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1.
Background: Pulmonary edema and venous congestion are well‐recognized signs of congestive heart failure (CHF) in advanced canine chronic mitral regurgitation (MR). However, little is known about pulmonary blood volume (PBV), blood pulmonary transit time (PTT), and the regulation of these. Objectives: To measure and evaluate the relationships of PBV, forward stroke volume (FSV), and heart rate normalized blood pulmonary transit time (nPTT) in healthy dogs and dogs with MR. Animals: Thirty‐three Cavalier King Charles Spaniels; 11 healthy, 4 in modified New York Heart Association (NYHA) class I, 11 in class II, and 7 in CHF. Methods: Heart rate normalized PTTs were measured by radionuclide angiocardiography. Left ventricular end diastolic and systolic diameter, left atrial/aortic root ratio, and FSV were measured by echocardiography. PBV and pulmonary blood volume index (PBVI) were calculated by established formulas. Results: PBVI was 308 ± 56 (mean ± SD) mL/m2 for healthy dogs, 287 ± 51 mL/m2 in NYHA class I, 360 ± 66 mL/m2 in Class II, and 623 ± 232 mL/m2 in CHF (P= .0008). Heart rate normalized PTT, not FSV, was a predictor of PBV (r= 0.92 and 0.02, respectively). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Increased PBV, not decreased FSV, is the main cause of increased nPTT in MR. Increased nPTT can be used as an indicator of abnormal cardiopulmonary function in dogs with MR.  相似文献   

2.
Pulmonary transit time (PTT) normalized to heart rate (nPTT) is a measure of the pulmonary blood volume (PBV) to stroke volume ratio (PBV/SV). It is an index of cardiac performance. To determine the effect of compensated mitral regurgitation (CMR) and decompensated mitral regurgitation (DMR) caused by valvular endocardiosis on the index nPTT, we measured nPTT by first-pass radionuclide angiocardiography and ECG in 13 normal dogs, 18 dogs with CMR, and 13 dogs with DMR. PTT was measured as time between onset of appearance of activity at the pulmonary trunk and the left atrium. In the normal dogs, the relationship between PTT and mean R-R interval (mRR) was PTT = 4.08 x mRR + 0.15 (R2 = 0.71). Normal nPTT was 4.4 +/- 0.6 (SD) (range. 3.6-5.3). in CMR, 6.3 +/- 1.6 (SD) (range, 4.0-9.7). and in DMR, 11.9 +/- 3.4 (SD) (range, 8.0-18.8). The differences among all groups were significant. Heart rates were 110 +/- 22 bpm in normal dogs, 111 +/- 20 in dogs with CMR, and 144 +/- 18 in dogs with DMR (P < .001 for difference between DMR group and normal and CMR groups). Increased nPTT in CMR indicates preclinical heart pump dysfunction. Heart rate-normalized pulmonary transit times may be a useful index of heart function in mitral regurgitation.  相似文献   

3.
Equilibrium radionuclide ventriculograms were performed in 6 normal dogs during resting and isoproterenol challenged states. A new method of analysis of the equilibrium radionuclide ventriculograms using a simple digital subtraction technique was compared to traditional methods of analysis and echocardiography. There was no significant difference between ejection fraction values from the three methods tested. The equilibrium radionuclide ventriculograms ejection fraction was significantly increased following isoproterenol administration using both the new and traditional methods of analysis but the pre versus post-isoproterenol increase ejection fraction derived from echocardiographic measurements of ejection fractions was not significantly different. The new digital subtraction method consistently produced reproducible, high quality ventricular volume curves for the left and right ventricle. Left and right ventricular maximum and average emptying and filing rates were determined from the slopes of the volume curve and the results were similar to those previously published for man and dog. The emptying and filling rates of both ventricles were significantly increased following isoproterenol administration. The time to peak emptying significantly decreased following isoproterenol. Time to peak filing decreased following isoproterenol but the difference was not significant.  相似文献   

