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1.
Three hundred bucket-fed diarrhoeic calves up to the age of 21 days were used to investigate the degree in which D-lactic acid contributes to metabolic acidosis in bucket-fed calves with naturally acquired neonatal diarrhoea. Fifty-five percent of all diarrhoeic calves had serum D-lactate concentrations higher than 3 mmol/l. Mean (+/-SD) D-lactate values were 5.7 mmol/l (+/-5.3, median: 4.1 mmol/l). D-lactate values were distributed over the entire range of detected values from 0 to 17.8 mmol/l in calves with base excess of -10 to -25 mmol/l. Serum D-lactate concentration was higher in patients with ruminal acidosis (6.6 +/- 5.2 mmol/l; median: 5.9 mmol/l) than in those with physiological rumen pH (5.3 +/- 5.4 mmol/l; median: 3.7 mmol/l). There was no evidence of a correlation (r = 0.051) between the serum levels of D-lactate and creatinine (as an indicator of dehydration). D-lactate was correlated significantly with both base excess (r = -0.685) and anion gap (r = 0.647). The proportion of cured patients was not significantly different between the groups with elevated (>3 mmol/l) and normal serum D-lactate concentrations. This study shows that hyper-D-lactataemia occurs frequently in diarrhoeic calves, has no impact on prognosis but may contribute to the clinical picture associated with metabolic acidosis in these animals.  相似文献   

2.
Correlations between the degree of acidosis and clinical signs (changes in posture, behaviour, intensity of suckling reflex) in neonatal diarrhoeic calves have been described in various studies. However, base excess values varied widely in calves exhibiting similar clinical symptoms. The objective of this study was to elucidate whether the clinical picture of acidotic calves with neonatal diarrhoea is influenced more by D-lactate concentration than by degree of acidosis. Eighty calves up to three weeks old that were admitted to the II Medical Animal Clinic with acute diarrhoea and base excess values between -10 and -25 mmol/L were included in the prospective study. Posture, behaviour, suckling and palpebral reflexes, and position of the eyeballs were scored during the initial examination. Base excess and serum D-lactate and urea concentrations were determined in venous blood. In order to quantify the influences of base excess and d-lactate on the clinical parameters, groups of different clinical categories were compared. The results show that variations in behaviour, and in posture can be better explained by elevations of serum D-lactate concentrations than by decreases in base excess. Disturbances of the palpebral reflex appear to be almost completely caused by high levels of D-lactate.  相似文献   

3.
In depressed calves (modified APGAR score 4-6) there is at birth an evident combined respiratory-metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.082 +/- 0.175; pCO2 = 73.3 +/- 26.8 mm Hg; BE = -10.6 +/- 7.2 mmol/l). The metabolic adaptation is completed after 6 hours, the respiratory acidosis is present up to 24 hours after delivery. In comparison to normal calves there are significant deviations in pH-values, base excess standard bicarbonate and actual bicarbonate during the whole investigation time. The carbon dioxide tensions of the depressed calves are at birth similar to those of normal calves, but in the following hours they are significantly higher. A definite relationship can be demonstrated between the 1 minute APGAR score and pH-value, base excess, standard bicarbonate and actual bicarbonate. Oxygen tension, oxygen saturation and carbon dioxide do not correlate with the clinical condition.  相似文献   

