shoots were collected in February 2015 at the initiation of fruit filling, then analyzed and compared for soluble sugars, phenols and peroxidase activity. In both species sugars were higher in leaves of flowering culms/shoots and lower in nodal shoots of flowering culms/shoots compared to the nonflowering. Phenols were lower in leaves and nodal shoots of flowering B. arundinacea, but higher in leaves and decreases in nodal shoots of B. nutans. Peroxidase activity increases in leaves and nodal shoots of B. arundinacea after flowering but increases in nodal shoots and decreases in leaves of B. nutans.  相似文献   

17.
An efficient method for cultivation of Vitex negundo L. through axillary shoot (collected from micropropagated plants) proliferation has been successfully developed, which can be employed at a commercial scale. Axillary shoot induction was most successful using nodal explants for propagation on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various concentrations of single cytokinin or in various combination with auxins. We obtained the maximum percentage (97.6 ± 1.45) response with highest number (16.4 ± 0.60) of shoots per explant on MS medium supplemented with 6-benzyladenine (BA) and ??-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at concentrations of 5.0 and 0.5 ??M, respectively. Shoot regeneration frequency was optimized by manipulating pH and using various media. MS medium and pH 5.8 was found to be the optimum for maximum regeneration. Nodal explants from in vitro regenerated microshoots too developed shoots, thus making the process recurrent. Shootlets with 4?C5 nodes were utilized for in vitro rooting, and best response was evaluated on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 ??M indole-3-butyric acid (IBA). The well-developed micropropagated plants were acclimatized (97%) successfully within 2 weeks in soilrite and planted ex vitro in normal garden soil, where they grew well without any morphological and genetic variations. The present regeneration process not only favoured the rapid multiplication but also expressed the regeneration capability of micropropagated plants.  相似文献   

18.
Genetic transformation systems require protocols that allow regenerating transgenic plants from transformed tissues. This study aimed to establish a protocol for indirect organogenesis in leaf explants of a Eucalyptus grandis  ×  E. urophylla AEC 224 clone. During callogenesis stage, several concentrations of NAA and then NAA or 2,4-D combined with TDZ were tested in JADS culture medium for 30 days, followed by subculture of the explants in the regeneration medium, containing 5.0 µM BA and 0.5 µM NAA for another 30 days. In these media, the explant oxidation rate was high (95 %). Thus, in order to reduce oxidation, different culture media were compared: WPM, MS, JADS and modified QL, followed by explant transfer onto regeneration medium. The highest percentage of regeneration and the lowest oxidation rate were achieved on WPM medium. Then, NAA and 2,4-D were tested in combination with TDZ and also TDZ and BA combined with NAA in WPM medium. The most efficient culture media in terms of shoot regeneration were WPM supplemented with 0.25 µM TDZ and 0.1 µM NAA during 30 days for callus induction and then with 5.0 µM BA and 0.5 µM NAA for another 30 days. This protocol yielded a regeneration rate of 43 %, with a low oxidation of tissues. A rooting experiment was conducted using half strength MS medium and comparing three concentrations of IBA (2.46, 4.90 and 7.35 µM). The highest rooting percentage (35 %) was obtained on medium containing 2.46 µM IBA. Once the shoots were rooted, acclimatization in a greenhouse was not challenging and plant survival reached 100 %.  相似文献   

19.
A micropropagation method for Jaal (Salvadora persica)—a tree of arid horticulture and forestry has been developed. Nodal segments of fresh shoot sprouts originated from axillary buds obtained from a plant around 35–40 years old lopped plant were used as explants for establishment of in vitro cultures. Surface-sterilized explants produced optimum number of shoots through activation of axillary buds on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) medium containing 8.88 μM BA (6-benzyladenine) + additives (25 mgl−1 each of adenine sulphate, arginine, citric acid, 50 mgl−1 ascorbic acid). The shoot multiplication was influenced by the successive transfer of the mother explants for 4–5 passages. The maximum number (23.1 ± 0.73 shoots per explant) of shoots were regenerated on MS supplemented with 1.11 μM BA + 1.16 μM Kn (Kinetin) + 0.54 μM NAA (α-naphthalene acetic acid). About 90% shoots pulse-treated with a combination of 2460.27 μM Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + 494.56 μM NOA (2-naphthoxy acetic acid) were rooted ex vitro on soilrite within 15–18 days. Over 80% cloned plantlets were hardened successfully in a green house and transferred to polybag/pots.  相似文献   

20.
Flavonoids function in many aspects of plant–insect interactions, but the responses of insects to these compounds vary greatly. In this study, we determined the effects of two widely distributed flavonoids, pinocembrin and quercetin, on the feeding behavior, survival, and development of the fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). In a choice test, S. frugiperda larvae strongly rejected leaves treated with pinocembrin at concentrations of 10, 50, or 100 μg/cm2. Larvae fed normally on leaves treated with quercetin at 10 and 50 μg/cm2, but showed 57 % deterrence when fed on leaves treated with 100 μg/cm2 quercetin. At concentrations of 0.01–1 µg/cm2, pinocembrin and quercetin functioned as phagostimulants for S. frugiperda. In a multiple-choice experiment, S. frugiperda larvae preferred to consume untreated leaves or those treated with 0.1 µg/cm2 pinocembrin, but rejected leaves treated with 5–50 µg/cm2 pinocembrin. In a no-choice feeding experiment, larvae fed on leaves treated with 5 and 50 μg/cm2 pinocembrin consumed less than those fed on leaves treated with 0.1 and 1 μg/cm2 pinocembrin or untreated leaves. Pinocembrin at 1–50 μg/cm2 negatively affected larval weight and survival, thus showing a toxic effect. In contrast, leaf consumption and larval weight were not significantly affected by quercetin at 0.1, 1, 5, and 50 μg/cm2, and mortality rates only slightly increased. Because of its dual activity, pinocembrin could be used for insect control in a stimulo-deterrent diversionary strategy: the same compound could promote both stimulate (low doses) and deter insect activity (high doses).  相似文献   

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