4.
Equilibrium radionuclide ventriculography was applied in 27 healthy anaesthetised dogs (9 to 60 kg) after labelling the blood pool with 99mTc, using a gamma camera with a computer on-line. Quantitative analysis of the calibrated ventriculogram provided the following left ventricular parameters: the end diastolic volume (EDV), the ejection fraction (EF), the possible degree of regurgitation and as velocity indices the peak ejection and peak refilling rates (PER and PRR). Averaged results were: EDV 1.8 ml kg-1; EF 0.59; PER 4.3 EDV s-1; PRR 3.75 EDV s-1. Visual inspection of the camera images may reveal abnormal wall motions and dilatation of heart chambers.  相似文献   

5.
Background: Cardiac disease has the potential to alter platelet function in dogs. Evaluation of platelet function using the PFA‐100 analyzer in dogs of multiple breeds and with a broad range of cardiac conditions would help clarify the effect of cardiac disease on platelets. Objectives: The objective of this study was to assess differences in closure time (CT) in dogs with cardiac disease associated with murmurs, when compared with that of healthy dogs. Methods: Thirty‐nine dogs with cardiac murmurs and turbulent blood flow as determined echocardiographically were included in the study. The dogs represented 23 different breeds. Dogs with murmurs were further divided into those with atrioventricular valvular insufficiency (n=23) and subaortic stenosis (n=9). Fifty‐eight clinically healthy dogs were used as controls. CTs were determined in duplicate on a PFA‐100 analyzer using collagen/ADP cartridges. Results: Compared with CTs in the control group (mean±SD, 57.6±5.9 seconds; median, 56.5 seconds; reference interval, 48.0–77.0 seconds), dogs with valvular insufficiency (mean±SD, 81.9±26.3 seconds; median, 78.0 seconds; range, 52.5–187 seconds), subaortic stenosis (71.4±16.5 seconds; median, 66.0 seconds; range, 51.5–95.0 seconds), and all dogs with murmurs combined (79.6±24.1 seconds; median, 74.0 seconds; range, 48.0–187 seconds) had significantly prolonged CTs (P<.01). Conclusions: The PFA‐100 analyzer is useful in detecting platelet function defects in dogs with cardiac murmurs, most notably those caused by mitral and/or tricuspid valvular insufficiency or subaortic stenosis. The form of turbulent blood flow does not appear to be an important factor in platelet hypofunction in these forms of cardiac disease.  相似文献   

6.
Hippocampal atrophy, which is a component of hippocampal sclerosis and recognized commonly in human intractable epilepsy, is controversial in canine epilepsy. We examined the hippocampal volume in 58 epileptic dogs and 35 control dogs using magnetic resonance (MR) images, and calculated the relative hippocampal volume asymmetry of the right and left hippocampus. Subjectively, there were visible MR imaging abnormalities in seven of the 58 epileptic dogs (12%). The hippocampel volume asymmetric ratio of epileptic dogs (5.84±4.47%) was significantly greater than that of control dogs (1.62±0.88%). Using a cutoff threshold asymmetric ratio of 6% that is indicated in human epilepsy, 28 epileptic dogs (48%) were characterized as having unilateral hippocampus atrophy. The hippocampal volume asymmetry ratio cannot be used to detect bilateral atrophy. In conclusion, although less frequent than that observed in human epilepsy patients, hippocampal atrophy may occur in canine epilepsy.  相似文献   

7.
BACKGROUND: There have been few trials in which dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR) have been treated with various cardioactive drugs to determine effects on left ventricular (LV) function. HYPOTHESIS: Four classes of cardiovascular drugs may improve LV function in dogs with MR without increasing MR. ANIMALS: Nine mature dogs were included in the study. METHODS: MR was produced in 9 dogs. Five months later under butorphanol narcosis, parameters of LV function and left atrial dimension (LAD) were monitored by LV micromanometry and echocardiography/Doppler. Dogs were given (in random order) enalaprilat, nitroglycerine, ouabain, milrinone, and placebo. RESULTS: Nitroglycerin produced no significant change; milrinone and ouabain increased contractility; ouabain decreased heart rate; and there was evidence that enalaprilat and milrinone decreased LAD. Milrinone and ouabain decreased isovolumetric contraction time and therefore the time available for MR. There was no evidence that a positive inotrope increased MR despite increasing LV contractility and stroke volume. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: This study contradicts the hypotheses that (1) strengthening the left ventricle may increase MR and (2) treatment of MR (even before symptoms of heart failure develop) may decrease LAD. It is reasonable that strengthening the force of LV contraction should increase the driving pressure for MR; however, this effect did not appear to increase MR. Although some investigators believe that treating dogs with MR with afterload reducers and decreasing hindrance to ejection of blood from the LV to aorta may lengthen life by decreasing MR, there did not appear to be a reduction in MR, at least in response to the angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor.  相似文献   