4.
After examination of the clinical state of 128 new-born calves, blood was collected from their vena jugularis for the determination of blood actual pH value, concentration of lactic acid, pCO2, base excess, buffer base and standard acid bicarbonate. The course and difficulty of parturition exerted a significant influence on the vitality of the calves and on the studied parameters of acid-base state. In the normally born calves, compared with those after dystocia, the following values were obtained: pH 7.20 +/- 0.03 : 7.11 +/- 0.07, pCO2 = 8.4 +/- 0.9 : 10.0 +/- 1.1 kPa, base excess -2.30 +/- 2.10 : 5.80 +/- 4.60 mmol/l, buffer base 43.0 +/- 2.4 : 39.5 +/- 6.5 mmol/l, standard acid bicarbonate 22.3 +/- 1.8 : 19.6 +/- 4.1 mmol/l and lactic acid concentration 5.6 +/- 2.0 : 10.7 +/- 5.1 mmol/l. The differences were statistically significant (P less than 0.05) and statistically highly significant (P less than 0.01). The continual study of the blood actual pH value and lactic acid concentration in the calves in the first 24 hours of life showed that with the same trend of changes in calves after dystocia the initial values were less favourable and that their normalization lasted longer. Attention is drawn to the importance of dystocia for the rise of respiratory metabolic acidosis and its effect on the vitality of newborn calves, and/or on their survival. The discussion deals with the importance of immunoglobulin levels in calves in the first days after birth for their further development. The determination of antibody content in colostral serum from the first milking in 33 and 29 cows on two farms showed great drawbacks in quality. A satisfactory level of IgG was found only in 36.36% and 58.62% of the cows, and a satisfactory level of IgM only in 12.12% and 24.13% of the studied cows. The determination of immunoglobulin content in their calves two to three days from birth (33 + 33 animals) showed normoglobulinemia only in 24.24% and 15.15% of cases. In 33 and 29 cows on two farms the colostrum serum from the first milking had an average content of immunoglobulins of class G amounting to 27.99 +/- 20.25 mg/ml and 36.95 +/- 21.62 mg/ml, and class M amounting to 3.64 +/- 1.25 and 2.04 +/- 1.42 mg/ml. Three days from birth, their calves had an IgG content of 4.25 +/- 2.57 mg/ml and 3.99 +/- 1.86 mg/ml and an IgM content of 0.30 +/- 0.20 and 6.38 +/- 0.25 mg/ml.  相似文献   

5.
OBJECTIVE: To determine concentrations of electrolytes, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, and hemoglobin; activities of some enzymes; and Hct and number of leukocytes and erythrocytes of newborn calves in relation to the degree of acidosis and treatment with a hypertonic sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO(3)) solution. ANIMALS: 20 acidotic newborn calves with a blood pH < 7.2 and 22 newborn control calves with a blood pH > or = 7.2. PROCEDURES: Approximately 10 minutes after birth, acidotic calves were treated by IV administration of 5% NaHCO(3) solution. The amount of hypertonic solution infused was dependent on the severity of the acidosis. RESULTS: Treatment resulted in a significant increase in the mean +/- SEM base excess from -8.4 +/- 1.2 mmol/L immediately after birth to 0.3 +/- 1.1 mmol/L 120 minutes later. During the same period, sodium concentration significantly increased from 145.3 +/- 0.8 mmol/L to 147.8 +/- 0.7 mmol/L. Mean chloride concentration before NaHCO(3) administration was significantly lower in the acidotic calves (99.6 +/- 1.1 mmol/L) than in the control calves (104.1 +/- 0.9 mmol/L). Calcium concentration in acidotic calves decreased significantly from before to after treatment. Concentrations of potassium, magnesium, and inorganic phosphorus were not affected by treatment. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of hypertonic NaHCO(3) solution to acidotic neonatal calves did not have any adverse effects on plasma concentrations of several commonly measured electrolytes or enzyme activities. The treatment volume used was smaller, compared with that for an isotonic solution, which makes it more practical for use in field settings.  相似文献   

6.
One hundred and twenty-four calves with neonatal diarrhoea were investigated in order to assess the prevalence of hyperkalaemia and the associated clinical signs. Hyperkalaemia (potassium concentration >5.8 mmol/L) was recognized in 42 (34%) calves and was more closely associated with dehydration than with decreases in base excess or venous blood pH. In 75 calves with normal blood concentrations of D-lactate (i.e. ?3.96 mmol/L), K concentrations were moderately correlated with base excess values (r = ?0.48, P < 0.001). In contrast, no significant correlation was observed in 49 calves with elevated D-lactate. Only three hyperkalaemic calves had bradycardia and a weak positive correlation was found between heart rate and K concentrations (r = 0.22, P = 0.014). Ten of the 124 calves had cardiac arrhythmia and of these seven had hyperkalaemia indicating that cardiac arrhythmia had a low sensitivity (17%) but a high specificity (96%) as a predictor of hyperkalaemia.In a subset of 34 calves with base excess values ??5 mmol/L and D-lactate concentrations <5 mmol/L (of which 22 had hyperkalaemia), changes in posture/ability to stand could be mainly explained by elevations of K concentrations (P < 0.001) and to a lesser extent by increases in L-lactate concentrations (P = 0.024). Skeletal muscle weakness due to hyperkalaemia alongside hypovolaemia may produce a clinical picture that is similar to that in calves with marked D-lactic acidosis. However, since reductions in the strength of the palpebral reflex are closely correlated with D-lactate concentrations, a prompt palpebral reflex can assist the clinical prediction of hyperkalaemia in calves presenting with a distinct impairment in their ability to stand (specificity 99%, sensitivity 29%).  相似文献   

7.
On 32 calves (age 3 to 14 days) with spontaneously occurring diarrhoea, the following investigations were carried out: Regular examination of serum bile acid concentrations, collection of the entire faeces with determination of bile acid concentrations, as well as microbiological examinations. Six clinically healthy calves served as control group. In addition, bile acids in bile were determined in 16 other calves of the same age group and in 6 beef bulls. There was no significant influence of daytime or feed intake on serum bile acid concentration in diarrhoeic or healthy calves. Possibly due to the low concentrations of bile acids in the bile of young calves (4.8 +/- 3.7 mmol/l, compared to 57 +/- 13 mmol/l in the bulls), the concentrations in faeces were also rather low (control group 623 +/- 92, calves with diarrhoea 318 +/- 277, after diarrhoea. 794 +/- 935 mumol/kg). Most of it was cholic acid, whereas only traces of desoxycholic acid were found. In spite of the comparatively low concentrations of fecal bile acids, the diarrhoeic calves excreted larger amounts of bile acids than the healthy calves (12.7 +/- 13.5 vs. 1.4 +/- 0.8 mumol/kg), but this was independent of the type of enteropathogen or pathogen combinations which were detected. There were no indications for a direct influence of the diarrhoea by bile acids. However, through enteral bile acid losses, profuse diarrhoea lasting several days can cause a reduction in the total bile acid pool.  相似文献   

8.
The origin of D-lactate, the most important acid contributing to metabolic acidosis in the diarrheic calf, is unknown. We hypothesized that because D-lactate is produced only by microbes, gastrointestinal fermentation is the source. The objective of this study was to determine whether D-lactate production occurs in the rumen, colon, or both, and to measure D- and L-lactate concentrations in urine. Fecal, rumen, blood, and urine samples were obtained from 16 diarrheic and 11 healthy calves. Serum electrolyte concentrations were measured in both groups, and blood gas analyses were performed for diarrheic calves. All samples were analyzed for D- and L-lactate by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Diarrheic calves were generally hyperkalemic with high serum anion gap, depressed serum bicarbonate, and low blood pH. L-lactate was markedly higher in rumen contents (22.7 mmol/ L [median]) and feces (8.6 mmol/L) of diarrheic calves than healthy calves (0.5 mmol/L and 5.1 mmol/L, respectively), but not different in serum or urine. Rumen, fecal, serum, and urine D-lactate concentrations were all significantly higher (P < .05) in diarrheic calves (17.0, 25.4, 13.9, and 19.2 mmol/L, respectively) than in healthy calves (0.5, 9.1, 1.4, and 0.5 mmol/L, respectively). Higher D-lactate concentrations in the rumen and feces of diarrheic calves suggests these sites as the source of D-lactate in blood and urine.  相似文献   