8.
Background: Hypohydration causes transient echocardiographic changes in pigs, dogs, humans, and cats. These changes mask the diagnosis of some cardiac diseases (valvular regurgitation, dilated cardiomyopathy) and promote the diagnosis of others (hypertropic cardiomyopathy and infiltrative disease), thus inhibiting accurate echocardiographic evaluation. Objectives: To describe the echocardiographic changes associated with hypohydration in normal horses. Animals: Ten adult horses without detectable cardiac disease. Methods: Experimental study. Echocardiographic examinations were performed on horses in the euhydrated and hypohydrated states. Horses were hypohydrated by combined water deprivation and furosemide administration until a 4–7% reduction in bodyweight was achieved. Statistical analyses were performed by paired t‐tests. Results: Hypohydration decreased left ventricular internal diameter in systole (0.8 ± 0.6 cm) and diastole (1.7 ± 0.9 cm), left atrial diameter (1.5 ± 0.4 cm) and left ventricular volume (490 ± 251 mL) (P‐values < .01), and increased septal wall thickness in diastole (0.6 ± 0.3 cm), free wall thickness in diastole (0.5 ± 0.3 cm), mean wall thickness (0.5 ± 0.2 cm) and relative wall thickness (0.2 ± 0.1 cm) (P‐values < .01). Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Hypohydration produces changes in left ventricular and atrial size that could mask or promote the severity of cardiac disease. The thickened, “pseudohypertrophied” appearance of the left ventricle in hypohydrated horses could affect interpretation of echocardiographic variables that are applied to the prediction of athletic performance. Echocardiography may prove a noninvasive method of monitoring volume status and response to fluid therapy in hypovolemic horses.  相似文献   

9.
Background: Despite many epidemiological reports concerning the efficacy of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors in dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR), the hemodynamic effects of ACE inhibitor administration have not been fully evaluated. Objectives: To document left atrial pressure (LAP) in dogs with MR administered ACE inhibitors, in order to obtain interesting information about daily LAP changes with administration of ACE inhibitors. Animals: Five healthy Beagle dogs weighing 9.8 to 14.2 kg (2 males and 3 females; aged 2 years). Methods: Experimental, crossover, and interventional study. Chordae tendineae rupture was induced, and a radiotelemetry transmitter catheter was inserted into the left atrium. LAP was recorded for 72 consecutive hours during which each of 3 ACE inhibitors—enalapril (0.5 mg/kg/d), temocapril (0.1 mg/kg/d), and alacepril (3.0 mg/kg/d)—were administered in a crossover study. Results: Averaged diurnal LAP was significantly, but slightly reduced by alacepril (P= .03, 19.03 ± 3.01–18.24 ± 3.07 mmHg). The nightly drops in LAP caused by alacepril and enalapril were significantly higher than the daily drops (P= .03, ?0.98 ± 0.19 to ?0.07 ± 0.25 mmHg, and P= .03, ?0.54 ± 0.21–0.02 ± 0.17 mmHg, respectively), despite the fact that the oral administrations were given in the morning. Systolic blood pressure (122.7 ± 14.4–117.4 ± 13.1 mmHg, P= .04) and systemic vascular resistance (5800 ± 2685–5144 ± 2077 dyne × s/cm5, P= .03) were decreased by ACE inhibitors. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: ACE inhibitors decrease LAP minimally, despite reductions in left ventricular afterload. ACE inhibitors should not be used to decrease LAP.  相似文献   