9.
The aim of this study was to monitor renal function in diarrhoeic calves and to determine the effectiveness of an applied fluid therapy. A total of 28 diarrhoeic (n = 18) and healthy (n = 10) Holstein-Friesian calves of different sexes, between 1 and 30 days of age, were used. Blood and urine samples were obtained from diarrhoeic calves before the treatment and then three more times at 24-h intervals during the treatment. From healthy calves, samples were taken only once. Therapy was started by the intravenous administration of 8.4% sodium bicarbonate and 0.9% sodium chloride solutions for the first 24 h, followed by the oral application of a commercial electrolyte solution (sodium chloride 3.5 g, trisodium citrate 2.9 g, potassium chloride 1.5 g and glucose anhydrous 20 g in 1 litre H2O) up to the 48th h of therapy. Before the therapy, the average levels of pH (7.10 +/- 0.12), bicarbonate (HCO3-) (16.48 +/- 3.80 mmol/l), base deficit (-12.65 +/- 5.97 mmo/l) and fractional excretion (FE) of sodium (0.16 +/- 0.11%) and potassium (15.07 +/- 8.56%) were significantly lower while serum urea (17.48 +/- 10.32 mmol/l) and creatinine (Cr) concentrations (169.72 +/- 98.12 micromol/l), haematocrit levels (45.13 +/- 13.60%) and urinary gamma glutamyl transferase (GGT)/Cr ratio (8.6 +/- 4.3 x 1/10(3) U/micromol) were significantly higher in diarrhoeic calves than in healthy calves. Alterations in parameters indicating the presence of renal dysfunction were normalised in the diarrhoeic calves that survived (83.3%). Three calves with severe metabolic acidosis and azotaemia died at the beginning of therapy. It was concluded that the FE of Na and K (FENa, FEK) and urine GGT/Cr ratio may have an important role in assessing renal function in diarrhoeic calves and in evaluating the effectiveness of an applied fluid therapy.  相似文献   

10.
A prospective study of the severity of dehydration and acidosis was carried out in 42 calves under 35 days of age presented for treatment of neonatal diarrhea. Clinically the mean level of dehydration was 8 to 10%. The plasma volume was 65% of that in the hydrated calf but the calves only gained 6.5% in weight during therapy.

Calves under eight days of age often had a lactic acidosis. Blood pH was 7.118±0.026 (mean ± 1 standard error), bicarbonate concentration 18.8±1.3 mmol/L, base deficit 11.4±1.7 mmol/L and lactate of 3.6± 0.06 mmol/L. Calves over eight days usually had a nonlactic acidosis. Blood pH was 7.042±0.021, bicarbonate 10.8±1.0 mmol/L, base deficit 19.5±1.2 mmol/L and lactate 1.2±0.3 mmol/L. These values were all significantly different from those in younger calves.

Over all calves there was a poor correlation between the severity of acidosis and dehydration(r=0.05). The severity of lactic acidosis was related to the severity of dehydration. Mean bicarbonate requirements to correct acidosis were calculated to be 200 mmol(17 g of sodium bicarbonate)and 450 mmol(37 g of sodium bicarbonate)in calves under and over eight days of age respectively. Both groups of calves required a mean volume of 4L of fluid to correct dehydration.

  相似文献   

11.
The alkalinizing effect of citrate, acetate, propionate, gluconate, L and DL-lactate were compared in healthy neonatal calves. The calves were infused for a 3.5 hour period with 150 mmol/L solutions of the sodium salts of the various bases. Blood pH, base excess, and metabolite concentrations were measured and the responses compared with sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride infusion. D-gluconate and D-lactate had poor alkalinizing abilities and accumulated in blood during infusion suggesting that they are poorly metabolized by the calf. Acetate, L-lactate and propionate had alkalinizing effects similar to bicarbonate, although those of acetate had a slightly better alkalinizing effect than L-lactate. Acetate was more effectively metabolized because blood acetate concentrations were lower than L-lactate concentrations. There was a tendency for a small improvement in metabolism of acetate and lactate with age. Sodium citrate infusion produced signs of hypocalcemia, presumably because it removed ionized calcium from the circulation. D-gluconate, D-lactate and citrate are unsuitable for use as alkalinizing agents in intravenous fluids. Propionate, acetate and L-lactate are all good alkalinizing agents in healthy calves but will not be as effective in situations where tissue metabolism is impaired.  相似文献   