10.
Transcutaneous pulsed-wave Doppler echocardiography was used to obtain velocity signals from the aortic and pulmonary roots of clinically normal adult dogs tranquilized with acepromazine. Doppler-derived variables included peak ejection velocity, ejection time, and velocity-time integral. The cross-sectional areas of the left and right ventricular outflow tracts were estimated from diameters of the respective orifices measured from two-dimensional echocardiographic images. These data were used to calculate stroke volume and cardiac output for each ventricle. Linear, single variable regressions of ejection time, velocity-time integral, and peak velocity with body weight showed no significant correlations. Significant correlations existed between body weight and estimated left and right ventricular stroke volume and cardiac output. A close correspondence existed between pulmonary and aortic determinations of velocity-time integral, stroke volume, and cardiac output. These results provide an initial framework for interpretation of clinical data by veterinary cardiologists.  相似文献   

11.
Pulmonary hypertension has been associated with mitral insufficiency caused by chronic degenerative valve disease in dogs. Our aim was to search for associations between left atrial to aortic root ratio, end‐systolic and end‐diastolic volume indices, and changes in the right ventricular to right atrial pressure gradient as estimated by the peak velocity of tricuspid regurgitation in dogs with chronic degenerative valve disease and different classes of heart failure. Dogs, for which follow‐up was available were evaluated for changes in the right ventricular to right atrial systolic pressure gradient over time. Three hundred and forty‐four dogs were studied; 51 in the International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council class 1a, 75 in class 1b, 113 in class 2, 97 in class 3a, and 8 in class 3b. The mean values for right ventricular to right atrial systolic pressure gradient, end‐systolic volume index, end‐diastolic volume index, and left atrial to aortic ratio were 49.2 ± 17.1 mmHg, 149.12 ± 60.8 and 37.7 ± 21.6 ml/m2, and 1.9 ± 0.5, respectively. A weak positive correlation was found between the right ventricular to right atrial systolic pressure gradient and the left atrial to aorta ratio (r=0.242, P<0.0001), end‐diastolic volume index (r=0.242, P<0.0001), and end‐systolic volume index (r=0.129, P<0.001). Follow up was available for 49 dogs. Of these, 18 had an increased, 12 a decreased, and 19 a stable right ventricular to right atrial systolic pressure gradient despite therapy. The equivalence point between the sensitivity and specificity curves of about 80% in the coincident point corresponded to a right ventricular to right atrial systolic pressure gradient of 48 mmHg. Our results suggest an association between the progressive nature of chronic degenerative mitral valve disease and pulmonary hypertension. It is of clinical interest that, with a right ventricular to right atrial systolic pressure gradient pressure gradient at or above 48 mmHg, pulmonary hypertension does not appear to improve despite therapy targeted at lowering the left atrial load.  相似文献   

12.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic endpoints of intravenously and orally administered docetaxel (DT) with or without oral cyclosporine were characterized in rats and dogs. Plasma samples were analysed for DT using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. DT area‐under‐the‐concentration–time curve, plasma clearance and maximum serum clearance were significantly affected by cyclosporine in rats (P ≤ 0.0005). Bioavailability of DT alone and DT combined with cyclosporine was 1.3 and 82%, respectively, in rats. In dogs, cyclosporine resulted in a 14–17‐fold increase in peak DT concentrations (P < 0.0005) and area‐under‐the‐curve (P < 0.0005), and a 17‐fold reduction in DT clearance (P < 0.005). Bioavailability of DT alone was 18 ± 16% and statistically exceeded 100% (251 ± 104%) when combined with cyclosporine in dogs. Two of the six dogs receiving DT plus cyclosporine developed neutropenia, and one of the six dogs experienced vomiting and diarrhoea. Cyclosporine significantly alters the disposition of oral DT in dogs and rats, such that clinically relevant serum concentrations are achievable.  相似文献   