12.
Twenty-seven newborn Holstein bull calves were bottle-fed 2 litres of pooled colostrum which had been stored at -20 degrees C. Blood gas analysis before feeding showed a partially compensated respiratory acidosis in most of the calves, although they all appeared to be clinically normal. Mean venous blood pH was 7.346, carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) was 57.5 mmHg (7.6 kPa), bicarbonate was 30.6 mmol/l and base excess was 3.82 mmol/l. Mean serum IgG1 increased to 8.1 g/l after feeding colostrum. Several significant positive correlations were observed between post-absorptive serum protein, IgG1, IgM, gamma-glutamyltransferase (gamma GT) and D-xylose. Calves with either low serum albumin, high serum CK or low serum gamma GT before feeding tended to have less absorption of colostral protein. It was concluded that reduced absorption of IgG1 from colostrum is associated with hypercapnia in apparently healthy newborn calves.  相似文献   

13.
In order to test the hypothesis that ruminal drinking in calves can lead to D-lactic metabolic acidosis, ruminal acidosis was induced in nine calves by intraruminal application of untreated whole milk via a stomach tube. The amount of the daily force-fed liquid was 3 x 1 l. The experimental design called for an end of intraruminal applications if two or more of the following signs were observed: severe depression, estimated degree of dehydration >10%, absence of sucking reflex, lack of appetite for two consecutive feedings, severe metabolic acidosis with calculated Actual Base Excess (ABE) <-15 mmol/l. The procedure was scheduled to be discontinued on the 17th day of experiment. The onset of ruminal acidification occurred rapidly, and mean pH value fell from 6.70 (+/-0.48) to 4.90 (+/-0.38) after the first application. The following days the pH values varied between 4 and 5. Rumen acidity was characterized biochemically by a significant increase in both isomers of lactic acid. The effects of the intraruminal administration on the calves were detrimental; eight of nine calves showed an acute disease process. According to the pre-established clinical standard, seven of nine calves were removed from the intraruminal feeding schedule. All but one of the calves developed severe systemic acidosis. The increase in anion gap demonstrated the net acid load. In all the calves D-lactate levels were found to show a significant and rapid increase. On the contrary, L-lactate never deviated from physiological levels. These observations confirm that, in young calves as in adult cattle, ruminal acidosis may lead to a clinically manifested D-lactic metabolic acidosis.  相似文献   

14.
The respiratory component PvCO2 of acid-base-status was observed in n = 36 calves (age: x +/- s = 8.7 +/- 5.0 d) with neonatal diarrhea and an acidosis (venous blood-pH: < 7.30; x +/- s = 7.08 +/- 0.15). In n = 10 (28%) calves with a severe metabolic acidosis (pH: x +/- s = 7.03 +/- 0.12; BE: x +/- s = -22.1 +/- 5.3 mmol/l) the PvCO2 was decreased < 5.3 kPa (x +/- s = 4.5 +/- 0.5 kPa) and showed a distinct respiratory compensation. A PvCO2 between 5.3-6.7 kPa (x +/- s = 6.0 +/- 0.4 kPa) was observed in n = 16 (44%) acidotic calves (pH: x +/- s = 7.11 +/- 0.13; BE: x +/- s = -15.2 +/- 7.4 mmol/l). These n = 26 (72%) calves showed a simple metabolic acidosis which is well known for calves with neonatal diarrhea. The remaining n = 10 (28%) calves showed an increase of the PvCO2 > 6.7 kPa (x +/- s = 8.0 +/- 1.5 kPa). These animals had a mixed respiratory-metabolic acidosis (pH: x +/- s = 7.08 +/- 0.20; BE: x +/- s = -13.9 +/- 10.3 mmol/l), as the decrease of the pH could not be determined by the decreased metabolic component HCO3- of acid-base-status alone. Calves which died during hospitalization and calves with a PvCO2 > 6.7 kPa tended to be younger and showed partially significant lower values for the parameters of oxygen-supply PvO2 and SvO2. Lactate was significantly higher in dying calves but not in calves with a mixed acidosis which on the other hand were more dehydrated. The functional capacity of respiratory compensation of acidotic disorders in the calves studied promised to be almost the same as in dog and man. One reason for the failure of respiratory compensation in some calves could be a more severe hypovolemia. With the use of "venous hypoxemia" (decrease PvO2 and decrease SvO2) the detection of tissue hypoxia was easier than with lactate concentration.  相似文献   