13.
Background: The platelet function analyzer (PFA)‐100 is a point‐of‐care instrument previously evaluated in humans and dogs. In both species, artificially prolonged platelet closure time (CT) occurs with anemia. Reliability of the analyzer in dogs becomes a concern when the HCT is between 0.25 and 0.35 L/L. Objective: The objective of this study was to further define the level of HCT at which CT is prolonged, using in vitro diluted canine blood. Methods: Citrated whole blood samples were collected from 22 healthy dogs. Initial HCT was determined and autologous platelet‐rich plasma was added to samples to achieve HCTs of 0.33, 0.30, and 0.27 L/L. CT was determined in duplicate on the PFA‐100 using collagen/adenosine‐5′‐diphosphate cartridges. Results: Compared with the initial CT in samples with HCT 0.39–0.54 L/L (CT mean±SD=57.8±5.75 seconds), significantly prolonged CTs were found in hemodiluted samples with HCT 0.33 L/L (61.1±4.64 seconds), 0.30 L/L (64.3±6.79 seconds), and 0.27 L/L (70.8±7.90 seconds) (P=0.029; repeated measures ANOVA). Conclusion: Although statistical differences were found, further studies are needed to determine the clinical significance of the mild prolongation in CT associated with mild anemia. Until then, dogs with HCTs slightly <0.35 L/L should be evaluated cautiously for platelet dysfunction using the PFA‐100.  相似文献   

14.
Localized radiation therapy can be an effective treatment for cancer but is associated with localized and systemic side effects. Several studies have noted changes in complete blood count (CBC) parameters including decreases in the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and increases in the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR). These changes could reflect immunosuppression and may contribute to decreased efficacy of immunotherapies used to treat cancer. We hypothesized that dogs would demonstrate decreased ALCs during a course of radiotherapy. A retrospective study was conducted on 203 dogs receiving definitive‐intent radiotherapy. Demographic information, CBC values and details of the radiotherapy protocol were collected. The mean lymphocyte count pre‐treatment was 1630.68 cells/μL (SD ± 667.56) with a mean NLR of 3.66 (SD ± 4.53). The mean lymphocyte count mid‐treatment was 1251.07 cells/μL (SD ± 585.96) and the mean NLR was 6.23 (SD ± 4.99). There was a significant decrease in the mean lymphocyte count by 351.41 lymphocytes/μL (SD ± 592.32) between pre‐treatment and mid‐treatment (P < .0001), and a corresponding significant increase in the mean NLR of 0.93 (P = .02). Lymphopenia grade increased in 33.5% of dogs and was significant (P = .03). The ALC decrease was not correlated with the volume irradiated (P = .27), but correlated with the irradiated volume:body weight ratio (P = .03). A subset of patients (n = 35) with additional CBCs available beyond the mid‐treatment time point demonstrated significant and sustained downward trends in the ALC compared with baseline. Although severe lymphopenia was rare, these decreases, especially if sustained, could impact adjuvant therapy for their cancer.  相似文献   

15.
Dexmedetomidine is a highly specific and selective α2‐adrenergic receptor agonist widely used in dogs for sedation or analgesia. We hypothesized that dexmedetomidine may cause significant changes in radiographic and echocardiographic measurements. The objective of this prospective cross‐sectional study was to test this hypothesis in a sample of six healthy dogs. Staff‐owned dogs were recruited and received a single dose of dexmedetomidine 250 μg/m2 intravenously. Thoracic radiography and echocardiography were performed 1 h before treatment, and repeated 10 and 30 min after treatment, respectively. One observer recorded cardiac measurements from radiographs and another observer recorded echocardiographic measurements. Vertebral heart score and cardiac size to thorax ratio on the ventrodorsal projection increased from 9.8 ± 0.6 v to 10.3 ± 0.7 v (P = 0.0007) and 0.61 ± 0.04 to 0.68 ± 0.03 (P = 0.0109), respectively. E point‐to‐septal separation and left ventricle internal diameter in diastole and systole increased from 2.4 ± 1.1 to 6.6 ± 1.9 mm, 32.3 ± 8.1 to 35.5 ± 8.8 mm, and 19.4 ± 6 to 27.0 ± 7.2 mm, respectively (P < 0.05). Fractional shortening and sphericity index decreased from 40.7 ± 5.8 to 24.4 ± 2.9%, and 1.81 ± 0.07 to 1.58 ± 0.04, respectively (P < 0.05). Moderate‐to‐severe mitral regurgitation and mild pulmonic regurgitation occurred in all dogs after dexmedetomidine administration. Findings indicated that dexmedetomidine could cause false‐positive diagnoses of valvular regurgitation and cardiomegaly in dogs undergoing thoracic radiography and echocardiography.  相似文献   

16.
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an important predictor of poor outcomes in dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR). The feasibility of radiography to predict PH in dogs with MR is unknown. This retrospective, observational, and analytic study aimed to identify a radiographic parameter to predict PH in dogs with MR. A total of 302 dogs diagnosed with MR on echocardiography were enrolled. Medical record and radiographic findings such as the size of the main pulmonary artery, left atrium, left ventricle, and right chamber, and cranial and caudal pulmonary arteries and veins were evaluated according to the presence of PH. The diameters of the cranial and caudal pulmonary vessels were compared to the fourth rib and the ninth rib, respectively, and the ratio of the pulmonary artery to the corresponding vein (CdPA/CdPV) was calculated. Pulmonary hypertension was diagnosed in 77 dogs (25.5%) and the prevalence of PH increased with MR grade. The CdPA/CdPV was significantly higher (P < 0.001) in the presence of PH. Multivariate analysis showed that the CdPA/CdPV was the only independent radiographic parameter that had a significant association with PH in dogs with MR (P = 0.028). The cut-off value of the CdPA/CdPV = 1.10 showed 90.6% specificity and 31.1% sensitivity for detecting PH in dogs with MR. In dogs with MR, PH can be predicted with high specificity when the caudal pulmonary artery is 1.1 times larger than the corresponding vein on radiographs.  相似文献   

17.
The left ventricular (LV) Tei index (index of myocardial performance) has been demonstrated to be clinically useful in estimating comprehensive LV function, including the systolic and diastolic performances, in various human cardiac diseases. The purposes of this study were to validate the correlation between the LV Tei index and LV function obtained by cardiac catheterization in healthy dogs, and to evaluate the LV Tei index in dogs with naturally occurring mitral regurgitation (MR). In healthy dogs, the LV Tei index was significantly correlated with the LV peak +dP/dt (r = -0.89) and LV peak -dP/dt (r=0.87). The LV Tei index significantly increased in dogs with MR compared with normal dogs and significantly increased with progressively more severe clinical signs due to heart failure. The elevation of the LV Tei index in dogs with symptomatic MR appears to be associated with shortening of ejection time. The LV Tei index significantly increased with age and was not correlated with heart rate and body weight in normal dogs. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the LV Tei index was measurable in dogs and not influenced by heart rate and body weight. The LV Tei index significantly increased with the progression of clinical signs in MR dogs. In particular, the elevation of the LV Tei index in dogs with symptomatic MR due to shortening of ejection time may suggest LV systolic dysfunction and the decrement of forward stroke volume.  相似文献   

18.
Objective The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of extubation with the endotracheal tube (ETT) cuff inflated versus deflated on endotracheal fluid volume in normal canine cadavers. Study Design Prospective randomized blinded controlled cadaver study. Animals Sixteen adult Beagle cadavers weighing 10.7 ± 1.7 kg (mean ± SD) and <2 years of age. Methods Cadavers were orotracheally intubated in lateral recumbency, and the ETT cuffs were inflated to a closing pressure of 20 cm H2O before barium was introduced orad to the cuff. The dogs were randomly assigned to an ETT cuff extubation condition of deflated or unchanged from the original closing pressure. After extubation, lateral thoracic radiographs of the cadavers were obtained and scored by three independent blinded reviewers. Each reviewer ordered all 16 lateral radiographs from most to least intratracheal contrast and also estimated residual intratracheal contrast volume. Results Dogs extubated with a deflated ETT cuff had a median rank of 13 and dogs extubated with an inflated ETT cuff had a median rank of 4.5 (p < 0.0001). Dogs extubated with a deflated ETT cuff had an estimated intratracheal volume of fluid of 1.8 mL ± 0.7 mL (mean ± SD) and dogs extubated with an inflated ETT cuff had an estimated volume of 0.9 mL ± 0.5 mL (p < 0.0001). Fleiss Kappa for agreement among evaluators was 0.875. Conclusions and clinical relevance Extubation with the cuff inflated removed more liquid contents from the trachea than extubation with the cuff deflated and may assist in the prevention of pulmonary aspiration when fluid is present in the proximal trachea. The technique did not remove all fluid so the potential for pulmonary damage remains.  相似文献   