15.
The influence of latent and of splenectomy-induced clinically manifest Eperythrozoon suis infection on the following parameters of the carbohydrate metabolism and the acid-base status was tested in venous blood of German Landrace pigs: Levels of glucose, lactic and pyruvic acid, blood-pH, base excess, actual bicarbonate concentration, standard bicarbonate concentration, pCO2, pO2. The latent E. suis infection resulted in a consistent decrease of blood glucose level. 23 days after infection, blood glucose was reduced by 25% of the initial value. The other parameters were not changed by latent E. suis infection. Acute Eperythrozoonosis induced severe hypoglycaemia (means Gluc, = 39.7 mg/dl and blood acidosis (means pH = 7.13). In vitro experiments showed that break-down of glucose in E. suis infected blood occurs very rapidly. There was no significant reduction of the glucose concentration in control blood that had been treated accordingly. There was an increase of lactic acid (means = 62.7 mg/dl), pyruvic acid (means = 1.86 mg/dl), and pCO2 (means = 82.1 mm Hg). The concentrations of actual bicarbonate (means = 24.8 mmol/l) and standard bicarbonate (means = 20.9 mmol/l) were lowered, and there was a negative base excess (means = -3.56 mmol/l). The ratio of lactic and pyruvic acid changed from 11:1 to 30:1. It seems likely that E. suis itself is able to metabolize glucose. Acidosis is considered to result from both the increase of lactic acid (metabolic component) and an impairment of pulmonary gas exchange (respiratory component).  相似文献   

16.
The effect of 1.35% isotonic sodium bicarbonate solution (ISB) administered intravenously on acid-base equilibrium was examined in 18 acidemic Japanese black beef calves with spontaneous diarrhea. The infusion volumes of ISB were decided based on the first half volumes of base needed. In 72.2% (13/18) of calves, improvement of acidemia was detected. There was good correlation (r=0.693, p<0.01) between infused volume of ISB and changes in base excess (y=1.097x + 4.762). Infusion volumes of ISB were 7.5, 10.2, 12.9 and 15.7 ml/kg, respectively, enough to correcting the first half of 5, 10, 15 and 20 mEq/l of base deficit in acidemic calves. Our finding suggested that ISB could be used to correct metabolic acidosis without altering electrolyte concentrations in calves.  相似文献   

17.
Microbial and fermentation changes in the ingesta of the large intestine and their influence on the pathogenesis of acute lactic acidosis were studied in 4 cows fitted with permanent cannulas in the ileum and cecum. Feed mixture containing 65% of maize was infused into the cecum for several days in amounts of 2 and 4 kg per day. The daily amount was divided in 8 equal portions and given with 3 l of warm physiologic saline solution. During the period of ad libitum feeding of hay, the pH values in cecal digesta were 7.4 to 7.6 and the amount of total volatile fatty acids 40-60 mmol/kg with high molar percentage (87-90 mol%) of acetic acid. As to lactic acid only the L(+) lactic isomer was found in a concentration of about 0.4 mmol/kg. Infusion of low amounts of starch induced mild lactic acid fermentation in the cecum associated with a pronounced increase in the concentration of L(+) and D (-) lactic acid to peak levels of 80 +/- 10 mmol/kg and 7 +/- 1 mmol/kg, respectively. Lactic acid fermentation ceased within 2 to 3 days indicating that the gut microflora had adapted to the starch infusion. Slight decreases of blood pH and bicarbonates in blood as well as a moderate increase of netto acid-base excretion in urine indicated mild changes of acid-base balance, but clinically no pathological symptoms were observed. Higher amounts of infused starch caused pronounced lactic acid production in the large intestine which persisted throughout the experiment. Peak L(+) and D(-) lactic acid concentration in cecal digesta reached on the average 137 +/- 16 mmol/kg and 45 +/- 7 mmol/kg respectively. Significant decreases of blood pH values from 7.41 +/- 0.02 to 7.18 +/- 0.08 (P < 0.001), actual bicarbonate from 28.2 +/- 3.2 to 11.0 +/- 2.6 mmol/l (P < 0.001) and base excess from 3.9 +/- 3.6 to -15.2 +/- 3.8 mmol/l (P < 0.001) were observed. D (-) lactic acid concentration in blood increased to 3.2 +/- 0.4 mmol/l, but L(+) lactic acid values remained unchanged under 1 mmol/l. Clear clinical symptoms of indigestion and intoxication characterized by severe inappetence, ruminal stasis and general weakness were also observed. Typical clinical symptoms of disease as well as blood and urine changes in acid-base balance indicated that lactic acid fermentation in the large intestine contributes considerably to the pathogenesis of acute ruminant lactic acidosis.  相似文献   

18.
The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between serum D- and L-lactate concentrations, and anion gap (AG) in neonatal calves. The association of AG with lactic acidosis in diarrheic calves has only been investigated by measurement of L-lactate in calves with experimentally induced diarrhea. D-lactate has recently been reported to be present in high concentrations in the serum of some diarrheic neonatal calves. The contribution of this acid to AG is not reported. The relationship between AG and L- and D-lactate concentrations was examined in 24 healthy calves and 52 calves with naturally occurring infectious diarrhea with metabolic acidosis. AG was calculated as [Na+ + K+] - [Cl- + HCO3-]. D- and L-lactate were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography. There was no correlation between L-lactate and AG, contrary to previous reports in the literature. Moderate correlations between D-lactate concentration and AG (r = .74, P < .0001), and between DL-lactate and AG (r = .77), P < .0001) were detected. No differences existed due to the age or sex of the calf. This study indicates that AG provides information on the nature of acidosis in the diarrheic, neonatal calf and reinforces the importance of investigating clinical, in addition to experimental, populations.  相似文献   

19.
We evaluated the relationship between depression score and acid-base status in 84 purebred and crossbred Japanese Black calves. The bicarbonate (p<0.001) and base excess concentrations (p<0.001) were significantly and negatively correlated with the depression scores of the calves. The proposed diagnostic cutoff point for a depression score that indicates severe metabolic acidosis (BE < -10 mM) is 6.5 based on analysis of the ROC curve. The sensitivity and specificity were 88.4% and 81.2%, respectively. The depression scoring system is a useful tool for evaluation of the acid-base status of purebred and crossbred Japanese Black calves. In addition, a depression score of 6.5 suggests severe metabolic acidosis and that intravenous infusion of sodium bicarbonate solution is necessary.  相似文献   

20.
Chemical restraint is an important tool for the management and medical care of both captive and free-ranging rhinoceroses. Current anesthetic protocols for the white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) are reported to cause varying degrees of hypertension, tachycardia, muscular stiffness and fasciculation, acidosis, and, most importantly, respiratory depression with resulting hypoventilation, hypoxia, and hypercapnea. To assist in the assessment and development of new and improved anesthetic techniques for the white rhinoceros, the following cardiopulmonary reference parameters for standing, unrestrained white rhinoceroses were generated (mean +/- standard error [minimum maximum]): heart rate = 39 +/- 0.8 beats/min (32-42), respiratory rate = 19 +/- 0.6 breaths/min (16-23), corrected indirect systolic blood pressure = 160 +/- 2.9 mm Hg (146-183), corrected indirect diastolic blood pressure = 104 +/- 2.3 mm Hg (88-117), corrected indirect mean blood pressure = 124 +/- 2.2 mm Hg (108-135), end tidal CO2 = 45.1 +/- 0.7 mm Hg (41.7-48.0), rectal temperature = 36.8 +/- 0.1 degrees C (36.6-37.2), arterial blood pH = 7.391 +/- 0.007 (7.346-7.431), arterial partial pressure of oxygen = 98.2 +/- 1.4 mm Hg (90.2-108.6), arterial partial pressure of CO2 = 49.0 +/- 0.9 mm Hg (44.4-53.7), base excess = 3.5 +/- 0.4 mmol/L (1.9-5.9), bicarbonate = 29.3 +/- 0.4 mmol/L (27.3-32.2), and arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2) = 97.2 +/- 0.1% (96.6-98.0).  相似文献   

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