19.
Buprenorphine is an effective analgesic when administered epidurally to humans. The purpose of this study was to compare epidural buprenorphine (B; n = 10) with epidural morphine (M; n = 10) for post‐operative analgesia in dogs undergoing cranial cruciate ligament repair. All dogs were premedicated with acepromazine (0.1 mg kg?1 IM), induced with propofol (4–6 mg kg?1 IV) and maintained with halothane in oxygen. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive B (0.004 mg kg?1) or M (0.1 mg kg?1) in the lumbosacral epidural space in a total volume of 0.2 mL kg?1. End‐tidal halothane and CO2 and temperature were recorded every 15 minutes until extubation (t = 0). A numerical rating pain score (SPS) was recorded at t = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10 and 24 hours by a blinded observer. Dogs received rescue morphine (1.0 mg kg?1 IM) if indicated by SPS and the time of rescue analgesic administration was recorded. Observable side‐effects such as urinary retention, sedation or pruritus were recorded. Data were analyzed with repeated measures anova . Mean ± SD body weight (kg) and age (yrs) for B dogs was 34.2 ± 10.8 and 5.5 ± 2.8; for M dogs these values were 36.6 ± 13.5 and 5.9 ± 3.3. Mean ± SD SPS for B dogs at t = 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, 10 and 24 hours were 1.2 ± 0.75, 3.2 ± 2.0, 4.5 ± 4.3, 4.6 ± 3.4, 4.7 ± 3.0, 5.0 ± 4.9 and 5.1 ± 3.5. For M dogs these values were 1.7 ± 0.5, 2.6 ± 2.0, 3.7 ± 0.75, 4.2 ± 2.2, 4.1 ± 3.0, 3.1 ± 2.1 and 3.9 ± 1.9. There were no significant differences between B and M with respect to SPS, times or frequency of rescue morphine administration, end‐tidal halothane and CO2, or esophageal temperature. Fifty per cent of dogs in both groups required rescue morphine. Buprenorphine is as effective as morphine for epidural analgesia in healthy dogs undergoing hindlimb orthopedic surgery.  相似文献   

20.
Pulsed tissue Doppler imaging (pulsed TDI) has been demonstrated to be useful for the estimation of left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic functions in various human cardiac diseases. The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between pulsed TDI and LV function by using cardiac catheterization in healthy dogs and to evaluate the clinical usefulness of pulsed TDI in dogs with spontaneous mitral regurgitation (MR). The peak early diastolic velocity (E'), peak atrial systolic velocity (A'), and peak systolic velocity (S') were detectable in the velocity profiles of the mitral annulus in all the dogs. In the healthy dogs, S' and E' were correlated with LV peak +dP/dt and -dP/dt, respectively. E' was lower in dogs with MR than in dogs without cardiac diseases. E/E' in the MR dogs with decompensated heart failure was significantly increased in comparison with those with compensated heart failure. The sensitivity and specificity of the E/E' cutoff value of 13.0 for identifying decompensated heart failure were 80% and 83%, respectively. In addition, E/E' was significantly correlated with the ratio of left atrial to aortic diameter. These findings suggest that canine pulsed TDI can be applied clinically for estimation of cardiac function and detection of cardiac decompensation and left atrial volume overload in dogs with MR.  相似文献   

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